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41 ministre
ministre [ministʀ]1. masculine noun, feminine noun[de gouvernement] minister• le ministre délégué à la coopération et au développement minister of state for cooperation and development• le ministre délégué auprès du Premier ministre chargé des droits de l'homme the human rights minister, reporting to the Prime Minister2. masculine noun3. compounds► ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie Trade and Industry Minister (Brit), Secretary of Commerce (US)* * *ministʀnom masculinministre délégué — minister of state GB, under-secretary US ( auprès de to)
Madame le ministre — Minister GB, Madam Secretary US
Monsieur le ministre — Minister GB, Mr Secretary US; premier
2) ( en diplomatie) envoy3) Religion minister* * *ministʀ1. nmfPOLITIQUE minister Grande-Bretagne secretaryministre d'État — senior minister, secretary of State
2. nmRELIGION minister* * *ministre nmf1 Pol gén minister; ( au Royaume-Uni) Secretary of State; ( aux États-Unis) Secretary; ministre délégué minister of state GB, under-secretary US (auprès de to); ministre sans portefeuille minister without portfolio; ministre par intérim acting minister; les ministres the cabinet (+ v sg ou pl); Madame le or la ministre Minister GB, Madam Secretary US; Monsieur le ministre Minister GB, Mr Secretary US;2 ( en diplomatie) ( envoyé) envoy;ministre des Affaires étrangères minister of Foreign Affairs; ministre de l'Agriculture Agriculture minister; ministre du Commerce minister of Trade; ministre conseiller minister counsellor; ministre de la Culture minister of Culture; ministre de la Défense nationale Defence minister; ministre de l'Économie et des finances Finance minister; ministre de l'Éducation nationale minister for Education; ministre de l'Environnement minister of the Environment; ministre d'État ( titre) honorary title conferred on government minister; ( sans portefeuille) minister without portfolio; ministre de l'Intérieur Interior minister; ministre de la Justice minister of Justice; ministre plénipotentiaire minister plenipotentiary; ministre de la Recherche minister of Research; ministre résident minister resident; ministre de la Santé minister of Health; ministre des Transports Transport GB ou Transportation US minister; ministre du Travail minister of Employment.ⓘ Ministre Appointed by the Président de la République, on the advice of the premier ministre, a ministre heads a department of state and becomes a member of the conseil des ministres. The title ministre d'État is a recognition that the ministry is of greater than normal significance. In the Cinquième République, a député has to resign his or her seat in order to take office as a ministre.[ministr] nom masculin et fémininministre des Affaires étrangères ou des Relations extérieures ≃ Minister of Foreign Affairs, ≃ Foreign Secretary (UK), ≃ Secretary of State (US)ministre de l'Économie et des Finances ≃ Finance Minister, ≃ Chancellor of the Exchequer (UK), ≃ Secretary of the Treasury (US)ministre de l'Intérieur ≃ Minister of the Interior, ≃ Home Secretary (UK), ≃ Secretary of the Interior (US)ministre de la Justice ≃ Minister of Justice, ≃ Lord (High) Chancellor (UK), ≃ Attorney General (US)[ambassadeur]2. RELIGION [pasteur] -
42 ἐξουσία
A power, authority to do a thing, c. inf.,χαίρειν καὶ νοσεῖν ἐ. πάρεστι S.Fr.88.11
codd.;αὐτῷ ἐ. ἦν σαφῶς εἰδέναι Antipho 1.6
, cf. Th.7.12; ἐξουσίαν ὁ νόμος δέδωκε permission to do.., Pl. Smp. 182e;ἐ. ποιεῖν Id.Cri. 51d
, etc.;ἐ. λαβεῖν And.2.28
, X.Mem.2.6.24, etc.;λαβὼν ἐ. ὥστε.. Isoc.3.45
; ἐπὶ τῇ τῆς εἰρήνης ἐ. with the freedom permitted by peace, D.18.44: c. gen. objecti, ἐ. ἔχειν θανάτου power of life and death, Poll.8.86; πρᾶγμα οὗ τὴν ἐ. ἔχουσιν ἄλλοι control over.., Diog.Oen.57; ἐ. τινός power over, licence in a thing,τοῦ λέγειν Pl.Grg. 461e
; ἐν μεγάλῃ ἐ. τοῦ ἀδικεῖν ib. 526a, cf. R. 554c; κατὰ τὴν οὐκ ἐ. τῆς ἀγωνίσεως from want of qualification for.., Th.5.50: abs., power, authority, E.Fr. 784.2 abuse of authority, licence, arrogance,ὕβρις καὶ ἐ. Th.1.38
, cf. 3.45, D.19.200; ἡ ἄγαν ἐ. ib.272;ἄμετρος ἐ. OGI669.51
(i A.D.).3 Lit. Crit., ἐ. ποιητική poetic licence, Str.1.2.17, Jul.Or.1.10b.II office, magistracy,ἀρχαὶ καὶ ἐ. Pl.Alc.1.135b
;οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἐ. Arist.EN 1095b21
;οἱ ἐν ἐ. ὄντες Id.Rh. 1384a1
;οἱ ἐπ' ἐξουσιῶν LXXDa.3.2
; ἡ ὑπατικὴ ἐ. the consulate, D.S. 14.113, etc.; alsoἡ ὕπατος ἐ. D.H.7.1
; ἡ ταμιευτικὴ ἐ. the quaestorship, Id.8.77; δημαρχικὴ ἐ., v. δημαρχικός; ἡ τοῦ θαλάμου ἐ., in the Roman empire, lordship of the bedchamber, Hdn.1.12.3.2 concrete, body of magistrates, D.H.11.32; αἱ ἐ. (as we say) the authorities, Ev.Luc.12.11,al., Plu.Phil.17.b ἡ ἐ. as an honorary title, POxy. 1103 (iv A.D.), etc.III abundance of means, resources,ἐξουσίας ἐπίδειξις Th.6.31
;πλοῦτος καὶ ἐ. Id.1.123
, cf. D. 21.138;ἐνδεεστέρως ἢ πρὸς τὴν ἐ. Th.4.39
;τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἐ. Pl.Lg. 828d
; excessive wealth, opp. οὐσία, Com.Adesp.25a.5D.IV pomp, Plu.Aem.34.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐξουσία
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43 ἐπιμελητής
A one who has charge of a thing, manager, curator, τῶν τῆς πόλεως ;ὄνων καὶ ἵππων Pl.Grg. 516a
; τῶν εἰς τὴν δίαιτανἐπιτηδείων X.Cyr.8.1.9
; also ὁ περὶ τῆς παιδείας ἐ. Pl.Lg. 951e: abs., φύλαξ καὶ ἐ. X.Mem.2.7.14; of a bailiff, Theoc.10.54; of a governor, X.HG3.2.11;τῆς Τριφυλίας Plb.4.80.15
, cf. Plu.Alex.35; 508 (Delos, ii B.C.), etc.; in Salamis, IG22.1008.77, etc.2. military commander,τῆς οὐραγίας Plb.3.79.4
.II. as an official title, curator,1. of sacred matters, Lys.7.29;τῶν περὶ τὰ ἱερά Arist.Pol. 1322b19
;μυστηρίων D.21.171
, IG22.1672.246, etc.; of the Dionysia, D.21.15; [ τῆς πομπῆς] Arist.Ath.56.4, IG22.668; of the shrine of Amphiaraus at Oropus, ib.7.4255.32.2. financial officers at Athens, ib.12.65.46; of the Eleven,ἐ. τῶν κακούργων Antipho 5.17
.4.τῶν νεωρίων Id.22.63
, IG22.1629.179; ἐ. ἐμπορίου clerk of the market, Din.2.10; ἐ. ἐπὶ τὸν λιμένα harbour-master, IG22.1012.19; inspector of weights and measures, ib.22.1013.47; curator of the gymnasia, ib.22.1077.12; of the πρυτανεῖον, ib.3.90; , Ath.43.1; ἐ. ὁδοῦ Ἀππίας, = Lat. curator viae Appiae, CIG4029 (Ancyra, ii A.D.); πυλῶν τε καὶτειχῶν φυλακῆς Arist.Pol. 1322a36
, cf. SIG707.18 (ii B.C.);τῶν ξένων IG12(1).49.50
(Rhodes, ii B.C.).5. title of a magistrate at Epidaurus, Ἀρχ.Ἐφ.1918.117 (ii B.C.), cf. IG4.490 ([place name] Cleonae), 4.840, 841 ([place name] Calauria), 4.2 ([place name] Aegina).6. financial officer in Egypt, Arch.Pap. 2.83 (iii B.C.), PAmh.2.33.7 (ii B.C.), etc.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπιμελητής
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44 Herbert, Sir Alfred Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 5 September 1866 Leicester, Englandd. 26 May 1957 Kings Somborne, Hampshire, England[br]English mechanical engineer and machine-tool manufacturer.[br]Alfred Herbert was educated at Stoneygate School, Leicester, and served an apprenticeship with Joseph Jessop \& Sons, also of Leicester, from 1881 to 1886. In 1887 he was engaged as Manager of a small engineering firm in Coventry, and before the end of that year he purchased the business in partnership with William Hubbard. They commenced the manufacture of machine-tools especially for the cycle industry. Hubbard withdrew from the partnership in 1890 and Herbert continued on his own account, the firm being established as a limited liability company, Alfred Herbert Ltd, in 1894. A steady expansion of the business continued, especially after the introduction of their capstan lathe, and by 1914 it was the largest manufacturer of machine-tools in Britain. In addition to making machine-tools of all types for the home and export market, the firm acted as an agent for the import of specialist machine-tools from abroad. During the First World War Alfred Herbert was in 1915 appointed head of machine-tool production at the War Office and when the Ministry of Munitions was set up he was transferred to that Ministry as Controller of Machine Tools. He was President of the Machine Tools Trades Association from 1919 to 1934. He was elected a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1892 and in 1921 was a founder member of the Institution of Production Engineers. Almost to the end of his long life he continued to take an active part in the direction of his company. He expressed his views on current events affecting industry in the technical press and in his firm's house journal.