-
1 US
The exclusive pronoun (us = “I and some others, not you”) is me (suffixed to ála “do not” in álamë tulya, "do not lead us”, VT43:12, 22). This pronoun evidently connects with the ending -lmë, see WE. Inclusive "us" (i.e. "you and me") should apparently be *ve (for older we), connecting with the subject ending -lvë (older -lwë). If the pronouns me, *ve are stressed, the vowel may be lengthened (mé, vé, VT49:51). In another conceptual phase, Tolkien’s word for inclusive "we, us" may have been *ngwë (Third Age Quenya *nwë), VT48:11. The dual forms receive the ending -t, hence met, wet > *vet as the words for “us” referring to only two persons (exclusive met = “me and one other [not you]”; inclusive wet/*vet = “thee and me”). – Evidently me, *ve would be the same as subject and object, so that these forms could also be translated "we" as a short independent pronoun, and they can also receive case endings, e.g. attested forms like locative messë "on us", allative mello "from us", dative men "for us", allative véna “to us”. The forms atarmë, metermë "for us" also seem to include me, but these forms were evidently ephemeral ("for us", exclusive, is better rendered as men, itself an attested form). –Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:15, 19, VT44:18, VT49:14 -
2 AT
sé, se (the form with a long vowel may be preferred since se is apparently also a 3rd person pronoun) (in). The locative case may also express “at”, e.g. lúmissen “at the times”. –VT43:30, 34, VT49:47 -
3 BETWEEN
1) imbi (dual imbë). This is "between" referring to a gap, space, barrier, or anything intervening between two other things, like or unlike one another. The pluralized form imbi implies "among" of several things (ancalima imbi eleni "brightest among stars"); "in the sense 'among' before plurals [imbë] is usually pluralized > imbi even when a plural noun follows". As pointed out by Patrick Wynne, imbi may also be used in the sense of "between" before two singular nouns connected by "and" (as in the example imbi Menel Cemenyë "between heaven and earth"), whereas imbë is used before dual forms, as in the examples imbë siryat "between two rivers", imbë met "between us". Elided imb' is attested in the phrase imb' illi "among all". The form imbit is said to be a "dualized form" expressing "between two things" when "these are not named" (VT47:30), apparently implying that imbit by itself means *"between the two", with no noun following. 2) enel (used for "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" [VT47:11]. This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind). 3) mitta- (does the final hyphen suggest that the latter form is used as prefix, somewhat like *"inter-"?) –Nam/RGEO:67, VT47:11, 30; VT43:30 -
4 VOWEL
\#ómëa (only pl. ómëar attested), also \#óma-tengwë, \#ómatengwë (this term refers to vowels considered as independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights on phonemics; only pl. ómatengwi is attested), óman (pl. "amandi" in LR:379 is a misreading for omandi, VT46:7; this term from the Etymologies may in any case be obsoleted by the above-mentioned forms), \#lehta tengwë (lit. "free/relased element"; only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (Note: In some compounds, óma seems to mean "vowel" instead of "voice": VOWEL SIGN \#ómatehta (only pl ómatehtar is attested), DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma, VOCALIC EXTENSION ómataina (q.v. for definition). Yet another term for "vowel", \#penna pl. pennar, is given in VT39:16, but this is taken from a draft and not included in the final text Tolkien wrote. – The term \#mussë tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:8/16, OM, WJ:396, 319, 417, VT39:17 -
5 WE, US
The relevant Quenya pronouns make two distinctions not found in English. “We” can be either inclusive or exclusive, depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we” or not. Furthermore, “we” can be either plural (involving at least three persons) or dual (involving only two persons, the speaker and one other). Tolkien repeatedly revised the relevant endings. According to VT49:16, 51 one late resolution goes like this: The ending for plural exclusive “we” is -lmë, corresponding to dual exclusive -mmë. Hence e.g. carilmë *“we [not including you] do”, carimmë *“the two of us do; I and one other [not you] do”. The ending for plural inclusive “we” is to be -lwë or -lvë, corresponding to -ngwë for dual inclusive “we” (VT49:16; variant -nquë in VT49:51): Carilwë “we [including you] do”, caringwë “the two of us do; thou and I do”. The corresponding independent pronouns were pl. exclusive me, pl. inclusive we or later ve with variant vi (PE17:130); when stressed these could have long vowels (mé and wé > vé, VT49:51). They may also appear in object position (“us” rather than “we”), e.g. suffixed to ála “do not” in the negative