-
1 BLESSED
alya, almárëa (prosperous, rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, rich), manaquenta or manquenta, also aman ("blessed, free from evil" – Aman was "chiefly used as the name of the land where the Valar dwelt" [WJ:399], and as an adjective “blessed” the word may add an adjectival ending: amanya, VT49:41). Aman is the apparent Quenya equivalent of “the Blessed Realm” (allative Amanna is attested, VT49:26). The word calambar, apparently literally *“light-fated”, also seems to mean “blessed” (VT49:41). Cf. also BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of the Valar). Alya, almárëa, and herenya are adjectives that may also have worldly connontations, apparently often used with reference to one who is "blessed" with material possessions or simply has good luck; on the other hand, the forms derived from the root man- primarily describe something free from evil: Cf. mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Valar) and the alternative form manna in VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for clarity, since manna is apparently also the question-word "whither?", "where to?") The forms manaquenta or manquenta also include the man- root, but it is combined with a derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem quet- "say, speak", these forms seemingly referring to someone who is "blessed" in the sense that people speak well of this person (a third form from the same source, manque, is possibly incomplete: read manquenta?) (VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is possibly the word aistana, used for "blessed" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30). Aistana is apparently not an independent adjective (like alya, mána etc.), but rather the passive participle of a verb \#aista- "bless"; see above concerning its precise application. BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either *val or *valdë) (happiness; but since this word comes from early material where it was intended to be related to Valar "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity may be doubted because Tolkien later reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped the earlier etymology). BLESSING (a boon, a good or fortunate thing), see BOON. "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië, almarë; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom, final end, fate, fortune) –LotR:989 cf Letters:308; GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272, MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30 -
2 WOMAN
nís (so in MR:213, Etym gives nis, but both sources agree that the pl is nissi (the alternative pl. form nísi in VT43:31 seems abnormal, since this would be expected to become *nízi > *níri). A longer form of nís/nis is nissë, clashing with *nissë "in me". For clarity writers should probably use the short sg nís, as Tolkien himself does in MR:213, with the stem niss- before endings, as in the pl. nissi). At the end of compounds the form –nis may occur, as in Artanis (see NOBLE WOMAN). A poetic word for "woman" is †ní (female). The form \#nína (gen. pl. nínaron attested, VT43:31) may have been but an ephemeral word for "woman" in Tolkien's conception. LARGE WOMAN nisto –NDIS/NĪ/NIS, MR:213, VT43:31, NĪ, INI, VT47:33 -
3 FATE
umbar (umbart-) (doom; the form amarto in LT2:348 could be obsolete, but ambar from the same source may be a valid word also in LotR-style Quenya – see DOOM), marto (fortune, lot); manar, mandë (doom, final end, fortune [usually = final bliss]); FATED marta (which adjective also seems to be the noun "fate" in later sources; see VT45:33, VT46:13). *LIGHT-FATED calambar –MBARAT/LotR:1157, MANAD, VT45:33/VT46:12, VT49:41, 42 -
4 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES. -
5 PLACE
\#nómë (isolated from nómesseron, compound "of place-names", VT42:17). In Etym the word for "place" is men, though this word would clash with the dative pronoun *men "to/for us"; \#nómë may be preferred not only for clarity but also because it is apparently present in the LotR itself in the word sinomë "in this place" (Elendil's Oath); –nomë would be the compound form of nómë. It also occurs in tanomë “in the place (referred to)”. STONY PLACE sarnë (gloss misread as "strong place" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:12). AT BACK OF PLACE, see BEHIND. Verb WISH TO GO TO A PLACE mína- (desire to go in some direction, make for it, have some end in view) –VT42:17, MEN, LotR:1003, SD:56, VT49:11, SAR, VT39:11 -
6 DESIRE
(vb) \#mer- (cited in the form merë, evidently the 3rd person aorist; pa.t. given as mernë) (want, wish). The stem YES yields a word yesta- "desire" (which may however be confused with yesta “beginning”). DESIRE (noun) írë, náma (= "a desire" or "a judgement"), námië (= "a (single) desire" or "a (single) judgement"), milmë (greed). (Note: írë also means "when".) See SEXUAL DESIRE for a term that possibly has this meaning. DESIREABLE írima (loveable), DESIRER Irmo (name of a Vala). DESIRING TO START mína (eager to go), also verb DESIRE TO GO IN SOME DIRECTION mína- (to wish to go to a place, make for it, have some end in view). –MER, ID, VT41:13, MIL-IK, YES/VT46:23, WJ:403, VT39:11
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