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81 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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82 campaña
f.bell.campana de buzo o de salvamento diving bellcampana extractora (de humos) extractor hoodcampanas tubulares tubular bells* * *1 (gen) bell2 (de chimenea) mantelpiece3 familiar (extractora) extractor hood, (US stove extractor hood)\a toque de campana figurado to the sound of bellsdar una vuelta de campana to overturn, roll overechar las campanas al vuelo figurado to set all the bells ringingoír campanas y no saber dónde figurado not to have a cluetañer las campanas / tocar las campanas to ring the bellscampana de buzo diving bellcampana de cristal bell jar, bell glass* * *noun f.* * *1. SF1) [de iglesia, puerta] bell; [de orquesta] bell, chimea campana tañida, a toque de campana — to the sound of bells
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's still too early to celebrate o to start spreading the good news
- hacer campanas- oír campanas y no saber de dónde vienen2) (Téc) [de la chimenea] hoodcampana de humos, campana extractora — extractor hood
3) (Buceo)campana de buzo, campana de inmersión — diving bell
4) Cono Sur (=campo) country(side)2.SMF LAm * (=vigilante) look-out* * *1)a) ( de iglesia) bell, church bellechar las campanas al or a vuelo — ( literal) to set the bells ringing; ( anunciar jubilosamente)
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's too soon to start shouting about it
tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's not worth getting that excited about
me/te/lo salvó la campana — saved by the bell
oír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tipo ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde — that guy is talking through his hat (colloq)
b) ( en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? — has the bell gone yet?
2)a) ( de chimenea) hood; ( de cocina) extractor hoodb) ( para proteger alimentos) cover•* * *= campaign, drive, push, crackdown.Ex. The year saw a library fair in Gothenburg and a 3 minutes silent strike by cultural workers during the general election campaign.Ex. Hierarchical bibliometry would act as a positive drive to support the authorship requirements now stipulated by some international editorial committees.Ex. The key issue to note here is that the global push to describe and document Indigenous knowledge is gaining momentum.Ex. As part of the worldwide revulsion against the fierce crackdown of peaceful dissidents now occurring in Cuba, the U.S. Congress has voted 414-0 to condemn the Cuban government for raiding 22 libraries.----* campana de Gauss = bell-shaped curve, bell curve.* campana de inmersión = pressure vessel.* campana + sonar = bell + ring.* campaña contra la conducción bajo la influencia del alcohol = drink-drive campaign, anti-drink-drive campaign.* campaña de ahorro = economy drive.* campaña de alfabetización = literacy campaign, literacy movement.* campaña de captación de socios = membership drive.* campaña de concienciación de la gente = awareness raising [awareness-raising].* campaña de control de alcoholemia = drink-drive campaign, anti-drink-drive campaign.* campaña de difamación = smear campaign.* campaña de promoción = promotional campaign, advocacy.* campaña de publicidad = publicity campaign, press campaign.* campaña de recaudación de fondos = fundraising campaign.* campaña de relaciones públicas = public relations campaign.* campaña de terror = terror campaign.* campaña de violencia = campaign of violence.* campaña electoral = election campaign, election race.* campaña militar = military campaign.* campaña política = political campaign.* campaña presidencial = presidential campaign.* campaña publicitaria = advertising campaign, publicity campaign, media campaign, press campaign.* cañón de campaña = field gun.* catre de campaña = camp bed, cot.* hacer campaña = campaign, stump, go out on + the road.* tienda de campaña = tent.* * *1)a) ( de iglesia) bell, church bellechar las campanas al or a vuelo — ( literal) to set the bells ringing; ( anunciar jubilosamente)
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's too soon to start shouting about it
tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's not worth getting that excited about
me/te/lo salvó la campana — saved by the bell
oír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tipo ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde — that guy is talking through his hat (colloq)
b) ( en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? — has the bell gone yet?
2)a) ( de chimenea) hood; ( de cocina) extractor hoodb) ( para proteger alimentos) cover•* * *= bell.Ex: In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells (front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.
