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21 Stalkartt, Marmaduke
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 6 April 1750 London (?), Englandd. 24 September 1805 Calcutta, India[br]English naval architect and author of a noted book on shipbuilding.[br]For a man who contributed much to the history of shipbuilding in Britain, surprisingly little is known of his life and times. The family are reputedly descendants of Danish or Norwegian shipbuilders who emigrated to England around the late seventeenth century. It is known, however, that Marmaduke was the fourth child of his father, Hugh Stalkartt, but the second child of Hugh's second wife.Stalkartt is believed to have served an apprenticeship at the Naval Yard at Deptford on the Thames. He had advanced sufficiently by 1796 for the Admiralty to send him to India to establish shipyards dedicated to the construction of men-of-war in teak. The worsening supply of oak from England, and to a lesser extent Scotland, coupled with the war with France was making ship procurement one of the great concerns of the time. The ready supply of hardwoods from the subcontinent was a serious attempt to overcome this problem. For some years one of the shipyards in Calcutta was known as Stalkartt's Yard and this gives some credence to the belief that Stalkartt left the Navy while overseas and started his own shipbuilding organization.[br]Bibliography1781, Naval Architecture; or, the Rudiments and Rules of Shipbuilding; repub. 1787, 1803 (an illustrated textbook).FMW -
22 KAP
1) Общая лексика: Kite Aerial Photography ((аэрофотосъемка с использованием воздушного змея, впервые применена в 1889 году Артуром Бабат во Франции. Ссылка на статью: http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/kap/carrizo/)2) Политика: Knowledge Acquisition Process3) Сокращение: Khalistan Armed Police (India)4) Фирменный знак: Kite Aerial Photography, Knowledge Architecture Partners, L. L. C., Korean Archery Products5) Образование: Knowledge Attitude And Practice6) Общественная организация: Kink Aware Professionals7) Должность: Knowledge Attitude Practice, Korean American Princess8) Правительство: King Albert Park9) AMEX. Star Struck, LTD. -
23 NAG
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. N Acetyl Glucosamine2) Спорт: National Air Racing Group3) Военный термин: Northern Army Group, naval advisory group, naval analysis group, naval applications group, nuclear advisory group4) Шутливое выражение: No Attitude Guys5) Химия: неабсорбирующий газ6) Ветеринария: Nominations and Awards Group (of BVA)7) Сокращение: Netherlands Aerospace Group8) Вычислительная техника: Numerical Algorithms Group, Numerical Algorithms Group (UK, organization), National Algorithms Group (ltd, UK, organization, Vorlaeufer), Network Architecture Group (organization)10) Фирменный знак: New Age Gaming11) Сетевые технологии: Network Administrator's Group12) Золотодобыча: non-acid generating waste rock (mine)13) Нефть и газ: non-associated gas, природный газ коллекторов ( газа), свободный газ (сокр. от non-associated gas)14) Чат: Nearly Anything Goes -
24 nag
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. N Acetyl Glucosamine2) Спорт: National Air Racing Group3) Военный термин: Northern Army Group, naval advisory group, naval analysis group, naval applications group, nuclear advisory group4) Шутливое выражение: No Attitude Guys5) Химия: неабсорбирующий газ6) Ветеринария: Nominations and Awards Group (of BVA)7) Сокращение: Netherlands Aerospace Group8) Вычислительная техника: Numerical Algorithms Group, Numerical Algorithms Group (UK, organization), National Algorithms Group (ltd, UK, organization, Vorlaeufer), Network Architecture Group (organization)10) Фирменный знак: New Age Gaming11) Сетевые технологии: Network Administrator's Group12) Золотодобыча: non-acid generating waste rock (mine)13) Нефть и газ: non-associated gas, природный газ коллекторов ( газа), свободный газ (сокр. от non-associated gas)14) Чат: Nearly Anything Goes -
25 китайская бумага
1) General subject: Indian paper, light-Weight Paper( LWP)2) Engineering: Chinese paper3) Architecture: India paper, rice-paper4) Polygraphy: china paper5) Advertising: China paper (тонкая мягкая бумага из бамбука)6) Makarov: Chinese paper (из бамбука), china paper (мягкая неклеёная бумага из бамбукового волокна) -
26 китайская тушь
1) Architecture: Indian ink2) Cartography: Chinese ink3) Advertising: China ink4) Polymers: India ink -
27 тушь
1) General subject: China ink (китайская), China-ink, Indian ink2) Engineering: Chinese ink, drafting ink, drawing ink, ink3) Architecture: indelible ink4) Advertising: India ink -
28 temple
N1. मंदिरTemples in South India have beautiful architecture.2. कनपटीThe veins in his temple throbbed. -
29 bungalow
bungalow ['bʌŋgələʊ] -
30 Fox, Sir Charles
[br]b. 11 March 1810 Derby, Englandd. 14 June 1874 Blackheath, London, England[br]English railway engineer, builder of Crystal Palace, London.[br]Fox was a pupil of John Ericsson, helped to build the locomotive Novelty, and drove it at the Rainhill Trials in 1829. He became a driver on the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway and then a pupil of Robert Stephenson, who appointed him an assistant engineer for construction of the southern part of the London \& Birmingham Railway, opened in 1837. He was probably responsible for the design of the early bow-string girder bridge which carried the railway over the Regent's Canal. He also invented turnouts with switch blades, i.e. "points". With Robert Stephenson he designed the light iron train sheds at Euston Station, a type of roof that was subsequently much used elsewhere. He then became a partner in Fox, Henderson \& Co., railway contractors and manufacturers of railway equipment and bridges. The firm built the Crystal Palace in London for the Great Exhibition of 1851: Fox did much of the detail design work personally and was subsequently knighted. It also built many station roofs, including that at Paddington. From 1857 Fox was in practice in London as a consulting engineer in partnership with his sons, Charles Douglas Fox and Francis Fox. Sir Charles Fox became an advocate of light and narrow-gauge railways, although he was opposed to break-of-gauge unless it was unavoidable. He was joint Engineer for the Indian Tramway Company, building the first narrow-gauge (3 ft 6 in. or 107 cm) railway in India, opened in 1865, and his firm was Consulting Engineer for the first railways in Queensland, Australia, built to the same gauge at the same period on recommendation of Government Engineer A.C.Fitzgibbon.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1851.Further ReadingObituary, 1875, Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 39:264.F.Fox, 1904, River, Road, and Rail, John Murray, Ch. 1 (personal reminiscences by his son).L.T.C.Rolt, 1970, Victorian Engineering, London: Allen Lane.PJGR -
