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1 American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Исследовательская организация. Основана в 1780 решением законодательного собрания Массачусетса по предложению Дж. Адамса [ Adams, John], считавшего, что Бостону необходимо свое научное общество, сходное по целям с филадельфийским Американским философским обществом [ American Philosophical Society]. Издает ежеквартальный журнал "Дедалус" [Daedalus]. Около 2,3 тыс. членов. Штаб-квартира в г. Кембридж, Массачусетс.English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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2 American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Общая лексика: Американская академия наук и искусствУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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3 American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Abbreviation: AAASУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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4 American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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5 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Общая лексика: член Американской академии искусств и наукУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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6 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Общая лексика: член Американской академии искусств и наукУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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7 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Abbreviation: FAAASУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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8 Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Abbreviation: MAASУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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9 academy
[ə'kædəmɪ]сущ.1)а) академия (научное учреждение, учёное общество)The Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts — Королевская академия наук и искусств Нидерландов
б) ( the academy) научное сообщество; университетский мир; высшее образование2)а) академия (училище, колледж, школа)б) амер.; шотл. академия (частная средняя школа или частный пансион, готовящие к поступлению в колледж, университет)Durham Secondary Academy is a co-educational private day school, offering university and college preparatory programs. — Даремская академия среднего образования - это дневная частная школа с совместным обучением мальчиков и девочек, предлагающая программы подготовки к поступлению в колледж или университет.
3) ( the Academy) Академияа) (школа Платона как "высшее" учебное заведение и первое - с преподаванием философии)4) = academy figure академический рисунок; академическая фигура ( в изобразительном искусстве) -
10 academy
сущ.1) общ. научное сообщество; университетский мир; высшее образование ( в целом)2) общ. академия (высшее государственно научное или художественное учреждение в России и некоторых странах)The Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Arts — Королевская академия наук и искусств Нидерландов
3) общ. академия, общественная научная или художественная организация (в США, Великобритании и др.)See:4) обр. академия, училище, колледж, школа (название некоторых высших, средних специальных учебных заведений, а также частных учебных заведений, ориентированных на интенсивную подготовку в колледж) -
11 Jacobi, Moritz Hermann von
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 21 September 1801 Potsdam, Germanyd. 27 February 1874 St Petersburg, Russia[br]German scientist who developed one of the first practical electric motors.[br]After studying architecture at Göttingen University, Jacobi turned his attention to physics and chemistry. In 1835 he was appointed a professor of civil engineering at the University of Dorpat (which later assumed the Estonian name of Tartu). Later, moving to St Petersburg, he became a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and commenced research on electricity and its practical applications. In December 1834 Jacobi presented a paper to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in which he stated that he had obtained rotation by electromagnetic methods in May of that year. Tsar Nicholas of Russia gave him a grant to prove that his electric motor had a practical application. Jacobi had a boat constructed that measured 28 ft in length and was propelled by paddles connected to an electric motor of his own design. Powered by Grove cells, it carried about fourteen passengers at a speed of almost 3 mph (5 km/h) on the River Neva. The weight of and possibly the fumes from the batteries contributed to the abandonment of the project. In 1839 Jacobi introduced electrotyping, i.e. the reproduction of forms by electrodeposition, which was one of the first commercial applications of electricity. In 1840 he reported the results of his investigations into the power of the electromagnet as a function of various parameters to the British Association.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Imperial Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 1847.BibliographyJacobi's papers are listed in Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1868, Vol. III, London: Royal Society, pp. 517–18.1837, Annals of Electricity 1:408–15 and 419–44 (describes his motor).Further ReadingBiography, 1876, Bulletin de l'Académie imperiale des sciences de St Petersburg 21:262–79.E.H.Huntress, 1951, in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 79: 22–3 (a short biography).B.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London.GWBiographical history of technology > Jacobi, Moritz Hermann von
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12 член Американской академии искусств и наук
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > член Американской академии искусств и наук
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13 Nervi, Pier Luigi