* campana de la chimenea = chimney breast.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault, summersault.* pantalones de campana = flares.* salvado por la campana = saved by the bell.* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *A1 (de iglesia) bell, church bella lo lejos se oía repicar las campanas you could hear the church bells ringing in the distancelas campanas doblan a muerto the bells are ringing o tolling the death knellechar las campanas al or a vuelo (literal) to set the bells ringing(anunciar jubilosamente): no quiere echar las campanas al vuelo hasta no estar seguro he doesn't want to start shouting about it o shouting from the rooftops until he knows for surepero tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo but it's not worth getting that excited aboutme/te/lo salvó la campana saved by the belloír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tío ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde that guy is talking through his hat ( colloq)2 (en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? has the bell gone yet?tocar la campana to ring the bellB1 (de la chimenea) hood; (de la cocina) extractor hood2 (para proteger alimentos) coverCompuestos:diving belldiving bellDestar or hacer de campana to keep watch* * *
Multiple Entries:
campana
campaña
campana sustantivo femenino
tocar la campaña to ring the bell;
¿ya ha sonado la campaña? has the bell gone yet?
( de cocina) extractor hood
campaña sustantivo femenino
campaign;◊ campaña electoral electoral o election campaign;
campaña publicitaria advertising campaign;
hacer una campaña to run o conduct a campaign
campana sustantivo femenino
1 (de iglesia, colegio) bell
2 Cost bell-bottom 3 campana extractora, extractor hood
vuelta de campana, roll over
♦ Locuciones: familiar figurado echar las campanas al vuelo, to start shouting about it
campaña sustantivo femenino
1 (electoral, etc) campaign
2 Mil expedition
♦ Locuciones: Mil (cocina, hospital, etc) de campaña, field
' campaña' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amarrar
- antidroga
- antitabaco
- campana
- carpa
- electoral
- estratega
- forma
- inoculación
- neutralizar
- orientar
- pro
- retintín
- tañido
- tienda
- tocar
- vuelta
- alfabetización
- calar
- campanada
- campanilla
- catre
- desmontar
- desplegar
- exitoso
- fundir
- informativo
- limpio
- montar
- publicitario
- recoger
- tañer
- toque
- viento
English:
agitate
- aim
- back
- bell
- bell-bottoms
- campaign
- canvass
- canvasser
- counteract
- drive
- electioneering
- flag
- flap
- flare
- hate
- hustings
- launch
- launching
- marketing
- mount
- pitch
- publicity
- push
- ring
- sales campaign
- smear campaign
- somersault
- tent
- think up
- toll
- turn over
- wage
- appeal
- ground
- hood
- roll
- smear
* * *campana nf1. [de iglesia] bell;echar las campanas al vuelo: no queremos echar las campanas al vuelo antes de tiempo we don't want to start celebrating prematurely;es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo let's not count our chickens before they're hatched;Famoír campanas y no saber dónde not to know what one is talking about;te ha salvado la campana (you were) saved by the bellcampana de buzo diving bell; Mat campana de Gauss normal distribution curve, US bell curve;campana de salvamento diving bell2. [de chimenea] chimney breast* * *f1 bell;doblar las campanas toll the bells;echar las campanas al vuelo fig get excited, get carried away;dar una vuelta de campana AUTO flip over2 de chimenea hood* * *campana nf: bell* * *campana n bell -
83 rendez-vous
rendez-vous [ʀɑ̃devu]invariable masculine noun• prendre rendez-vous avec qn (pour affaires, consultation) to make an appointment with sb ; (entre amis) to arrange to meet sb• prendre (un) rendez-vous chez le dentiste/coiffeur to make a dental/hair appointment• ce match sera le grand rendez-vous sportif de l'année this match will be the big sporting event of the year* * *ʀɑ̃devunom masculin invariable2) ( avec des amis)3) ( réunion professionnelle) meeting4) ( rassemblement) gathering; ( lieu) meeting place* * *ʀɑ̃devu nm1) (professionnel, chez un médecin) appointment"uniquement sur rendez-vous" — "by appointment only"
J'ai pris rendez-vous chez le médecin. — I made an appointment with the doctor.
