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ancient+ruins

  • 1 ancient ruins

    Архитектура: древние руины

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ancient ruins

  • 2 ancient ruins

    English-Russian architecture dictionary > ancient ruins

  • 3 Dead Sea Scrolls (Ancient manuscripts of leather, papyrus, and copper discovered in desert caves and ancient ruins in the wilderness of Judaea)

    Религия: "Рукописи Мёртвого моря"

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Dead Sea Scrolls (Ancient manuscripts of leather, papyrus, and copper discovered in desert caves and ancient ruins in the wilderness of Judaea)

  • 4 ruins

    сущ. развалины, руины ancient ruins ≈ древние развалины charred, smoking ruins ≈ дымящиеся руины heap, pile of ruins ≈ груда развалин to sift through the ruins ≈ пробиваться сквозь руины to lie in ruins ≈ лежать в развалинах Syn: debris (мн.ч.) развалины (мн.ч.)

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ruins

  • 5 ancient

    ancient ['eɪnʃənt]
    (a) (custom, ruins) ancien; (civilization, world) antique; (relic) historique
    (b) humorous (very old → person) très vieux (vieille); (→ thing) antique, antédiluvien;
    ∎ she drives an ancient Volkswagen elle conduit une Volkswagen qui a fait la guerre;
    ∎ her husband's absolutely ancient son mari est vraiment très vieux
    2 noun
    ∎ the ancients les anciens mpl
    (b) archaic or humorous (old man) vieillard m; (old woman) vieille f
    ►► ancient Greece la Grèce antique; also figurative ancient history histoire f ancienne;
    ∎ British their affair is ancient history now leur liaison est maintenant de l'histoire ancienne;
    ancient monument monument m historique ou classé;
    ancient Rome la Rome antique;
    ancient times les temps mpl anciens, l'antiquité f;
    the ancient world le monde antique

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > ancient

  • 6 ruins

    губить; руина
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. bane (noun) bane; destroyers; destruction; downfalls; havoc; ruination; wrecks
    2. confusions (noun) banes; confusions; destructions; devastations; havocs; losses; ruinations
    3. deteriorations (noun) atrophies; decadences; declensions; declinations; declines; degeneracies; degenerations; deteriorations; devaluations; devolutions; downgrades
    4. injuries (noun) damages; harms; hurts; injuries; mischiefs; outrages
    5. undoing (noun) decimation; degeneration; deterioration; devastation; disintegration; undoing
    6. wreckage (noun) ancient foundation; archeological find; crumbling walls; debris; hulk; relics; remainders; remains; remnants; shipwreck; vestiges; wracks; wreck; wreckage
    7. bankrupts (verb) bankrupts; busts; dilapidates; does in; folds up; impoverishes; pauperizes; paupers; shipwrecks; wrecks
    8. breaks (verb) breaks; crushes; fails; overwhelms; subdues
    9. destroys (verb) annihilates; atomizes; decapitates; decimates; demolishes; destroys; destructs; dismantles; dissolves; dynamites; finishes; pulls down; pulverizes; quenches; razes; rubs out; shatters; shoots; sinks; smashes; tears down; torpedoes; totals; undoes; unmakes; wracks
    10. frustrates (verb) baffles; balks; beats; bilks; buffaloes; circumvents; dashes; disappoints; foils; frustrates; thwarts

    English-Russian base dictionary > ruins

  • 7 ruins of ancient architectures

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ruins of ancient architectures

  • 8 ruins of ancient architectures

    seno celtņu drupas

    English-Latvian dictionary > ruins of ancient architectures

  • 9 Dead Sea Scrolls

    1) Религия: (Ancient manuscripts of leather, papyrus, and copper discovered in desert caves and ancient ruins in the wilderness of Judaea) "Рукописи Мёртвого моря"
    2) Деловая лексика: Свитки мёртвого моря