[br]b. 21 June 1891 Sondrio, Italyd. 9 January 1979 (?), Italy[br]Italian engineer who played a vital role in the use and adaptation of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the 1930s to the 1970s.[br]Nervi early established a reputation in the use of reinforced concrete with his stadium in Florence (1930–2). This elegant concrete structure combines graceful curves with functional solidity and is capable of seating some 35,000 spectators. The stadium was followed by the aircraft hangars built for the Italian Air Force at Orvieto and Ortebello, in which he spanned the vast roofs of the hangars with thin-shelled vaults supported by precast concrete beams and steel-reinforced ribs. The structural strength and subtle curves of these ribbed roofs set the pattern for Nervi's techniques, which he subsequently varied and elaborated on to solve problems that arose in further commissions.Immediately after the Second World War Italy was short of supplies of steel for structural purposes so, in contrast to the USA, Britain and Germany, did not for some years construct any quantity of steel-framed rectangular buildinngs used for offices, housing or industrial use. It was Nervi who led the way to a ferroconcrete approach, using a new type of structure based on these materials in the form of a fine steel mesh sprayed with cement mortar and used to roof all kinds of structures. It was a method that resulted in expressionist curves instead of rectangular blocks, and the first of his great exhibition halls at Turin (1949), with a vault span of 240 ft (73 m), was an early example of this technique. Nervi continued to create original and beautiful ferroconcrete structures of infinite variety: for example, the hall at the Lido di Roma, Ostia; the terme at Chianciano; and the three buildings that he designed for the Rome Olympics in 1960. The Palazzetto dello Sport is probably the most famous of these, for which he co-operated with the architect Annibale Vitellozzi to construct a small sports palace seating 5,000 spectators under a concrete "big top" of 194 ft (59 m) diameter, its enclosing walls supported by thirtysix guy ropes of concrete; inside, the elegant roof displays a floral quality. In 1960 Nervi returned to Turin to build his imaginative Palace of Labour for the centenary celebrations of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel in the city. This vast hall, like the Crystal Palace in England a century earlier (see Paxton), had to be built quickly and be suitable for later adaptation. It was therefore constructed partly in steel, and the metal supporting columns rose to palm-leaf capitals reminiscent of those in ancient Nile palaces.Nervi's aim was always to create functional buildings that simultaneously act by their aesthetic qualities as an effective educational influence. Functionalism for Nervi never became "brutalism". In consequence, his work is admired by the lay public as well as by architects. He collaborated with many of the outstanding architects of the day: with Gio Ponti on the Pirelli Building in Milan (1955–9); with Zehrfuss and Breuer on the Y-plan UNESCO Building in Paris (1953–7); and with Marcello Piacentini on the 16,000-seat Palazzo dello Sport in Rome. Nervi found time to write a number of books on building construction and design, lectured in the Universities of Rio de Janiero and Buenos Aires, and was for many years Professor of Technology and Technique of Construction in the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Rome. He continued to design new structures until well into the 1970s.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRIBA Royal Gold Medal 1960. Royal Institute of Structural Engineers Gold Medal 1968. Honorary Degree Edinburgh University, Warsaw University, Munich University, London University, Harvard University. Member International Institute of Arts and Letters, Zurich; American Academy of Arts and Sciences; Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Stockholm.Bibliography1956, Structures, New York: Dodge.1945, Scienza o Arte del Costruire?, Rome: Bussola.Further ReadingP.Desideri et al., 1979, Pier Luigi Nervi, Bologna: Zanichelli.A.L.Huxtable, 1960, Masters of World Architecture; Pier Luigi Nervi, New York: Braziller.DY -
14 Solow, Robert Merton
(р. 1924) Солоу, Роберт МертонЭкономист. В 1947 окончил Гарвардский университет [ Harvard University]. Преподавал в Массачусетском технологическом институте [ Massachusetts Institute of Technology], был консультантом корпорации РЭНД [ RAND Corporation]. В начале 1960-х член Экономического совета [ Council of Economic Advisers] при президенте Кеннеди [ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (JFK)], в 1975-80 директор Бостонского федерального резервного банка [Boston Federal Reserve Bank]. Основные труды - по общим экономическим проблемам, теоретической и прикладной макроэкономике. Создал одну из известных моделей теории экономического роста - модель Солоу. Член Национальной академии наук США [ National Academy of Sciences] и Академии гуманитарных и точных наук [ American Academy of Arts and Sciences] США, в 1964 был президентом Эконометрического общества [Econometrics Society], в 1979 избран президентом Американской экономической ассоциации [ American Economic Association]. Лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономике (1987) за фундаментальные работы в области теории экономического ростаEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Solow, Robert Merton
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15 Brush, Charles Francis
[br]b. 17 March 1849 Euclid, Michigan, USAd. 15 June 1929 Cleveland, Ohio, USA[br]American engineer, inventor of a multiple electric arc lighting system and founder of the Brush Electric Company.[br]Brush graduated from the University of Michigan in 1869 and worked for several years as a chemist. Believing that electric arc lighting would be commercially successful if the equipment could be improved, he completed his first dynamo in 1875 and a simplified arc lamp. His original system operated a maximum of four lights, each on a separate circuit, from one dynamo. Brush envisaged a wider market for his product and by 1879 had available on arc lighting system principally intended for street and other outdoor illumination. He designed a dynamo that generated a high voltage and which, with a carbon-pile regulator, provided an almost constant current permitting the use of up to forty lamps on one circuit. He also improved arc lamps by incorporating a slipping-clutch regulating mechanism and automatic means of bringing into use a second set of carbons, thereby doubling the period between replacements.Brush's multiple electric arc lighting system was first demonstrated in Cleveland and by 1880 had been adopted in a number of American cities, including New York, Boston and Philadelphia. It was also employed in many European towns until incandescent lamps, for which the Brush dynamo was unsuitable, came into use. To market his apparatus, Brush promoted local lighting companies and thereby secured local capital.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1881. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Medal 1899. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1913.Bibliography18 May 1878, British patent no. 2,003 (Brush dynamo).11 March 1879, British patent no. 947 (arc lamp).26 February 1880, British patent no. 849 (current regulator).Further ReadingJ.W.Urquhart, 1891, Electric Light, London (for a detailed description of the Brush system).H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 14– 21 (for the origins of the Brush Company).S.Steward, 1980, in Electrical Review, 206:34–5 (a short account).See also: Hammond, RobertGW -
