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21 hemoglobin St. Antoine
Генетика: гемоглобин Сен-Антуан (нестабилен, имеет нормальное сродство к кислороду; делетированы аминокислоты в 74-м и 75-м положениях (глицин и лейцин) -цепи)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > hemoglobin St. Antoine
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22 Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe
Кадиллак, Антуан де ла Мот (1656—1730), французский колонист, основавший Детройт в 1701США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe
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23 Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 31 December 1888 Thizy, Rhône, Franced. 15 August 1960 Fontenoy-aux-Roses, France[br]French metallurgist, inventor of the alloys Elinvar and Platinite and of the method of strengthening nickel-chromium alloys by a precipitate ofNi3Al which provided the basis of all later super-alloy development.[br]Soon after graduating from the Ecole des Mines at St-Etienne in 1910, Chevenard joined the Société de Commentry Fourchambault et Decazeville at their steelworks at Imphy, where he remained for the whole of his career. Imphy had for some years specialized in the production of nickel steels. From this venture emerged the first austenitic nickel-chromium steel, containing 6 per cent chromium and 22–4 per cent nickel and produced commercially in 1895. Most of the alloys required by Guillaume in his search for the low-expansion alloy Invar were made at Imphy. At the Imphy Research Laboratory, established in 1911, Chevenard conducted research into the development of specialized nickel-based alloys. His first success followed from an observation that some of the ferro-nickels were free from the low-temperature brittleness exhibited by conventional steels. To satisfy the technical requirements of Georges Claude, the French cryogenic pioneer, Chevenard was then able in 1912 to develop an alloy containing 55–60 per cent nickel, 1–3 per cent manganese and 0.2–0.4 per cent carbon. This was ductile down to −190°C, at which temperature carbon steel was very brittle.By 1916 Elinvar, a nickel-iron-chromium alloy with an elastic modulus that did not vary appreciably with changes in ambient temperature, had been identified. This found extensive use in horology and instrument manufacture, and even for the production of high-quality tuning forks. Another very popular alloy was Platinite, which had the same coefficient of thermal expansion as platinum and soda glass. It was used in considerable quantities by incandescent-lamp manufacturers for lead-in wires. Other materials developed by Chevenard at this stage to satisfy the requirements of the electrical industry included resistance alloys, base-metal thermocouple combinations, magnetically soft high-permeability alloys, and nickel-aluminium permanent magnet steels of very high coercivity which greatly improved the power and reliability of car magnetos. Thermostatic bimetals of all varieties soon became an important branch of manufacture at Imphy.During the remainder of his career at Imphy, Chevenard brilliantly elaborated the work on nickel-chromium-tungsten alloys to make stronger pressure vessels for the Haber and other chemical processes. Another famous alloy that he developed, ATV, contained 35 per cent nickel and 11 per cent chromium and was free from the problem of stress-induced cracking in steam that had hitherto inhibited the development of high-power steam turbines. Between 1912 and 1917, Chevenard recognized the harmful effects of traces of carbon on this type of alloy, and in the immediate postwar years he found efficient methods of scavenging the residual carbon by controlled additions of reactive metals. This led to the development of a range of stabilized austenitic stainless steels which were free from the problems of intercrystalline corrosion and weld decay that then caused so much difficulty to the manufacturers of chemical plant.Chevenard soon concluded that only the nickel-chromium system could provide a satisfactory basis for the subsequent development of high-temperature alloys. The first published reference to the strengthening of such materials by additions of aluminium and/or titanium occurs in his UK patent of 1929. This strengthening approach was adopted in the later wartime development in Britain of the Nimonic series of alloys, all of which depended for their high-temperature strength upon the precipitated compound Ni3Al.In 1936 he was studying the effect of what is now known as "thermal fatigue", which contributes to the eventual failure of both gas and steam turbines. He then published details of equipment for assessing the susceptibility of nickel-chromium alloys to this type of breakdown by a process of repeated quenching. Around this time he began to make systematic use of the thermo-gravimetrie balance for high-temperature oxidation studies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Société de Physique. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur.Bibliography1929, Analyse dilatométrique des matériaux, with a preface be C.E.Guillaume, Paris: Dunod (still regarded as the definitive work on this subject).The Dictionary of Scientific Biography lists around thirty of his more important publications between 1914 and 1943.Further Reading"Chevenard, a great French metallurgist", 1960, Acier Fins (Spec.) 36:92–100.L.Valluz, 1961, "Notice sur les travaux de Pierre Chevenard, 1888–1960", Paris: Institut de France, Académie des Sciences.ASDBiographical history of technology > Chevenard, Pierre Antoine Jean Sylvestre
