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1 Armstrong
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2 Armstrong
m.1 Armstrong, Louis Armstrong.2 Armstrong, Neil Armstrong. -
3 Armstrong oscillator
• Armstrong oscillatorNederlands-Engels Technisch Woordenboek > Armstrong oscillator
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4 Armstrong Tartan
Scottish tartan, with blue and black ground, checked with green and narrow red stripes. -
5 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
[br]b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, Englandd. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England[br]English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.[br]The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.Further ReadingE.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside
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6 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
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7 Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Aviation medicine: AAMRLУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
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8 Armstrong County Campus
University: ACCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armstrong County Campus
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9 Armstrong Laboratory
Abbreviation: ALУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armstrong Laboratory
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10 Armstrong World Industries, Inc.
NYSE. ACK, AKKУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armstrong World Industries, Inc.
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11 Armstrong, Ontario, Canada
Airports: YYWУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Armstrong, Ontario, Canada
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12 Neil Armstrong
m.Neil Armstrong, Armstrong. -
13 Luis Armstrong
m.Louis Armstrong, Satchmo. -
14 George Armstrong Custer
Military: GACУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > George Armstrong Custer
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15 Herbert W. Armstrong
Names and surnames: HWAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Herbert W. Armstrong
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16 Lance Armstrong (велосипедист)
Abbreviation: LAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Lance Armstrong (велосипедист)
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17 Lance Armstrong Foundation
Non-profit-making organization: LAFУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Lance Armstrong Foundation
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18 Louis Armstrong (singer)
Quality control: LAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Louis Armstrong (singer)
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19 Ruth Armstrong
Names and surnames: RA -
20 The Armstrong Monitoring Corp.
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > The Armstrong Monitoring Corp.
См. также в других словарях:
Armstrong — may refer to: Places ;Argentina * Armstrong, Santa Fe;Australia * Armstrong, Victoria;Canada * Armstrong, British Columbia * Armstrong, Ontario;United States * Armstrong, Florida * Armstrong, Illinois * Armstrong, Iowa * Armstrong, Missouri *… … Wikipedia
Armstrong — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Armstrong es el nombre de: Personas Billie Joe Armstrong, un músico estadounidense; B. J. Armstrong, un baloncestista estadounidense de los Chicago Bulls; Craig Armstrong, un compositor escocés; Debbie Armstrong, una … Wikipedia Español
Armstrong — ist ein Familienname, siehe Armstrong (Familienname) der Name eines schottischen Clans, siehe Clan Armstrong ein Mondkrater, siehe Armstrong (Mondkrater) eine ehemalige britische Automarke (1902–1903), siehe Armstrong (Automarke) ein ehemaliger… … Deutsch Wikipedia
ARMSTRONG (L.) — Louis Armstrong est, avec «Duke» Ellington et Charlie Parker, un des trois génies reconnus de la musique de jazz. Alors que le jazz instrumental était encore proche des fanfares, que l’improvisation sur un thème donné – une des caractéristiques… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Armstrong — Armstrong, OK U.S. town in Oklahoma Population (2000): 141 Housing Units (2000): 60 Land area (2000): 0.086063 sq. miles (0.222901 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.086063 sq. miles (0.222901 sq … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Armstrong — [ ɑːmstrɔȖ], 1) Edwin Howard, amerikanischer Elektrotechniker, * New York 18. 12. 1890, ✝ (Selbstmord) ebenda 1. 2. 1954; seit 1934 Professor an der Columbia University in New York; einer der Pioniere der Rundfunk und Nachrichtentechnik.… … Universal-Lexikon
Armstrong, IA — U.S. city in Iowa Population (2000): 979 Housing Units (2000): 456 Land area (2000): 0.820849 sq. miles (2.125989 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.820849 sq. miles (2.125989 sq. km) FIPS code:… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Armstrong, MO — U.S. city in Missouri Population (2000): 287 Housing Units (2000): 142 Land area (2000): 0.842948 sq. miles (2.183226 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.842948 sq. miles (2.183226 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Armstrong, OK — U.S. town in Oklahoma Population (2000): 141 Housing Units (2000): 60 Land area (2000): 0.086063 sq. miles (0.222901 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.086063 sq. miles (0.222901 sq. km) FIPS code … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Armstrong [2] — Armstrong, 1) Grafschaft im nordamerikanischen Staat Pennsylvanien, 35 QM. Flüsse: Alleghany, Mahoning, Cowannshannock; Boden hügelig u. sehr fruchtbar, namentlich in der Nähe der Flüsse. Producte: Weizen, Mais, Bauholz, Rindvieh, Wolle,… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Armstrong — (Louis) (1900 1971) trompettiste et chanteur de jazz américain; il porta à son apogée le style New Orleans. Armstrong (Neil) (né en 1930) cosmonaute américain, le premier homme qui posa le pied sur la Lune (20 juil. 1969), suivi d Edwin Aldrin… … Encyclopédie Universelle