31 Nobel, Immanuel
[br]b. 1801 Gävle, Swedend. 3 September 1872 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish inventor and industrialist, particularly noted for his work on mines and explosives.[br]The son of a barber-surgeon who deserted his family to serve in the Swedish army, Nobel showed little interest in academic pursuits as a child and was sent to sea at the age of 16, but jumped ship in Egypt and was eventually employed as an architect by the pasha. Returning to Sweden, he won a scholarship to the Stockholm School of Architecture, where he studied from 1821 to 1825 and was awarded a number of prizes. His interest then leaned towards mechanical matters and he transferred to the Stockholm School of Engineering. Designs for linen-finishing machines won him a prize there, and he also patented a means of transforming rotary into reciprocating movement. He then entered the real-estate business and was successful until a fire in 1833 destroyed his house and everything he owned. By this time he had married and had two sons, with a third, Alfred (of Nobel Prize fame; see Alfred Nobel), on the way. Moving to more modest quarters on the outskirts of Stockholm, Immanuel resumed his inventions, concentrating largely on India rubber, which he applied to surgical instruments and military equipment, including a rubber knapsack.It was talk of plans to construct a canal at Suez that first excited his interest in explosives. He saw them as a means of making mining more efficient and began to experiment in his backyard. However, this made him unpopular with his neighbours, and the city authorities ordered him to cease his investigations. By this time he was deeply in debt and in 1837 moved to Finland, leaving his family in Stockholm. He hoped to interest the Russians in land and sea mines and, after some four years, succeeded in obtaining financial backing from the Ministry of War, enabling him to set up a foundry and arms factory in St Petersburg and to bring his family over. By 1850 he was clear of debt in Sweden and had begun to acquire a high reputation as an inventor and industrialist. His invention of the horned contact mine was to be the basic pattern of the sea mine for almost the next 100 years, but he also created and manufactured a central-heating system based on hot-water pipes. His three sons, Ludwig, Robert and Alfred, had now joined him in his business, but even so the outbreak of war with Britain and France in the Crimea placed severe pressures on him. The Russians looked to him to convert their navy from sail to steam, even though he had no experience in naval propulsion, but the aftermath of the Crimean War brought financial ruin once more to Immanuel. Amongst the reforms brought in by Tsar Alexander II was a reliance on imports to equip the armed forces, so all domestic arms contracts were abruptly cancelled, including those being undertaken by Nobel. Unable to raise money from the banks, Immanuel was forced to declare himself bankrupt and leave Russia for his native Sweden. Nobel then reverted to his study of explosives, particularly of how to adapt the then highly unstable nitroglycerine, which had first been developed by Ascanio Sobrero in 1847, for blasting and mining. Nobel believed that this could be done by mixing it with gunpowder, but could not establish the right proportions. His son Alfred pursued the matter semi-independently and eventually evolved the principle of the primary charge (and through it created the blasting cap), having taken out a patent for a nitroglycerine product in his own name; the eventual result of this was called dynamite. Father and son eventually fell out over Alfred's independent line, but worse was to follow. In September 1864 Immanuel's youngest son, Oscar, then studying chemistry at Uppsala University, was killed in an explosion in Alfred's laboratory: Immanuel suffered a stroke, but this only temporarily incapacitated him, and he continued to put forward new ideas. These included making timber a more flexible material through gluing crossed veneers under pressure and bending waste timber under steam, a concept which eventually came to fruition in the form of plywood.In 1868 Immanuel and Alfred were jointly awarded the prestigious Letterstedt Prize for their work on explosives, but Alfred never for-gave his father for retaining the medal without offering it to him.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsImperial Gold Medal (Russia) 1853. Swedish Academy of Science Letterstedt Prize (jointly with son Alfred) 1868.BibliographyImmanuel Nobel produced a short handwritten account of his early life 1813–37, which is now in the possession of one of his descendants. He also had published three short books during the last decade of his life— Cheap Defence of the Country's Roads (on land mines), Cheap Defence of the Archipelagos (on sea mines), and Proposal for the Country's Defence (1871)—as well as his pamphlet (1870) on making wood a more physically flexible product.Further ReadingNo biographies of Immanuel Nobel exist, but his life is detailed in a number of books on his son Alfred.CM
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