J'ai rendez-vous avec Marie en ville. — I'm meeting Marie in town., I've arranged to meet Marie in town.
3) (amoureux) dateTu sors ce soir? - Oui, j'ai un rendez-vous. — Are you going out tonight? - Yes, I've got a date.
4) (politique, artistique) gathering5) figêtre au rendez-vous; Le soleil n'était pas au rendez-vous cet été. — We didn't see much of the sun this summer.
6) ASTRONOMIErendez-vous spatial; rendez-vous orbital — docking (in space)
7) (= lieu) meeting placeIl est arrivé en retard au rendez-vous. — He arrived late at the meeting place.
C'est le rendez-vous de tous les amateurs de jazz. — It's a favourite haunt of all jazz fans.
* * *rendez-vous nm inv1 (chez un médecin, coiffeur, avocat etc) appointment (avec with; chez at); prendre/avoir rendez-vous avec un spécialiste to make/have an appointment with a specialist; j'ai rendez-vous chez le médecin/coiffeur I've got an appointment at the doctor's/hairdresser's; recevoir les malades sur rendez-vous to see patients by appointment; ‘consultations sur rendez-vous seulement’ ‘consultations by appointment only’;2 ( avec des amis) j'ai rendez-vous avec un ami I'm meeting a friend; on peut se fixer un rendez-vous? shall we meet?; je leur ai donné rendez-vous à minuit I've arranged to meet them at midnight; rendez-vous demain! see you tomorrow!; ‘rendez-vous à 10 heures à la gare’ ‘meet at the station at 10 am’; le soleil n'était pas au rendez-vous the sun didn't shine; la croissance est au rendez-vous growth is the order of the day;3 ( réunion professionnelle) meeting; vous avez deux rendez-vous cet après-midi avec nos représentants d'Asie et de Scandinavie you have two meetings this afternoon, with our Asian and Scandinavian representatives;4 ( rassemblement) gathering; ( lieu) meeting place; ce café est le rendez-vous des joueurs d'échecs that café is a meeting place for chess players;5 ( émission) programmeGB, slot; notre prochain rendez-vous sur les ondes our next programmeGB.[rɑ̃devu] nom masculin invariable1. [rencontre] appointmentc'était un rendez-vous manqué we/they didn't meet upson premier rendez-vous [amoureux] her first date2. [endroit] meeting placeici, c'est le rendez-vous des étudiants this is where all the students meetCan I see you tonight? Est-ce qu'on peut se voir ce soir ?Why don't we go for a drink sometime? On pourrait aller prendre un verre un de ces jours ?How about meeting up next week? Et si on se voyait la semaine prochaine ?Let's get together soon. On se revoit bientôt, d'accord ?Are you free any time next week? Tu es libre la semaine prochaine ?How about Friday? Vendredi, ça te va ?Would Monday at 10.30 be OK? Lundi 10 h 30, ça irait ?Can you make Tuesday lunchtime? Tu es libre mardi midi ?When's a good time for you? Quand est-ce que ça t'arrange ?When is the best time for you? ou When would suit you best? Quand est-ce que ça t'irait le mieux ?Let's say tomorrow outside the cinema at 7.30. Disons demain devant le cinéma à 19 h 30See you on Friday then! À vendredi, alors !I look forward to it! Ce sera sympa !It's a date, then! C'est d'accord ! -
84 tribunus
trĭbūnus, i, m. [tribus, prop. the chief of a tribe; hence, in gen.], a chieftain, commander, tribune.I.Tribuni aerarii, paymasters, who assisted the quaestors, Cato ap. Gell. 7, 10, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 181 Müll.; Fest. p. 2 ib.;II.called also tribuni aeris,
Plin. 33, 2, 7, § 31. By the Lex Aurelia these tribuni aerarii were made judges on the part of the people:(Milonem) tribuni aerarii condemnarunt,
Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 6, 6; id. Cat. 4, 7, 15:a tribunis aerariis absolutus,
id. ib. 2, 16, 3; cf.in a pun with aerati (rich),