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Dead Sea Scrolls

  • 10 uncover

    transitive verb
    1) (remove cover from) aufdecken; freilegen [Wunde, Begrabenes]
    2) (disclose) aufdecken [Skandal, Verschwörung, Wahrheit]
    * * *
    (to remove the cover from: His criminal activities were finally uncovered.) aufdecken
    * * *
    un·cov·er
    [ʌnˈkʌvəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    vt
    ▪ to \uncover sth
    1. (lay bare) etw frei legen
    to \uncover a wound den Verband von einer Wunde nehmen
    2. (disclose) etw entdecken
    to \uncover a scandal/secret einen Skandal/ein Geheimnis aufdecken
    * * *
    [ʌn'kʌvə(r)]
    vt
    1) (= remove cover from) aufdecken; head entblößen (liter)

    the men uncovered their heads — die Männer nahmen ihre Kopfbedeckung ab

    2) scandal, plot, truth, evidence etc aufdecken; ancient ruins, cache of weapons etc zum Vorschein bringen
    * * *
    A v/t
    1. aufdecken, entblößen, freilegen:
    uncover o.s. → B
    2. fig aufdecken, enthüllen
    3. MIL außer Deckung bringen, ohne Deckung lassen
    4. Boxen etc: ungedeckt lassen
    B v/i den Hut abnehmen, das Haupt entblößen
    * * *
    transitive verb
    1) (remove cover from) aufdecken; freilegen [Wunde, Begrabenes]
    2) (disclose) aufdecken [Skandal, Verschwörung, Wahrheit]
    * * *
    v.
    abdecken v.
    aufdecken v.
    entdecken v.
    enthüllen v.
    freigeben v.
    freilegen v.
    sichtbar machen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > uncover

  • 11 ruin

    'ru:in
    1. noun
    1) (a broken, collapsed or decayed state: the ruin of a city.) ruina
    2) (a cause of collapse, decay etc: Drink was his ruin.) perdición, ruina
    3) (financial disaster; complete loss of money: The company is facing ruin.) ruina

    2. verb
    1) (to cause ruin to: The scandal ruined his career.) arruinar
    2) (to spoil; to treat too indulgently: You are ruining that child!) estropear
    •
    - ruined
    - ruins
    - in ruins
    ruin1 n ruina
    ruin2 vb estropear / arruinar

    ruin adjetivo (mezquino, vil) despicable, contemptible; ( avaro) miserly, mean (BrE)
    ruin adjetivo
    1 (despreciable, vil) mean, despicable, stingy
    2 (avariento, tacaño) stingy, miserly: era ruin con su familia y generoso consigo mismo, he was stingy to his family but generous to himself ' ruin' also found in these entries: Spanish: abismo - abocada - abocado - arruinar - baja - bajo - cagar - cargarse - castigar - chafar - dar - desbaratar - deshacer - destrozar - dinamitar - ser - estropear - extemporánea - extemporáneo - fastidiar - jorobar - miserable - pasar - perder - perderse - polvo - ruina - salar - significar - tierra - acabar - chancho - consumir - destruir - echar - embromar - fregar - malograr - perdición - villano English: rack - ruin - ancient - break - destroy - doom - murder - wreck
    tr['rʊːɪn]
    1 ruina
    1 arruinar
    2 (spoil) estropear
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to fall into ruins caer en la ruina
    ruin ['ru:ən] vt
    1) destroy: destruir, arruinar
    2) bankrupt: arruinar, hacer quebrar
    ruin n
    1) : ruina f
    to fall into ruin: caer en ruinas
    2) : ruina f, perdición f
    to be the ruin of: ser la perdición de
    3) ruins npl
    : ruinas fpl, restos mpl
    the ruins of the ancient temple: las ruinas del templo antiguo
    n.
    • arruinamiento s.m.
    • desbarate s.m.
    • despeño s.m.
    • destrozo s.m.
    • perdición s.f.
    • ruina s.f.
    v.
    • abismar v.
    • arruinar v.
    • derrotar v.
    • derrumbar v.
    • desbaratar v.
    • descalabrar v.
    • despedazar v.
    • destroncar v.
    • destruir v.
    • estropear v.
    • malgastar v.
    • minar v.
    • reventar v.
    • ruinar v.