command álamë tulya, "do not lead us" (VT43:12, 22). If these pronouns are to be dual, they receive the dual ending -t (exclusive met, inclusive wet > *vet; compare imbë met “between us [two]” in Namarië). The dual pronouns do not have a long vowel even when stressed. The pronouns me, we/*ve and their long variants can also receive case endings, like dative men or véna “for us” (VT43:27, 28, 33, VT49:14) or locative messë "on us" (VT44:12). An emphatic pronoun is attested as emmë “we” (VT43:20), this reflects an earlier conceptual stage where Tolkien used the forms in -mmë for plural rather than dual exclusive “we” (VT49:48, cf. forms like vammë, WJ:371); presumably he would later regard emmë as a dual exclusive form, corresponding to pl. *elmë (and with *elwë > *elvë and *engwë as the emphatic pronouns for inclusive “you”, plural and dual, respectively). These emphatic pronouns can also receive case endings; the dative form emmen “for us” is attested (VT43:12, 20). – Genitive forms, see OUR; reflexive pronouns, see OURSELVES. -
6 THOU
(singular 2nd person pronoun, distinct from plural “you” – the Quenya forms here discussed are not archaic like English “thou”, but simply express singular “you”). Quenya makes a distinction between a formal or polite “thou” and an intimate or familiar “thou”, the latter being reserved for use between close friends, family members, and lovers (VT49:51, 52). The formal pronoun normally appears as the ending -lyë or (if shortened) -l that is added to verbs, e.g. hiruvalyë “thou shalt find ” (Nam), caril or carilyë *“thou dost” or *“you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). The short form in -l may be the more usual, though the long form -lye- must be used if a second pronominal ending denoting the object of the verb is to be added (e.g. *cenuvalyes “thou shalt see it”, with the ending -s “it” appended). The ending -lyë may also be added to prepositions (aselyë “with thee”, VT43:29). The independent pronoun is lye, with a long vowel (lyé, VT49:51) when stressed. This pronoun can also appear in object position (English “thee”), e.g. nai Eru lye mánata, by Tolkien translated “God bless you” (VT49:39). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative lyenna *“upon thee” (VT49:40, 41). There is also elyë “thou, even thou” (Nam, RGEO:67) as an emphatic pronoun (Nam); apparently this can also receive case endings. Such independent pronouns may also be used in copula-less constructions, e.g. aistana elyë "blessed [art] thou" (VT43:30). – The intimate or familiar pronoun is similar in form, only with t instead of l. The pronominal ending is thus -tyë, as in carityë “thou dost, you (sg.) do” (VT49:16). It is uncertain whether -tyë has a short form -t (the existence of a short form is explicitly denied in VT49:51, but -t is listed in VT49:48). At one conceptual stage Tolkien mentioned such an ending that could be added to imperatives (hecat “get thee gone”, WJ:364), but he may have dropped it because it clashed with -t as a dual ending on verbs. The independent pronoun is tye, with a long vowel when stressed (tyé, VT49:51); presumably there also exists an emphatic pronoun *etyë (still unattested). Like lye, the pronoun tye may also appear in object position (ar inyë, yonya, tye-méla “and I too, my son, love thee”, LR:61); we must also assume that tye (and emphatic *etyë) can receive case endings. – Genitive forms, see THY. -
7 I
(1st pers. sg): This pronoun normally appears as the ending -n or -nyë (VT49:51) added to verbs, e.g. carin and carinyë “I do”, maruvan "I will abide". The long form -nye must be used if another pronominal ending is to be added after it: utúvienyes, "I [-nye-] have found it [-s]". Independent pronouns: ni (in the "Arctic" sentence, ni is translated "I"), stressed ní with long vowel (VT49:51), as in ní nauva tanomë “I will be there” (VT49:19; ní nauva puts more emphasis on “I” than nauvan, with the pronoun expressed as an ending). The dative pronoun nin "for me" is transparently ni + the dative ending -n; other case endings may also be added to ni. It may be that ni, ní can also function as object (“me”), though a distinct form nye has also been proposed. The longer pronoun inyë may also be used where “I” is emphatic, and presumably can also take case endings. –VT49:48, 50, LotR:1008/1003, Arct, LR:61 -
8 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES. -
9 FORGIVE
\#avatyar- (imperative avatyara and the pl. aorist avatyarir are attested). The matter that is forgiven is the direct object, whereas the person that is forgiven appears in the ablative case: avatyara mello lucassemmar, "forgive us [lit. from us] our debts". This verb \#avatyar- occurs in certain versions of Tolkien's Quenya rendering of the Lord's Prayer; in the latest version he introduced the verb apsene- "remit, release, forgive" instead, with a slightly different syntax: the matter forgiven is still the direct object, but the person forgiven now appears in the dative case. The exact etymology of apsene- is somewhat obscure; the prefix ap- is apparently derived from a root AB- in a meaning which Tolkien according to other sources abandoned (see VT43:18-19); also, it is unclear whether the final –e of apsene- is just the connecting vowel of the aorist (before endings we would rather expect *apseni-) or an integral part of the verbal stem, which would make this an "E-stem" verb otherwise hardly attested. The verb apsene- is once attested with the object ending -t "them" attached: apsenet "[as we] forgive them". The alternative verb \#avatyar- is for many reasons less problematic and may be preferred by writers. –VT43:8, 9, 18-20 -
10 HE, HIM
(personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). Sometimes a verb with no pronominal ending whatsoever implies a subject “he, she, it”, e.g. nornë “he ran” (PE17:58), fírië “she has breathed forth” (MR:250), tinë “it glints” (TIN). A distinctly masculine ending -ro does occur in early material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së (VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when some living thing is concerned) does have a distinct form when it appears as an independent pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel (sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) The independent form may also appear in object position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a living thing) would normally appear as the ending -rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat “her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, LotR:1008 -
11 WITH
For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, the best translation of "with" (in the sense of "together with") is probably \#as, attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A string of various prepositional elements meaning "with" are attested, but all are probably not meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the details. The preposition lé, le found in early material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for "with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means *"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, probably meaning "with" (óni *"with me", ólë *"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; it was used "in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 regarding the underlying stem WO, said to be a dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of dual ó- is yo- (as in yomenië, WJ:407 cf. 361 regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may seem to be this yo that occurs as an independent preposition in yo hildinyar in SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we have forms like *ómë *"with us", implying at least three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with various prepositional elements for the phrase "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was replaced with aselyë in the final version. Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the connecting vowel before it leaves us with \#as as the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30, 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may also have an instrumental force, which is best rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g. *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer"). -
12 FIRST
minya (cf. Minyar "Firsts", the first clan among the Elves), inga (this is also a noun "top"), *yesta (but this is a noun “beginning” according to a later source, PE17:120), FIRSTBORN (= the Elves) Minnónar, sg. \#Minnóna. (*Yesta is emended from the actual reading esta; see BEGINNING. For FIRSTBORN, Etym has Estanessi, which would similarly become *Yestanessi, but this word is propably obsoleted by the later [TLT] form Minnónar. Writers should use the latter word.) FIRST-BEGOTTEN Minyon (a personal name. The element yon, translated "begotten", may be a reduced form of yondo "son". Alternatively, and perhaps more likely, Minyon may be the adjective minya "first" turned into a masculine name by adding the masculine ending -on. In that case, the literal meaning is simply *"First One". But it is possible that on is actually derived from the stem ONO "beget", and that "First-begotten" really is the literal meaning.) FIRST FINGER lepetas (evidently lepetass-) (index finger), also tassa –MIN/Silm:434/WJ:420, ING, ESE, WJ:403, VT47:10, VT48:5 -
13 BE ABLE