id. Att. 1, 16, 8. This judicial office was taken from them by Julius Cæsar, Suet. Caes. 41.—Tribuni Celerum, captains or commanders of the Celeres, Liv. 1, 59, 7; cf. Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 15; Weissenb. ad Liv. 1, 15, 8. —III.Tribuni militares or militum, tribunes of the soldiers, military tribunes; these were officers of the army, six to each legion, who commanded in turn, each two months at a time:IV.qui M. Aemilio legati et praefecti et tribuni militares fuerunt,
Cic. Clu. 36, 99; so,militares,
Plin. 34, 3, 6, § 11; cf. in sing.:cum tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas,
Cic. Sen. 10, 32:a tribunis militum, praefectis reliquisque, qui, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 39; so,militum,
id. ib. 3, 7; cf. in sing.:tribunus militum,
id. ib. 3, 5; Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 2:tribuni cohortium,
Caes. B. C. 2, 20.— Sing.:Stilonius Priscus qui tribunus cohortis, sub Classico fuerat,
Plin. Ep. 3, 9, 18; cf.:tribunus minor,
Veg. Mil. 2, 7;and tribunus legionis,
Val. Max. 3, 2, 20.—Tribuni militum consulari potestate, military tribunes with consular power; these were the highest officers of the State from A.U.C. 310 to A.U.C. 388. They were chosen from the patrician and plebeian orders, and were at first three, then six, and, after the year 352, eight in number, Liv. 4, 6, 8; 4, 7, 1; 5, 1, 2;V.called tribuni consulares,
id. 8, 33; Becker, Antiq. 2, 2, p. 136 sq.—Tribuni plebis, and more freq. simply tribuni, tribunes of the people, whose office it was to defend the rights and interests of the Roman plebeians against the encroachments of the patricians, Liv. 2, 33, 2; 2, 56, 3 sq.; Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58 sq.; id. Leg. 3, 7, 16; cf. Becker, Antiq. 2, 2, p. 247 sq.; Lange, Antiq. 1, 1, p. 592 sq., and the authorities cited by both. -
85 Betrieb
Betrieb m 1. COMP mode; 2. GEN concern, business, workplace, operation (Firma); 3. IND factory, works (Fabrik); operation (von Maschine); 4. PERS place of work, establishment, workplace (Arbeitsstelle) • außer Betrieb GEN out of order, out of action • außer Betrieb sein WIWI be down • außer Betrieb setzen GEN put out of action • Betrieb gründen GEN set up a business, start a (new) business, set up a new business, (infrml) set up shop • im Betrieb IND, PERS on the shop floor • im Betrieb sein GEN be at work • in Betrieb COMP, IND busy (Maschine) • in Betrieb gehen IND go into operation, come on stream • in Betrieb nehmen IND start up • in Betrieb sein IND be on stream, be in operation • in Betrieb setzen IND activate • viel Betrieb haben GEN be very busy* * *m 1. < Comp> mode; 2. < Geschäft> Firma concern, business, workplace, operation; 3. < Ind> Fabrik factory, works, von Maschine operation; 4. < Person> Arbeitsstelle place of work, establishment, workplace ■ außer Betrieb < Geschäft> out of order, out of action ■ außer Betrieb sein <Vw> be down ■ im Betrieb <Ind, Person> on the shop floor ■ im Betrieb sein < Geschäft> be at work ■ in Betrieb <Comp, Ind> Maschine busy ■ in Betrieb gehen < Ind> go into operation, come on stream ■ in Betrieb nehmen < Ind> start up ■ in Betrieb sein < Ind> be on stream, be in operation ■ in Betrieb setzen < Ind> activate* * *Betrieb
(Arbeitsgang) service, (Betreiben) working, running, operating, operation (US), (Betriebsanlage) factory, [manufacturing] plant, works, mill (Br.), (Geschäftsführung) management, (Herstellungsgang) manufacture, (Transport) service, (Unternehmen) firm, business [enterprise], commercial undertaking (establishment), [industrial] concern, company, corporation, (Werkstatt) workshop, shop (Br.);
• außer Betrieb standing idle, out [of commission], (Bahn) out of service (action), (el.) off, (Fahrstuhl) not working, out of order, (Hotel) not opening, (Maschine) out of blast (gear), idle, not operating, (nicht in Ordnung) out of order, disabled, not working, defunct;
• für mehrere Betriebe arbeitend consolidated (US);
• im Betrieb on the shop-floor;
• nicht im Betrieb inoperative, non-operating, (Fabrik) standing;
• im Betrieb stehen gelassen (Gewinn) retained in business;