    I 'ruːən, 'ruːɪn
    a) ( something ruined) (often pl) ruina f

    his life/career was in ruins — su vida/carrera estaba arruinada

    b) ( cause) (no pl) ruina f, perdición f
    c) u ( state) ruina f

    II
    1) ( destroy) \<\<city/building\>\> destruir*; \<\<career/life\>\> arruinar, acabar con; \<\<hopes\>\> destruir*, echar por tierra; \<\<plans\>\> arruinar, echar por tierra

    if they open a supermarket next to my store, I'll be ruined — si abren un supermercado al lado de mi tienda me van a hacer quebrar or me van a arruinar

    2) ( spoil) \<\<dress/carpet/toy\>\> estropear; \<\<party/surprise\>\> echar a perder, estropear, arruinar
    ['ruːɪn]
    1. N
    1) (=building) ruina f

    the ruins of a castle — las ruinas or los restos de un castillo

    the town lay or was in ruins — la ciudad estaba en ruinas

    2) (fig) ruina f, perdición f

    my life/career is in ruins — mi vida/carrera está destruida or arruinada

    drink will be his ruin or the ruin of him — el alcohol será su ruina or su perdición

    rack II
    2. VT
    1) (=destroy) [+ reputation, career, life] arruinar, destruir; [+ hopes] destruir, echar por tierra; [+ plans] estropear, echar por tierra
    2) (=spoil) [+ clothes, car] estropear, destrozar; [+ meal, event, eyesight] estropear

    look at my dress, it's ruined! — mira mi vestido, ¡está destrozado!

    don't eat that now, you'll ruin your appetite — no te comas eso ahora, se te quitarán las ganas de comer

    3) [+ person] (financially) arruinar; (morally) perder

    what ruined him was gambling — lo que le perdió fue el juego, el juego fue su ruina

    * * *

    I ['ruːən, 'ruːɪn]
    a) ( something ruined) (often pl) ruina f

    his life/career was in ruins — su vida/carrera estaba arruinada

    b) ( cause) (no pl) ruina f, perdición f
    c) u ( state) ruina f

    II
    1) ( destroy) \<\<city/building\>\> destruir*; \<\<career/life\>\> arruinar, acabar con; \<\<hopes\>\> destruir*, echar por tierra; \<\<plans\>\> arruinar, echar por tierra

    if they open a supermarket next to my store, I'll be ruined — si abren un supermercado al lado de mi tienda me van a hacer quebrar or me van a arruinar

    2) ( spoil) \<\<dress/carpet/toy\>\> estropear; \<\<party/surprise\>\> echar a perder, estropear, arruinar

    English-spanish dictionary > ruin

  • 12 Adam, Robert

    [br]
    b. 3 July 1728 Kirkcaldy, Scotland
    d. 3 March 1792 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish architect, active mostly in England, who led the neo-classical movement between 1760 and 1790.
    [br]
    Robert Adam was a man of outstanding talent, immense energy dedicated to his profession, and of great originality, who utilized all sources of classical art from ancient Greece and Rome as well as from the Renaissance and Baroque eras in Italy. He was also a very practical exponent of neo-classicism and believed in using the latest techniques to produce fine craftsmanship.
    Of particular interest to him was stucco, the material needed for elegant, finely crafted ceiling and wall designs. Stucco, though the Italian word for plaster, refers architecturally to a specific form of the material. Known as Stucco duro (hard plaster), its use and composition dates from the days of ancient Rome. Giovanni da Udine, a pupil of Raphael, having discovered some fine stucco antico in the ruins of the Palace of Titus in Rome, carried out extensive research during the Italian Renaissance in order to discover its precise composition; it was a mixture of powdered crystalline limestone (travertine), river sand, water and powdered white marble. The marble produced an exceptionally hard stucco when set, thereby differentiating it from plaster-work, and was a material fine enough to make delicate relief and statuary work possible.
    In the 1770s Robert Adam's ceiling and wall designs were characterized by low-relief, delicate, classical forms. He and his brothers, who formed the firm of Adam Brothers, were interested in a stucco which would be especially fine grained and hard setting. A number of new products then appearing on the market were easier to handle than earlier ones. These included a stucco by Mr David Wark, patented in 1765, and another by a Swiss clergyman called Liardet in 1773; the Adam firm purchased both patents and obtained an Act of Parliament authorizing them to be the sole vendors and makers of this stucco, which they called "Adam's new invented patent stucco". More new versions appeared, among which was one by a Mr Johnson, who claimed it to be an improvement. The Adam Brothers, having paid a high price for their rights, took him to court. The case was decided in 1778 by Lord Mansfield, a fellow Scot and a patron (at Kenwood), who,
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the Society of Arts 1758. FRS 1761. Architect to the King's Works 1761.
    Bibliography
    1764, Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro.
    1773, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam.
    Further Reading
    A.T.Bolton, 1922, The Architecture of Robert and James Adam, 1758–1794, 2 vols, Country Life.
    J.Fleming, 1962, Robert Adam and his Circle, Murray. J.Lees-Milne, 1947, The Age of Adam, Batsford.
    J.Rykwert and A.Rykwert, 1985, The Brothers Adam, Collins. D.Yarwood, 1970, Robert Adam, Dent.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Adam, Robert

