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41 automatic rollover
Finon the London Money Market, the automatic reinvestment of a maturing fixed term deposit for a further identical fixed term, an arrangement that can be canceled at any time -
42 standing instructions
Fininstructions, that may be revoked at any time, for a particular procedure to be undertaken in the event of a certain occurrence, for example, for the monies from a fixed term account that has just matured to be placed on deposit for a further fixed period -
43 Fischer, E.
[br]fl. 1930s Switzerland[br]Swiss engineer who invented the Eidophor large-screen television projector.[br]Fischer was a professor of engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in the late 1930s. Interested in the emerging technology for television, he was of the opinion that the growth of television would take place through the development and use of large-screen cinema-type displays serving large audiences. He therefore carried out research into suitable techniques. Realizing the brightness limitations of projection systems based on the optical magnification of the image produced by a conventional cathode ray tube, he used the deflected electron-beam, not to excite a phosphor screen, but to deposit a variable charge on the surface of a film or oil. By means of a Schlieren slit system, the consequent deformations of the surface were used to spatially modulate the light from an electric arc or a discharge tube, giving a large, high-brightness image. Although the idea, first put forward in 1939, was not taken up for cinema television, the subsequent requirement of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the 1960s for large colour displays in its Command and Control Centres led to the successful development of the idea by Gretag AG, a subsidiary of Ciba-Geigy: separate units were used for the red, green and blue images. In the 1990s, colour Eidophor projectors were used for large conference meetings and pop concerts.[br]Bibliography1946, "Views on the suitability of a cathode ray tube with a fluorescent screen for projection in cinemas", Bulletin of the Association of Swiss Electricians 39:468 (describes the concept of the Eidophor).Further ReadingE.H.Baumann, 1953, "The Fischer large screen projection system", Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers 60:344.A.Robertson, 1976, "Projection television. A review of current practice in large-screen projectors", Wireless World 47.KF -
44 Lucas, Anthony Francis
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 9 September 1855 Spalato, Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary (now Split, Croatia)d. 2 September 1921 Washington, DC, USA[br]Austrian (naturalized American) mining engineer who successfully applied rotary drilling to oil extraction.[br]A former Second Lieutenant of the Austrian navy (hence his later nickname "Captain") and graduate of the Polytechnic Institute of Graz, Lucas decided to stay in Michigan when he visited his relatives in 1879. He changed his original name, Lucie, into the form his uncle had adopted and became a naturalized American citizen at the age of 30. He worked in the lumber industry for some years and then became a consulting mechanical and mining engineer in Washington, DC. He began working for a salt-mining company in Louisiana in 1893 and became interested in the geology of the Mexican Gulf region, with a view to prospecting for petroleum. In the course of this work he came to the conclusion that the hills in this elevated area, being geological structures distinct from the surrounding deposits, were natural reservoirs of petroleum. To prove his unusual theory he subsequently chose Spindle Top, near Beaumont, Texas, where in 1899 he began to bore a first oil-well. A second drill-hole, started in October 1900, was put through clay and quicksand. After many difficulties, a layer of rock containing marine shells was reached. When the "gusher" came out on 10 January 1901, it not only opened up a new era in the oil and gas business, but it also led to the future exploration of the terrestrial crust.Lucas's boring was a breakthrough for the rotary drilling system, which was still in its early days although its principles had been established by the English engineer Robert Beart in his patent of 1884. It proved to have advantages over the pile-driving of pipes. A pipe with a simple cutter at the lower end was driven with a constantly revolving motion, grinding down on the bottom of the well, thus gouging and chipping its way downward. To deal with the quicksand he adopted the use of large and heavy casings successively telescoped one into the other. According to Fauvelle's method, water was forced through the pipe by means of a pump, so the well was kept full of circulating liquid during drilling, flushing up the mud. When the salt-rock was reached, a diamond drill was used to test the depth and the character of the deposit.When the well blew out and flowed freely he developed a preventer in order to save the oil and, even more importantly at the time, to shut the well and to control the oil flow. This assembly, patented in 1903, consisted of a combined system of pipes, valves and casings diverting the stream into a horizontal direction.Lucas's fame spread around the world, but as he had to relinquish the larger part of his interest to the oil company supporting the exploration, his financial reward was poor. One year after his success at Spindle Top he started oil exploration in Mexico, where he stayed until 1905, when he resumed his consulting practice in Washington, DC.[br]Bibliography1899, "Rock-salt in Louisiana", Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 29:462–74.1902, "The great oil-well near Beaumont, Texas", Transactions of the AmericanInstitution of Mining Engineers 31:362–74.Further ReadingR.S.McBeth, 1918, Pioneering the Gulf Coast, New York (a very detailed description of Lucas's important accomplishments in the development of the oil industry).R.T.Hill, 1903, "The Beaumont oil-field, with notes on other oil-fields of the Texas region", Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 33:363–405;Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 55:421–3 (contain shorter biographical notes).WK -
45 ἀρραβών
ἀρραβών, ῶνος, ὁ (Python, Fgm. 1, 18 TGF et al.; Semit. loanw.; Hebr. עֵרָבוֹן Gen 38:17–20=ἀρραβών LXX; Lat. arra or arrabo [TLL II 633]. For the spelling ἀραβών s. W-S. § 5, 26 c; B-D-F §40; Thackeray 119; Dssm. NB 11 [BS 183–84]) legal and commercial t.t. (since Isaeus 8, 23 and Aristot., freq. ins, pap, ostraca [Nägeli 55; Preisigke, Fachw.]) payment of part of a purchase price in advance, first installment, deposit, down payment, pledge (s. Taubenschlag, Law2, 408ff), which secures a legal claim to the article in question, or makes a contract valid (s. e.g. UPZ 67, 13 [153 B.C.]; PLond II, 143, 13 p. 204; PFay 91, 14; POxy 299, 2f; BGU 446, 5); in any case, ἀ. is a payment that obligates the contracting party to make further payments. It is also used fig. (Antiphanes Com. 123, 6 K.; Aristot., Pol. 1, 11 [1259a, 12]; Stob. IV 418, 13 H. ἔχειν ἀρραβῶνα τ. τέχνην τοῦ ζῆν) δοὺς τὸν ἀ. τοῦ πνεύματος ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν has deposited the first installment of the Spirit in our hearts 2 Cor 1:22 (on association w. baptism: EDinkler, OCullmann Festschr. ’62, 188f); cp. 5:5. The Spirit is the first installment τῆς κληρονομίας Eph 1:14. Jesus Christ is ἀ. τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἡμῶν pledge of our righteousness Pol 8:1.—S. BAhern, CBQ 9, ’47, 179–89.—DELG. New Docs 1, 83. M-M. TW.
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