• in Betrieb operating, operative, in operation, in blast, at work, working, going, running;
• in vollem Betrieb in full working order, in operation (action), going at full blast;
• arbeitender Betrieb going business (concern), operating property (US);
• billig arbeitender Betrieb low-cost plant;
• kostendeckend arbeitender Betrieb break-even company;
• für den Staat arbeitender Betrieb government client;
• bestreikter Betrieb struck shop;
• dezentralisierter Betrieb departmentalized business (factory) (US);
• durcharbeitender Betrieb all-night service, (ganze Woche) seven-day operation;
• durchgehender Betrieb continuous process, continuity of operations;
• Ein-Mann-Betrieb one-man business;
• einschichtiger Betrieb single-shift operation;
• einträglicher Betrieb profitable enterprise;
• an der Baustelle errichteter Betrieb on-site factory;
• erstklassiger Betrieb top plant;
• fahrplanmäßiger Betrieb scheduled operation (US);
• familienfreundlicher Betrieb family-friendly company;
• Fisch verarbeitender Betrieb fish-processing plant;
• forstwirtschaftlicher Betrieb forestry industry (company);
• an Preisabsprachen nicht gebundener Betrieb outsider;
• gefährlicher Betrieb dangerous premises;
• wissenschaftlich geführter Betrieb scientific management;
• gut gehender Betrieb prosperous enterprise;
• gemeinnütziger Betrieb non-profit enterprise, public service company (Br.) (corporation, US);
• gemeinsamer Betrieb joint working;
• genossenschaftlicher Betrieb cooperative enterprise;
• auf Gewinn gerichteter Betrieb profit-seeking enterprise;
• gesundheitsschädlicher Betrieb offensive trade;
• gewerbepolizeipflichtiger Betrieb trade subject to licence;
• gewerblicher Betrieb industrial enterprise, manufacturing establishment;
• gewerkschaftspflichtiger Betrieb closed (union) shop, agency shop (Br.);
• staatlich genehmigter gewerkschaftspflichtiger Betrieb approved closed shop (Br.);
• grafischer Betrieb commercial art company, printing establishment;
• halbautomatischer Betrieb semi-automatic working;
• handwerklicher Betrieb handicraft;
• industrieller Betrieb industrial enterprise;
• kapitalintensiver Betrieb high-cost plant;
• kriegswichtiger Betrieb essential industry;
• landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb agricultural enterprise (undertaking), ranch, farm;
• nicht landwirtschaftlicher Betrieb non-agricultural enterprise (establishment);
• laufender Betrieb going concern, current operation;
• auf Hochturen laufender Betrieb drive;
• reibungslos laufender Betrieb smooth-running entity;
• lebenswichtige Betrieb key industries, (Versorgung) public utilities;
• lebhafter Betrieb brisk state of trade;
• Milch verarbeitender Betrieb milk-processing enterprise;
• mittelgroßer (mittlerer) Betrieb medium-sized enterprise (business, US), small business (US);
• öffentlicher Betrieb public enterprise;
• ökologischer Betrieb organic farm;
• produzierender Betrieb production unit;
• rentabler (rentierlicher) Betrieb profitable enterprise (business), economic operation;
• sparsamer Betrieb economical operation;
• staatlicher (staatseigener) Betrieb state-owned enterprise (US);
• staatlich subventionierter Betrieb taxeater;
• im Gemeineigentum stehender Betrieb publicly-owned enterprise;
• stillgelegter Betrieb non-factory, mill out of work (Br.), nonoperating property (factory) (US);
• störungsfreier Betrieb uninterrupted operation;
• volkseigener Betrieb nationalized (Br.) (socialized) enterprise;
• rationell wirtschaftender Betrieb efficiently-run enterprise;
• wirtschaftlicher Betrieb economic operation;
• Betrieb mit Akkordsystem contract shop (US);
• Betrieb eines Berkwerkes exploitation of a mine;
• Betrieb einer Eisenbahnlinie operation of a railway (railroad, US) line;
• Betrieb mit übertariflicher Gehaltsskala high-paying outsider;
• Betrieb eines Geschäftes operation of a business;
• Betrieb an der Grenze der Rentabilität marginal producer (firm);