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKBE 1917. Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1917. Order of St Stanislas of Russia 1918. Order of Leopold of Belgium 1918. Freeman of the City of Coventry 1933. President, Institution of Production Engineers 1927–9. Honorary Member, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1941.Bibliography1948, Shots at the Truth, Coventry (a selection of his speeches and writings).Further ReadingD.J.Jeremy (ed.), 1984–6, Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. 3, London, pp. 174–7 (a useful account).Obituary, 1957, Engineering, 183:680.RTSBiographical history of technology > Herbert, Sir Alfred Edward
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45 Voelcker, John Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 24 September 1822 Frankfurt am Main, Germanyd. 5 December 1884 England[br]German analytical chemist resident in England whose reports on feedstuffs and fertilizers had a considerable influence on the quality of these products.[br]The son of a merchant in the city of his birth, John Christopher had delicate health and required private tuition to overcome the loss of his early years of schooling. At the age of 22 he went to study chemistry at Göttingen University and then worked for a short time for Liebig at Giessen. In 1847 he obtained a post as Analyst and Consulting Chemist at the Agricultural Chemistry Association of Scotland's Edinburgh office, and two years later he became Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester, retaining this post until 1862. In 1855 he was appointed Chemist to the Bath and West Agricultural Society, and in that capacity organized lectures and field trials, and in 1857 he also became Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Initially he studied the properties of farmyard manure and also the capacity of the soil to absorb ammonia, potash and sodium. As Consulting Chemist to farmers he analysed feedstuffs and manures; his assessments of artificial manures did much to force improvements in standards. During the 1860s he worked on milk and dairy products. He published the results of his work each year in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. In 1877 he became involved in the field trials initiated and funded by the Duke of Bedford on his Woburn farm, and he continued his association with this venture until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. Founder and Vice-President, Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1877. Member Chemical Society 1849; he was a member of Council as well as its Vice-President at the time of his death. Member of the Board of Studies, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester; Honorary Professor from 1882.BibliographyHis papers are to be found in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, for which he began to write reports in 1855, and also in the Journal of the Bath and West Society.Further ReadingJ.H.Gilbert, 1844, obituary, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, pp. 308–21 (a detailed account).Sir E.John Russell, A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain.See also: Voelcker, John AugustusAPBiographical history of technology > Voelcker, John Christopher
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46 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma
[br]b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russiad. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA[br]Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.[br]Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsZworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.Bibliography29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of theInstitute of Radio Engineers 22:16.1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.1949, with E.G.Ramberg, Photoelectricity and Its Applications. 1958, Television in Science and Industry.Further ReadingJ.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.KFBiographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma
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