  • 13 among

    əˈmʌŋ предл.;
    тж. amongst
    1) между, посреди, среди a village among the hills ≈ деревня в горах they quarrelled among themselves ≈ они перессорились Syn: amid, amidst, between, betwixt
    2) из числа, в числе I rate him among my friends ≈ я считаю его своим другом he is numbered among the dead ≈ его считают убитым We were among the crowd that gathered there. ≈ Мы были среди собравшейся там толпы.
    3) из one among a thousand ≈ один из тысячи
    4) среди, у among the ancient Greeks ≈ у древних греков
    указывает на положение среди группы предметов или лиц среди, посреди, между - a village * the hills деревня среди холмов;
    - a house * the trees дом, окруженный деревьями;
    - one * many один из многих указывает на движение предмета или лица среди других предметов или лиц: среди;
    через - he passed * the crowd он пробирался через толпу;
    - the explorers had to grope their way * the ruins исследователям пришлось ощупью пробираться среди развалин указывает на связь предмета или лица с другими предметами или лицами: среди - * guests were two actors среди гостей были два актера;
    - several * the audience heard it кое-кто из публики слышал указывает на превосходство над другими предметами или лицами: из, среди - fairest * women красивейшая из женщин;
    - pre-eminent * the writers of his day самый выдающийся из писателей того времени;
    - Paris is * the largest cities in the world Париж - один из самых больших городов мира указывает на распределение чего-л. среди нескольких человек между - to divide property * the heirs разделить имущество между наследниками;
    - not five pounds * them у них нет и пяти фунтов на всех указывает на взаимность отношений или связанность действий: между;
    между собой - lasting peace * the peoples прочный мир между народами;
    - they quarrel * themselves они ссорятся между собой;
    - settle it * yourselves уладьте это между собой;
    договоритесь об этом сами;
    - you have, * you, spoiled the child вы все вместе испортили ребенка указывает на соотнесенность действий с какой-л. средой, эпохой% среди, в эпоху - it was the custom * our ancestors таков был обычай наших предков;
    - * the ancient Greeks у древних греков в сочетаниях - from * из, среди - a strange figure rose from * the crowd над толпой возвышалась странная фигура;
    - * other things между прочим;
    - * other things he said that... между прочим он сказал, что...
    among prep из;
    one among a thousand один из тысячи ~ prep из числа, в числе;
    I rate him among my friends я считаю его своим другом;
    he is numbered among the dead его считают убитым ~ prep посреди, среди, между;
    a village among the hills деревня в горах;
    they quarrelled among themselves они перессорились ~ prep у, среди;
    among the ancient Greeks у древних греков
    ~ other factors наряду с другими факторами
    ~ other things между прочим thing: above all ~s прежде всего, главным образом;
    among other things между прочим
    ~ prep у, среди;
    among the ancient Greeks у древних греков
    ~ prep из числа, в числе;
    I rate him among my friends я считаю его своим другом;
    he is numbered among the dead его считают убитым
    ~ prep из числа, в числе;
    I rate him among my friends я считаю его своим другом;
    he is numbered among the dead его считают убитым
    among prep из;
    one among a thousand один из тысячи
    ~ prep посреди, среди, между;
    a village among the hills деревня в горах;
    they quarrelled among themselves они перессорились
    ~ prep посреди, среди, между;
    a village among the hills деревня в горах;
    they quarrelled among themselves они перессорились