• Betrieb der öffentlichen Hand government (state) enterprise;
• Betrieb mit begrenzter Kapazität limited-capacity plant;
• Betrieb eines Ladengeschäfts shopkeeping;
• Betrieb mit geringem Lohnniveau low-wage unit;
• Betrieb mit betriebseigenen Programmierern (Computer) open shop;
• Betrieb eines Schiffes operation of a ship;
• Betrieb mit Staatsaufträgen government contractor;
• Betrieb eines Unternehmens working of a business;
• staatlicher Betrieb von Wirtschaftsunternehmen operation of business;
• Betrieb aufnehmen to begin working, to start running, (Geschäft) to open;
• Betrieb wieder aufnehmen to resume work (one’s activity);
• Betrieb ausdehnen to expand operations;
• Betrieb neu ausstatten to equip a shop with new tools;
• Betrieb zum Erfolg bringen to work up a business;
• ganzen Betrieb kostenmäßig durchforsten to cut costs throughout a company;
• Betrieb einstellen to stop a factory (business), to cease (suspend) operations (working), to shut down, (Bahn) to close a line;
• Betrieb vorübergehend einstellen to close down temporarily;
• Betrieb eröffnen to commence business;
• Betrieb eingestellt haben to have ceased running;
• in Betrieb halten to keep running (working);
• Betrieb aus den roten Zahlen herausbringen to administer a company from red to black (US coll.);
• Betrieb installieren to equip a shop with tools;
• Betrieb anlaufen lassen to put in (go into) operation, to begin working;
• Betrieb Fett ansetzen lassen to beef up a plant (sl.);
• Fabrik in Betrieb setzen lassen to give orders for the work to be started;
• Betrieb leiten to manage a business, (Werk) to run a plant;
• in Betrieb nehmen to set going, to set (put) into operation, to operate;
• automatisch in Betrieb nehmen (el.) to press the button;
• Bus in Betrieb nehmen to put a bus on the road;
• Betrieb schließen to close down;
• Betrieb infolge von Sparsamkeitsmaßnahmen schließen to close its doors for reasons of economy;
• Betrieb vorübergehend schließen to close temporarily;
• außer Betrieb sein (Fabrik) to be out of operation, (Maschine) to run idle, (Rundfunkstation) to be off the air;
• billig im Betrieb sein (Auto) to be run at small cost;
• in Betrieb sein (Bahnlinie) to be in operation (running), (Fabrik) to work, to be in operation, (Maschine) to run, to be operating, to be worked, (Bus) to be on the road, (Rundfunkstation) to be on the air;
• durchgehend in Betrieb sein to run full time;
• das ganze Jahr in Betrieb sein (Auto) to be in commission all the year round;
• nicht in Betrieb sein to be out of work (at a standstill);
• ständig in Betrieb sein to run full time;
• in vollem Betrieb sein to be going at full blast;
• wieder in Betrieb sein (Hotel) to be running (working) again;
• aus dem Betrieb gezogen sein (Auto) to be of service;
• Anlage außer Betrieb setzen to discard an asset;
• Bahnlinie außer Betrieb setzen to close a line;
• in Betrieb setzen to put (set) into operation (action), to start [running (working)], to set to work, to prime;
• wieder in Betrieb setzen to reopen, to restart;
• Eisenbahnstrecke in Betrieb setzen to open a railway line;
• Betrieb stilllegen to close down;
• Betrieb völlig umkrempeln to turn around a company;
• auf elektrischen Betrieb umstellen (Bahn) to electrify;
• Betrieb völlig auf Produkte für den Wohnungs- und Straßenbau umstellen to aim a company at totally environmental products;
• seinen Betrieb vergrößern to enlarge one’s business;
• Betrieb verlagern (verlegen) to move a plant to another locality, to relocate a plant;
• Betrieb in Vorstadtgebiete verlagern to go suburban;
• Betrieb in stark verkleinertem Umfang weiterführen to operate on a drastically reduced scale;
• in Betrieb genommen werden to go into operation, (Bahnlinie, Straße) to be opened to traffic;
• aus dem Betrieb ziehen to take out of service;
• Flugzeug aus dem Betrieb ziehen to ground a plane;
• Bus aus dem Betrieb ziehen to take a bus off the road.