(and the English present tense can) is expressed by various verbs: pol- (to be physically able), lerta- (be free to do, there being no restraint, physical or other), ista- (know how to; pa.t. sintë), hence e.g. polin quetë “I can speak” (because mouth and tongue are free), lertan quetë "I can/may speak” (because I am free to do so, there being no obstacle of promise, secrecy, or duty), istan quetë “I can/know how to speak” (I have learnt language). Where the absence of a physical restraint is considered, the verb lerta- can be used in much the same sense as pol- (VT41:6). Another way of expressing “can” involves the verb ec-, and what would be the subject in English appears in the dative case instead: Ecë nin carë sa, “I can do it” (it is possible for me to do it), ecuva nin carë sa “I may do that” (in the future). –VT49:20, 34 -
14 FROM
Independent Quenya prepositons for "from" include ho and va, var. However, English "from" will often be rendered using the ablative case, endings -llo, pl -llon or -llor, dual -lto, e.g. Eärello *"from the Sea". The preposition et "forth, out" may also express "out" and is combined with a following noun in the ablative case to express "out from", "out of". –3O, VT43:20, 24, LotR:1003, VT44:35 -
15 IT
(impersonal 3rd sg. pronoun – notice that “personal” forms are used of all living things including plants; see HE): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. utúvienyes, "I have found [utúvienye-] it [-s]"). “It”, with reference to non-living or abstract things, does have a distinct form when appearing as an independent pronoun: sa (VT49:37), with long vowel (sá, VT49:51) when stressed. It is attested in object position: carë sa, “to do it” (VT49:34). Another word for “it” or “that” is ta (though in some sources, Tolkien used ta for plural impersonal “they, them” instead). Case endings may probably be added to sa, e.g. dative *san “for it” (cf. nin “for me”); sa also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósa *”with it” (VT43:29). Genitive ITS would normally appear as the ending -rya (only attested with personal meanings “his, her” – see HIS). “Its” as an independent word may be *sanya, formed from *san as the dative form of sa “it” (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, dative nin “for me”). –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, LotR:1008, TA -
16 ON
or (so in LT1:256, but in LotR-style Quenya or is always translated "over". Generally, English "on" may be rendered by the locative or the allative case, see UPON.) ON BEHALF OF rá, followed by dative, as in the example rá men "on behalf of us, for us". Dative pronouns may be directly suffixed to rá: "for us" or "on behalf of us" is also attested in the one-word form rámen. (Note: rá is also a noun "lion".) ON THE CONTRARY úsië –VT43:27, 28, 33, VT49:8 -
17 YOU
(plural and dual only; for singular "you", see THOU): Plural “you” is normally expressed by the ending -ldë (VT49:51) that is added to verbs, e.g. carildë “you do” (VT49:16; in earlier texts Tolkien also used the ending--llë for pl. "you”, VT43:36, VT49:48). The reduced form -l may be attached to an imperative: hecal! "you be gone!" (WJ:364). Independent pronoun le, with long vowel (lé, VT49:51) when stressed. Case endings may be added, e.g. dative *len “for you” (cf. nin “for me”). YOUR (plural) is expressed by the ending -lda (VT49:16), e.g. onnalda “your child” (VT49:42); as an independent word perhaps *lenya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Dual forms of YOU, used when addressing two persons: ending -stë (for original -dde, VT49:16, 33, 51), independent pronoun tyet (intimate/familiar) or let (polite/formal), YOUR (dual): ending -sta (VT49:16), as independent word perhaps *tyentya, *lentya derived from dual dative forms *tyent, *lent “for you (two)”. Compare such attested forms as ninya “my” and menya “our” vs. the dative pronouns nin “for me”, men “for us”. -
18 BY
as a prep. introducing the agent in a passive construction may be rendered by ló (nahtana ló Turin *“slain by Túrin”, VT42:24) or by the instrumental case (turún’ ambartanen “by doom mastered”, UT:138). BY meaning “near; next to” may be rendered by ara “beside” (*coa ara ëar, “a house by the sea”). BY THIS MEANS, see SO. -
19 ME
Certain Tolkien manuscripts supposedly provide nye as one word for “me” (compare tye “thee”). It may be, however, that in Tolkien’s later conception ni, ní “I” can also be used as object “me” (in late material it listed together with other pronouns that are attested both as subject and object, such as lye, sé and me, VT49:51). The ending -n, attested only as subject, may perhaps be employed following another pronominal ending: *Utúvielyen, "thou (-lye-) hast found me (-n)”. Case endings may be added to ni, e.g. dative nin "for me" (Nam). See I. -
20 TO, TOWARDS
ana, na, an (for, till); (prefix:) ana-. English "to, towards, –wards" will often be rendered by the allative ending -nna, pl -nnar, as in Elenna "Starwards" (Elen + [n]na). The dative case in -n may also express “to” or “for” in English, and shares the same origin as the preposition na. –NĀ, Plotz letter, UT:432, Silm:313, VT49:14
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