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41 memory-address generation
automatic data processing• muistisoitteiden luonti -
42 memory-cycle time
automatic data processing• muistikiertoaika -
43 memory-expansion board
automatic data processing• muistinlaajennuskortti -
44 memory-expansion card
automatic data processing• muistinlaajennuskortti -
45 memory-expansion slot
automatic data processing• muistinlaajennuspaikka -
46 memory-hungry
automatic data processing• muistia syövä -
47 memory-management unit
automatic data processing• muistinhallintayksikkö -
48 memory-mapped display
automatic data processing• muistikarttanäyttö -
49 memory-resident program
automatic data processing• muistissapysyvä ohjelma -
50 memory
память; запоминающее устройство, ЗУ-
acoustic memory
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addressed memory
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analog memory
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annex memory
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associative memory
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automatic refresh dynamic memory
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auxiliary memory
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backing memory
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backup memory
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beam-addressable holographic memory
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bipolar memory
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bit-organized memory
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block-oriented memory
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bootstrap memory
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bubble memory
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buffer memory
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byte-organized memory
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cache memory
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chalcogenide memory
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charge-coupled device memory
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charge-coupled memory
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clocked memory
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complementary MOS memory
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computer memory
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content-adressable memory
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control memory
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core memory
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cryoelectronic memory
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current access memory
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data memory
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destructive-readout memory
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destructive memory
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direct-addressable memory
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disk memory
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dynamic memory
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electrically alterable read-only memory
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electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
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erasable programmable read-only memory
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external memory
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feed memory
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field programmable memory
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file memory
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film memory
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fixed memory
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fusible-link programmable readonly memory
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fusible programmable readonly memory
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graphics memory
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high-speed memory
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image-oriented memory
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image memory
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inherent memory
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input memory
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instruction memory
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internal memory
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keystroke memory
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loop status memory
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magnetic memory
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main memory
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mask-programmable read-only memory
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microprogram memory
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nondestructive memory
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nonvolatile memory
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off-screen memory
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optical memory
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output memory
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ovonic memory
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page memory
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paged memory
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peripheral memory
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permanent memory
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program memory
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programmable read-only memory
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push-down memory
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push-up memory
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random-access memory
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read/write memory
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read-mostly memory
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read-only memory
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refresh memory
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reserved memory
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reserve memory
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robot's control memory
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scratch pad memory
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screen memory
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scroll memory
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search memory
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self-refreshing memory
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semiconductor disk memory
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sequential access memory
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serial-access memory
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stack memory
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static memory
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tape memory
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ultraviolet erasable programmable read-only memory
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video memory
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virtual memory
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volatile memory
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word-organized memory
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working memory
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work memory -
51 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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52 automatic station program memory
memory bus — шина памяти; шина запоминающего устройства
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > automatic station program memory
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53 automatic station program memory
English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > automatic station program memory
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54 memory allocation
• muistin varausautomatic data processing• muistin allokointi -
55 memory block
• muistikatkoautomatic data processing• muistilohko -
56 memory card
• tietokorttiautomatic data processing• muistikortti -
57 memory expansion
• lisämuistiautomatic data processing• muistinlaajennus -
58 automatic storage
в языке PL/1 - способ выделения необходимой для размещения рабочих данных памяти, при котором она выделяется непосредственно перед входом в блок и освобождается при выходе из него (записанные в неё данные при этом теряются)см. тж. memory allocationАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > automatic storage
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59 automatic cable tester
English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > automatic cable tester
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60 automatic circuit tester
English-Russian dictionary of Information technology > automatic circuit tester
См. также в других словарях:
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