durchforsten, Betrieb
to weed the garden;
• Regierungsstelle zwecks Einsparungen gründlich durchforsten to comb out a government department. -
86 zam|knąć
pf — zam|ykać impf Ⅰ vt 1. (zakryć wejście) to close, to shut [drzwi, pojemnik, książkę, usta, oczy]; (na klucz) to lock [drzwi, bramę, kredens]- zamknąć bramę na kłódkę to padlock the gate- zamknąć furtkę na zasuwę to bolt the gate2. (przerwać działalność) to close- zamknąć sklep na noc to close up the shop for the night- zamknął sklep, bo zbankrutował he closed down his shop because he went bankrupt- z powodu sztormu zamknięto żeglugę w zatoce sailing has been suspended in the bay because of the storm- nasza restauracja została zamknięta na czas remontu our restaurant was closed for redecoration3. (umieścić w pomieszczeniu) to shut [dziecko, psa]- ptak zamknięty w klatce a caged bird4. pot. (skazać na karę więzienia) to lock [sb] up, to lock up 5. (zablokować) to close [granicę, port, lotnisko] 6. (wyłączyć) to turn off, to switch off [radio, telewizor] 7. (przerwać dopływ) to cut off, to shut off [gaz, wodę, prąd] 8. (zakończyć) to close, to conclude [obrady, dyskusję, rozdział] Ⅱ zamknąć się — zamykać się 1. (zostać zamkniętym) [drzwi, okna] to close, to shut- zamknąć się z trzaskiem to bang shut2. (ukryć się) to shut oneself (away) 3. (wyrazić się) to be encapsulated- w tych słowach zamknęła się jej miłość do matki her love for her mother was summed up in those words4. (złożyć się, zwinąć się) [parasol, scyzoryk] to close, to fold up 5. (przerwać działalność) [sklep, instytucja] (na noc, na tydzień) to close; (na dobre) to close down 6. (dojść do końca) to end, to come to an end- okres panowania dynastii Jagiellonów zamknął się śmiercią Zygmunta Augusta the Jagiellon dynasty came to an end a. to a close with the death of Sigismund Augustus- bilans roczny zamknął się stratą the annual balance has ended with a loss7. (nie chcieć słuchać) to close (na coś to sth) [krytykę, racje]- zamknąć się na wszelkie argumenty to refuse to accept any argumentsⅢ zamknąć się pot. to shut up■ zamknąć obwód elektryczny Fiz. to make a. close a circuit- zamknąć rachunek Ekon. to close an account- zamknąć rok Ekon. to end the year- zamknąć się przed ludźmi a. przed światem to shut oneself away- zamknąć się w czterech ścianach to coop oneself up, to shut oneself away- zamknąć się w sobie to become withdrawn- usta się mu/jej nie zamykają he/she is a chatterboxThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zam|knąć
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87 положить конец
1. set the limit2. place the limitСинонимический ряд:прекратить (глаг.) оборвать; прекратить; прервать; пресечь -
88 om
om13 [van mening veranderd] 〈zie voorbeelden 3〉4 [van richting veranderd] turned♦voorbeelden:voor het jaar om is • before the year is outuw tijd is om • your time is upII 〈 bijwoord〉2 [met betrekking tot doel] about♦voorbeelden:toen zij de hoek om kwamen • when they came (a)round the corner〈 figuurlijk〉 dat gaat buiten hem om • 〈 weet hij niets van〉 he's been kept out of this; 〈 heeft hij niets mee te maken〉 he's not involved in that; 〈 raakt hem niet〉 it doesn't concern himiets doen buiten iemand om • go around/bypass someoneom en om • every other onewaar gaat het om? • what's it about?; 〈 onenigheid ook〉 what's the matter?————————om2〈 voorzetsel〉1 [rondom] (a)round, about2 [vlak bij] (a)round3 [omstreeks] around, about4 [juist op het tijdstip van] at5 [telkens na] every6 [(in ruil) voor] for♦voorbeelden:om de tafel zitten • sit (a)round the tablezij had haar kinderen om zich (heen) • she had her children around herom en (na)bij drie jaar • approximately/roughly three yearsom de andere dag • every other day, on alternate daysom de twee uur • every two hoursniet om te eten • not fit to eat, inedibleom kort te gaan • to cut a long story short -