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > among

  • 14 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 15 architecture

    ˈɑ:kɪtektʃə сущ.
    1) архитектура, зодчество
    2) архитектурный стиль Baroque architecture ≈ архитектура в стиле Барокко Byzantine architecture ≈ византийская архитектура Colonial architecture ≈ архитектура периода, предшествовавшего войне за независимость Eastern architecture ≈ восточная архитектура Gothic architecture ≈ готическая архитектура Greek architecture ≈ греческая архитектура Modern architecture ≈ архитектура в стиле модерн Renaissance architecture ≈ архитектура эпохи Возрождения Roman architecture ≈ римская архитектура Romanesque architecture ≈ романская архитектура
    3) построение (процесс, принцип, структура организации чего-либо) the architecture of a speech ≈ построение речи the architecture of molecules ≈ структура молекул ∙ We speak of the 'architecture' of a symphony, and call architecture, in its turn, 'frozen music'. ≈ Мы рассуждаем об 'архитектуре' симфонии, и в свою очередь, называем архитектуру 'застывшей музыкой'.
    архитектура, зодчество;
    строительное искусство архитектурный стиль - Gothic * готический стиль архитектурное сооружение, здание - ruins of ancient *s развалины старинных сооружений (книжное) структура, строение - * of the snow структура снега - * of speech строй речи - * of a molecule строение молекулы
    architecture архитектура, зодчество ~ вчт. архитектура ~ архитектурный стиль ~ построение;
    the architecture of a speech построение речи
    ~ построение;
    the architecture of a speech построение речи
    bit-slice ~ вчт. разрядно-модульная архитектура
    bus ~ вчт. шинная архитектура
    capability ~ вчт. архитектура с мандатной адресацией
    computer ~ вчт. архитектура вычислительной машины computer ~ вчт. архитектура вычислительной системы computer ~ архитектура вычислительной системы
    computing ~ вчт. архитектура вычислительной системы
    databank ~ вчт. архитектура банка данных
    document ~ вчт. архитектура на основе шины памяти документов
    document-oriented ~ вчт. архитектура на основе шины памяти документов
    easy-to-test ~ вчт. удоботестируемая архитектура
    evolutionary ~ вчт. развиваемая архитектура
    external ~ вчт. внешняя архитектура
    freeflow ~ вчт. многошинная архитектура свободных потоков
    layer ~ вчт. слойная архитектура
    MIMD ~ вчт. МИМД архитектура
    modular ~ вчт. модульная архитектура
    multibus ~ вчт. многошинная архитектура
    network ~ вчт. архитектура сети network ~ вчт. сетевая архитектура
    object ~ вчт. объектная архитектура
    object-oriented ~ вчт. объектно-ориентированная архитектура
    office-document ~ вчт. архитектура для обработки офисных документов
    open system ~ вчт. архитектура открытых систем
    peer-to-peer ~ вчт. архитектура сети равноправных абонентов
    pipelined ~ вчт. конвейерная архитектура
    system ~ вчт. архитектура системы
    tagged ~ вчт. теговая архитектура
    token-ring ~ вчт. кольцевая эстафетная архитектура
    unified ~ вчт. унифицированная архитектура