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24 Claudet, Antoine François Jean
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 12 August 1797 Franced. 27 December 1867 London, England[br]French pioneer photographer and photographic inventor in England.[br]He began his working life in banking but soon went into glassmaking and in 1829 he moved to London to open a glass warehouse. On hearing of the first practicable photographic processes in 1834, Claudet visited Paris, where he received instruction in the daguerreotype process from the inventor Daguerre, and purchased a licence to operate in England. On returning to London he began to sell daguerreotype views of Paris and Rome, but was soon taking and selling his own views of London. At this time exposures could take as long as thirty minutes and portraiture from life was impracticable. Claudet was fascinated by the possibilities of the daguerreotype and embarked on experiments to improve the process. In 1841 he published details of an accelerated process and took out a patent proposing the use of flat painted backgrounds and a red light in dark-rooms. In June of that year Claudet opened the second daguerreotype portrait studio in London, just three months after his rival, Richard Beard. He took stereoscopic photographs for Wheatstone as early as 1842, although it was not until the 1850s that stereoscopy became a major interest. He suggested and patented several improvements to viewers derived from Brewster's pattern.Claudet was also one of the first photographers to practise professionally Talbot's calotype process. He became a personal friend of Talbot, one of the few from whom the inventor was prepared to accept advice. Claudet died suddenly in London following an accident that occurred when he was alighting from an omnibus. A memoir produced shortly after his death lists over forty scientific papers relating to his researches into photography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1853.Further Reading"The late M.Claudet", 1868, Photographic News 12:3 (obituary)."A.Claudet, FRS, a memoir", 1968, (reprinted from The Scientific Review), London: British Association (a fulsome but valuable Victorian view of Claudet).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a comprehensive account of Claudet's daguerreotype work).H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (provides details of Claudet's relationship with Talbot).JWBiographical history of technology > Claudet, Antoine François Jean
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25 Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 1808 Franced. 1835[br]French instrument maker who devised the first machine to incorporate the basic elements of a modern electric generator.[br]Mechanical devices to transform energy from a mechanical to an electrical form followed shortly after Faraday's discovery of induction. One of the earliest was Pixii's magneto generator. Pixii had been an instrument maker to Arago and Ampère for a number of years and his machine was first announced to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in September 1832. In this hand-driven generator a permanent magnet was rotated in close proximity to two coils on soft iron cores, producing an alternating current. Subsequently Pixii adapted to a larger version of his machine a "see-saw" switch or commutator devised by Ampère, in order to obtain a unidirectional current. The machine provided a current similar to that obtained with a chemical cell and was capable of decomposing water into oxygen and hydrogen. It was the prototype of many magneto-electric machines which followed.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcademy of Sciences, Paris, Gold Medal 1832.Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 70–2 (describes the development of Pixii's generator).C.Jackson, 1833, "Notice of the revolving electric magnet of Mr Pixii of Paris", American Journal of Science 24:146–7.GWBiographical history of technology > Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte
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26 Cournot model
эк. модель Курно (модель количественной дуополии, в которой при фиксированной цене фирма изменяет свой выпуск исходя из предпосылки, что выпуск ее соперника останется неизменным)Syn:See:Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin, Cournot, Antoine Augustin -
27 Bertrand, Joseph Louis Francois
перс.эк. Бертран, Джозеф Луис Франсуа (1822-1900; французский математик, сделал вклад в экономическую науку благодаря своей критике работ О. Курно и Л. Вальраса, на основе которой им была предложена модель дуополии, базирующаяся на иных допущениях, чем модель Курно; в частности, им было предложено в качестве управляемых переменных использовать не объемы выпуска, а цены дуополистов)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Bertrand, Joseph Louis Francois
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28 political economy