16 Thomson, Elihu
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 29 March 1853 Manchester, Englandd. 13 March 1937 Swampscott, Massachusetts, USA[br]English (naturalized) American electrical engineer and inventor.[br]Thomson accompanied his parents to Philadelphia in 1858; he received his education at the Central High School there, and afterwards remained as a teacher of chemistry. At this time he constructed several dynamos after studying their design, and was invited by the Franklin Institute to give lectures on the subject. After observing an arc-lighting system operating commercially in Paris in 1878, he collaborated with Edwin J. Houston, a senior colleague at the Central High School, in working out the details of such a system. An automatic regulating device was designed which, by altering the position of the brushes on the dynamo commutator, maintained a constant current irrespective of the number of lamps in use. To overcome the problem of commutation at the high voltages necessary to operate up to forty arc lamps in a series circuit, Thomson contrived a centrifugal blower which suppressed sparking. The resulting system was efficient and reliable with low operating costs. Thomson's invention of the motor meter in 1882 was the first of many such instruments for the measurement of electrical energy. In 1886 he invented electric resistance welding using low-voltage alternating current derived from a transformer of his own design. Thomson's work is recorded in his technical papers and in the 700plus patents granted for his inventions.The American Electric Company, founded to exploit the Thomson patents, later became the Thomson-Houston Company, which was destined to be a leader in the electrical manufacturing industry. They entered the field of electric power in 1887, supplying railway equipment and becoming a major innovator of electric railways. Thomson-Houston and Edison General Electric were consolidated to form General Electric in 1892. Thomson remained associated with this company throughout his career.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier and Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1889. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Medal 1901. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1909. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1916. Institution of Electrical Engineers Kelvin Medal 1923, Faraday Medal 1927.Bibliography1934, "Some highlights of electrical history", Electrical Engineering 53:758–67 (autobiography).Further ReadingD.O.Woodbury, 1944, Beloved Scientist, New York (a full biography). H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Thomson's industrial contribution).K.T.Compton, 1940, Biographical Memoirs of Elihu Thomson, Washington, DCovides an abridged list of Thomson's papers and patents).GW -
17 AAAS
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. American Association for the Advancement of Science, американская ассоциация содействия развитию науки (American Association for the Advancement of Science)2) Военный термин: advanced aircraft armament system, armored antiaircraft system3) Техника: American Association for Advancement of Science4) Сокращение: American Academy of Arts and Sciences5) Университет: African And African American Studies6) Вычислительная техника: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (organization, USA) -
18 Gray, Asa
(1810-1886) Грей, ЭйзаБотаник. Профессор Гарвардского университета [ Harvard University]. Автор двухтомной "Флоры Северной Америки" ["Flora of North America"] (1838-43), состоял в переписке с Ч. Дарвином, защитник дарвинизма в США. В 1878 опубликовал труд "Синоптическая флора Северной Америки" ["Synoptical Flora of North America"]. Основатель Национальной академии наук [ National Academy of Sciences] (1863), в течение 10 лет президент Американской академии гуманитарных и естественных наук [ American Academy of Arts and Sciences] и в течение 14 лет управляющий [regent] Смитсоновского института [ Smithsonian Institution]. Избран в национальную Галерею славы [ Hall of Fame] в 1900 -
19 Simon, Herbert Alexander
(1916-2001) Саймон, Герберт АлександерЭкономист, исследователь процессов принятия решений в экономических организациях. Образование получил в Чикагском университете [ Chicago, University of]. Был консультантом в ряде правительственных и частных организаций, в том числе в комиссии Коулса [ Cowles commission]. Профессор Калифорнийского университета [ California, University of], Иллинойского технологического института [Illinois Institute of Technology], Университета Карнеги-Меллона [ Carnegie Mellon University] (Питсбург). Член Американской академии гуманитарных и точных наук [ American Academy of Arts and Sciences], Национальной академии наук [ National Academy of Sciences]. Лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономике 1978English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Simon, Herbert Alexander
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20 Mitchell, Maria
(1818-1889) Митчелл, МарияАстроном, первый профессор Вассарского колледжа [ Vassar College] (1865-88). В 1847 открыла комету. Первая женщина, избранная членом Американской академии гуманитарных и точных наук [ American Academy of Arts and Sciences] (1848) и членом Американского философского общества [American Philosophical Society]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Mitchell, Maria
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