89 Г-352
ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll) ПОД ГОРУ (ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН) VP1. Also: ИДТЙ/ПОЙТИ (КА-ТЙТЬСЯ/ПОКАТЙТЬСЯ) ВНИЗ collsubj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc) to deteriorate sharplyX пошёл под гору - X went (plunged) downhillX took a turn for the worse.Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll (subj: human to deteriorate morallyX покатился под горку -X really went downhillX went wrong (astray).3. ( subj: abstr) (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o. 's life) to approach its endX идёт под гору \Г-352 X is nearing the (its) endX is coming (is drawing) to an end (a close) X is waningebbing, almost over)(of a period of time) X is making its exit X is on its way out X is winding down.Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring—and March was almost over (2a).Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a). -
90 идти вниз
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти вниз
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91 идти под горку
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти под горку
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92 идти под гору
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти под гору
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93 идти под уклон
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > идти под уклон
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94 катиться вниз
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > катиться вниз
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95 катиться под горку
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > катиться под горку
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96 катиться под гору
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > катиться под гору
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97 катиться под уклон
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > катиться под уклон
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98 пойти вниз
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти вниз
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99 пойти под горку
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти под горку
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100 пойти под гору
• ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ coll> ПОД ГОРУ <ПОД ГОРУ, ПОД ГОРКУ coll, ПОД УКЛОН>[VPJ=====1. Also: ИДТИ/ПОЙТИ <КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ> ВНИЗ coll [subj: abstr. (often дела) or a noun denoting an enterprise, business etc]⇒ to deteriorate sharply:- X took a turn for the worse.♦ Тут дела немецкой революции пошли быстро под гору... (Герцен 2). Then the fortunes of the German Revolution went rapidly downhill... (2a).2. coll. Also: КАТИТЬСЯ/ПОКАТИТЬСЯ ВНИЗ coll [subj: human]⇒ to deteriorate morally:- X went wrong < astray>.3. [subj: abstr]⇒ (of a season, month, day etc, or of s.o.'s life) to approach its end:- X is coming < is drawing> to an end < a close>;- X is waning <ebbing, almost over>;- [of a period of time] X is making its exit;- X is winding down.♦ Сколько Настёна помнила, никогда в эту пору так не заметало. Вот тебе и весна - март покатился под горку (Распутин 2). As long as Nastyona could remember, it never snowed like this at this time of the year. Some spring - and March was almost over (2a).♦ Петухи покричали и утихли, но после них в ночи что-то потрескивало, подрагивало - ночь, торопясь, шла под уклон (Распутин 3). The cocks had fallen silent, but after them the night was filled with creaking and trembling noises as it hurried to make its exit (3a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > пойти под гору
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