1) эк., ист. политическая экономия (обозначение экономической науки, введенное в оборот в XVI в. А. Монкретьеном и сохранявшееся до введения А. Маршаллом в конце XIX в. понятия economics; в первых трактатах обозначало "управление государственным хозяйством": трактаты были обращены государю и содержали рекомендации о наиболее разумной политике для увеличения его богатства и богатства его народа; во времена А. Смита и Д. Рикардо акцент сместился в сторону позитивного изучения механизма функционирования экономики, но рекомендации относительно экономической политики всегда оставались в поле зрения теоретиков)See:economics, Montchrétien, Antoine de, Montchrétien, Antoine de, Montchrétien, Antoine de, Montchrétien, Antoine de2) эк., пол. = new political economy* * * -
29 Cournot competition
эк. конкуренция по Курно (характеризуется тем, что переменными в ней являются объемы выпуска конкурентов, а не цены)See: -
30 Cournot equilibrium
эк. равновесие по Курно (равновесие в условиях дуополии, при котором в каждом периоде каждая фирма выбирает для себя оптимальный объем выпуска исходя из предположения о фиксированности объема выпуска конкурента; в состоянии равновесия каждая фирма получает треть рынка; считается частным случаем равновесия Нэша)See: -
31 Anthony
Anthony ['æntənɪ]Antoine►► Anthony Eden (hat) chapeau m de feutre noir;Medicine (St) Anthony's fire érysipèle m, feu m Saint-Antoine;∎ Anthony of Padua Antoine de Padoue -
32 Watteau
adj. gelijkend op wat te zien is in de schilderijen van Antoine Watteau; met vouwen die los van de halslijn naar de zoom vallen (van dameskleding); met brede rand aan achterkant van hoeden opgeslagen om een bloemendecoratie vast te houden--------n. Watteau, familienaam; Antoine Watteau (1684-1721), Franse schilder bekend om zijn Rococostijl -
33 Antony
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34 saint
saint [seɪnt]saint(e) m,f;∎ figurative he's no saint ce n'est pas un petit saint;∎ familiar it would try the patience of a saint cela ferait s'impatienter le plus patient des hommes□►► Saint Andrew saint André (saint patron de l'Écosse);Saint Andrew's cross croix f de Saint-André, = croix en X blanche sur fond bleu figurant sur le drapeau écossais;Saint Andrew's Day la Saint-André (fête nationale de l'Écosse, le 30 novembre);Saint Anthony saint Antoine;Saint Anthony's cross croix f de Saint-Antoine;Saint Augustine saint Augustin;Saint Bartholomew saint Barthélemy;the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew le massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy;Saint Benedict saint Benoît;Saint Bernard (dog) saint-bernard m inv;Saint Catherine sainte Catherine;Saint Catherine's Day la Sainte-Catherine;Saint Cecilia sainte Cécile;Saint Christopher saint Christophe;Saint Clement saint Clément;Saint David saint David (saint patron du pays de Galles);Saint David's Day la Saint-David (fête nationale du pays de Galles, le 1 mars);Saint David's (Church) (l'église f) Saint-David;saint's day fête f (d'un saint);Saint Dominic saint Dominique;Saint Elizabeth sainte Élisabeth;Saint Elmo's fire feu m Saint-Elme;Saint Francis (of Assisi) saint François (d'Assise);Saint George saint Georges (saint patron de l'Angleterre);Saint George's Cross croix f de Saint-Georges, = croix rouge sur fond blanc figurant sur le drapeau anglais;Saint George's Day la Saint-Georges (fête nationale de l'Angleterre, le 23 avril);the Saint Gotthard Pass le col du Saint-Gothard;Saint Gregory saint Grégoire;Saint Helena (island) Sainte-Hélène;∎ on Saint Helena à Sainte-Hélène;Saint James saint Jacques;Saint Jerome saint Jérôme;Saint John saint Jean;Saint John the Baptist Saint Jean-Baptiste;Botany Saint John's wort millepertuis m;the Saint Lawrence (River) le Saint-Laurent;the Saint Lawrence Seaway la voie maritime du Saint-LaurentSaint Louis saint Louis;Saint Lucia Sainte-Lucie;Saint Luke saint Luc;Saint Mark saint Marc;Saint Mark's Square la place Saint-Marc;Saint Michael saint Michel;Saint Nicholas saint Nicolas;Saint Nicholas' Day la Saint-Nicolas;Saint Patrick saint Patrick (saint patron de l'Irlande);Saint Patrick's Day la Saint-Patrick (fête nationale de l'Irlande, le 17 mars);Saint Paul saint Paul;Saint Peter saint Pierre;Saint Peter's Basilica la basilique Saint-Pierre;Ichthyology Saint Peter's fish saint-pierre m inv;Saint Petersburg Saint-Pétersbourg;Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon;∎ in Saint Pierre and Miquelon à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon;Saint Sebastian saint Sébastien;Saint Stephen saint Étienne;Irish Saint Stephen's Day = le 26 decembre;Saint Swithin's day = le 15 juillet (un ancien dicton veut que, s'il pleut ce jour-là, il pleuvra ensuite pendant quarante jours mais, si le temps est sec, il restera sec pendant quarante jours);Saint Sylvester saint Sylvestre;Saint Theodore saint Théodore;Saint Thomas Aquinas saint Thomas d'Aquin;Saint Valentine's Day la Saint-Valentin;Geography Saint Vincent Saint-Vincent-et-les Grenadines;Medicine Saint Vitus' dance danse f de Saint-Guy, chorée f;Saint Walpurgis Sainte Walpurgis, Sainte Walburgeⓘ SAINT PATRICK'S DAY Patrick, le saint patron de l'Irlande, est célébré le 17 mars, qui est le jour de sa mort, en l'an 461. Saint Patrick convertit les Irlandais au christianisme et établit monastères, églises et écoles dans tout le pays. Selon la légende, il aurait également réussi à chasser tous les serpents d'Irlande. Chômée en Irlande, la St Patrick est également fêtée dans certaines villes américaines comptant une forte proportion de personnes d'origine irlandaise. -