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > architecture

  • 16 ash

    ̈ɪæʃ I
    1. сущ.
    1) обыкн. мн. зола, пепел
    2) мн. останки, прах
    3) смертельная бледность
    4) развалины, руины Syn: ruins, debris ∙ to turn to dust and ashes ≈ разлететься в прах (о надеждах)
    2. гл. превращать в золу II сущ.;
    бот. ясень mountain ash American ash red ash white ash
    (обыкновенно) зола, пепел - wood * древесная зола - cigarette * пепель от сигареты - a heap of *(es) куча пепла - to lay to *es сжигать дотла( химическое) зола - * content( специальное) зольность, содержание золы - * free basis( химическое) беззольная часть( химическое) поташ (возвышенно) прах, бренные останки - his *es are in Westminster Abbey его прах покоится в Вестминстерском аббатстве - peace to his *es мир праху его остатки( цивилизации) - the *es of the ancient empire обломки древней империи - the *es of their love все, что осталось от их любви пепельный цвет мертвенная бледность - the lip of *es мертвенно-бледные /пепельные/ губы (геология) вулканический пепел (геология) туф из вулканического пепла - * beds пепловые слои - * cone туфтовый конус > to put *es on one's head посыпать пеплом главу, выразить глубокое раскаяние > to turn to *es разлететься в прах (о надеждах) посыпать пеплом (ботаника) ясень (Fraxinum gen.)
    ash (обыкн. pl) зола, пепел;
    to burn to ashes сжигать дотла;
    to lay in ashes разрушать, сжигать дотла ~ посыпать пеплом ~ pl прах, останки;
    to turn to dust and ashes разлететься в прах (о надеждах) ~ бот. ясень;
    mountain ash, wild ash рябина Ash: Ash: ~ Wednesday среда на первой неделе великого поста
    ~ can амер. = ash-bin ~ can амер. мор. жарг. глубинная бомба
    ~ can амер. = ash-bin ash-bin: ash-bin тех. зольник ~ ящик, урна для мусора
    ash (обыкн. pl) зола, пепел;
    to burn to ashes сжигать дотла;
    to lay in ashes разрушать, сжигать дотла
    ash (обыкн. pl) зола, пепел;
    to burn to ashes сжигать дотла;
    to lay in ashes разрушать, сжигать дотла
    ~ бот. ясень;
    mountain ash, wild ash рябина
    ~ pl прах, останки;
    to turn to dust and ashes разлететься в прах (о надеждах)
    ~ бот. ясень;
    mountain ash, wild ash рябина

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > ash

  • 17 among

    [əʹmʌŋ] prep

    a house among the trees - дом, окружённый деревьями

    he passed among the crowd - он пробирался через /сквозь/ толпу

    the explorers had to grope their way among the ruins - исследователям пришлось ощупью пробираться среди развалин

    2) превосходство над другими предметами или лицами (обыкн. при прилагательных в превосходной степени) из, среди

    pre-eminent among the writers of his day - самый выдающийся из писателей того времени

    Paris is among the largest cities in the world - Париж - один из самых больших городов мира

    3. распределение чего-л. среди нескольких человек между

    to divide property among the heirs - разделить имущество между наследниками

    settle it among yourselves - уладьте это между собой; договоритесь об этом сами

    you have, among you, spoiled the child - вы все вместе испортили /избаловали/ ребёнка

    5. соотнесённость действий с какой-л. средой, эпохой и т. п. у, среди, в эпоху

    from among - из, среди

    a strange figure rose from among the crowd - над толпой возвышалась странная фигура

    among other things he said that... - между прочим он сказал, что...

    НБАРС > among

  • 18 architecture

    [ʹɑ:kıtektʃə] n
    1. 1) архитектура, зодчество; строительное искусство
    2) архитектурный стиль

    Gothic [Russian, Arabian] architecture - готический [русский, мавританский] стиль

    3) архитектурное сооружение, здание
    2. книжн. структура, строение

    architecture of speech - строй /построение/ речи

    НБАРС > architecture

  • 19 giallo antico

    Итальянский язык: жёлтый мрамор ("жёлтый античный" - a yellow marble found among ruins of ancient buildings in Italy, used for decoration)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > giallo antico

  • 20 antigüedad

    antigüedad sustantivo femenino
    a) (de monumento, objeto) age;
    d) ( época):

    antigüedad sustantivo femenino
    1 (edad de un objeto) age
    2 (periodo histórico) antiquity
    en la antigüedad, in olden days, in former times
    3 (en un puesto de trabajo) seniority
    4 (objeto de valor por ser de otra época) antique
    tienda de antigüedades, antique shop ' antigüedad' also found in these entries: Spanish: veteranía English: antique - antiquity - inhabit - senior - seniority - service - date

    English-spanish dictionary > antigüedad

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