35 Photography, film and optics
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Ding HuanGabor, DennisKlic, KarolLippershey, HansMarton, LadislausTournachon, Gaspard FélixBiographical history of technology > Photography, film and optics
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36 Bodin, Jean
перс.пол. Бодэн, Жан (1530-1596; французский юрист и политический философ, один из первых теоретиков абсолютизма; в работе "Шесть книг о республике" (1576) обосновал концепцию королевского суверенитета с точки зрения естественного или божественного права; иногда считается основателем политической науки; симпатизировал кальвинистам и за это его произведения были прокляты католической церковью)See: -
37 counter-revolutionary
1. прил.пол. контрреволюционный (термин, изобретенный Кондорсе (1793), имел значение "направленный против революции"; термин нес отрицательную смысловую нагрузку; де Местр, защищающий ценности реставрации, придал ему в 1796 г. положительную окраску, а также значение "направленный против революции, не обязательно революционный по своей сути"; термин был популяризован марксистской мыслью; в советском обществе имел значение "направленный против советского строя")See:2. сущ.пол. контрреволюционер ( сторонник контрреволюции) -
38 Cournot assumption
эк. допущение Курно (для модели дуополии; состоит в том, что фирма изменяет свой выпуск исходя из предпосылки, что выпуск ее соперника останется неизменным)See: -
39 Cournot reaction curve
эк. кривая реакций Курно (представляет изменение выпуска одной фирмы в ответ на изменение выпуска другой фирмы)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Cournot reaction curve
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40 bougainvilia
Общая лексика: бугенвиллия (Louis Antoine de Bougainville (1729-1811), French navigator), бугенвиллея
См. также в других словарях:
Antoine — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Antoine puede referirse a las siguientes personas: Nombres Antoine Arnauld, teólogo francés. Antoine Barnave, estadista francés. Antoine Louis Barye, escultor francés. Antoine Baumé, químico francés. Antoine Laurent… … Wikipedia Español
ANTOINE — ANTOINE, lat. MARCUS ANTONIUS (ANTOINE 83 ANTOINE 30) À travers les portraits que les historiens en tracent, Marc Antoine apparaît comme une sorte de force de la nature, doué d’une bravoure impétueuse, d’une vigueur physique redoutable, aimant… … Encyclopédie Universelle
ANTOINE (A.) — Cet homme de théâtre né, qui croyait avec ferveur à la «vérité» de la scène – exigeant de ses comédiens un jeu «naturel», dans des vêtements faits pour la ville et la rue – n’a pas seulement balayé les conventions devenues fossiles qui régnaient… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Antoine — ist als französische Variante des Vornamens Anton der Vorname von Antoine de Challant (* 1340/50; † 1418), von 1404 bis 1418 Erzbischof von Tarentaise und ab 1404 Pseudokardinal Antoine Gombaud (* 1607; † 29. Dezember 1684), genannt Chevalier de… … Deutsch Wikipedia
ANTOINE (J. D.) — ANTOINE JACQUES DENIS (1733 1801) Architecte français, Jacques Denis Antoine, dont on ne connaît ni la formation ni les débuts, est issu d’une famille de menuisiers parisiens. D’abord apprécié comme praticien du bâtiment, Antoine devient… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Antoine — [ã twan], André, französischer Bühnenleiter, * Limoges 31. 1. 1858, ✝ Le Pouliguen (Département Loire Atlantique) 19. 10. 1943. Unterstützt von É. Zola und A. Daudet, gründete Antoine 1887 das »Théâtre Libre« in Paris, wo er anfangs nur mit… … Universal-Lexikon
Antoine — (saint ) Ordre de St Antoine, ordre militaire institué en Hainaut, l an 1382, par le comte Albert de Bavière, par reconnaissance de la guérison d une maladie appelée feu St Antoine. La marque de l ordre était un collier en forme de corde d ermite … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
Antoine — Antoine, AR U.S. town in Arkansas Population (2000): 156 Housing Units (2000): 74 Land area (2000): 0.510915 sq. miles (1.323265 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.001885 sq. miles (0.004882 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.512800 sq. miles (1.328147 sq.… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Antoine, AR — U.S. town in Arkansas Population (2000): 156 Housing Units (2000): 74 Land area (2000): 0.510915 sq. miles (1.323265 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.001885 sq. miles (0.004882 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.512800 sq. miles (1.328147 sq. km) FIPS code … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Antoine — (spr. angtūann ), 1) Jules Dominique, franz. Politiker, geb. 26. Jan. 1846 in Metz, wurde Tierarzt, nahm 1870 als Leutnant in der Mobilgarde am Kriege gegen Deutschland teil und wurde verwundet. 1872 wurde er zum Mitgliede des Metzer Gemeinderats … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Antoine [1] — Antoine (fr., spr. Angtoan), so v.w. Anton … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon