ambassador+etc

wild man, beast man; Irish amhas, a wild man, madman; Early Irish amos, amsach, a mercenary soldier, servant. Conchobar's amsaig, or mercenaries, in the Early Irish saga of Deirdre, appear misunderstood as our amhusgan, monsters; there is probably a reminiscence of the Norse "bear-sarks". Borrowed from Gaulish Latin ambactus (= servus, Festus), through *ambaxus; Cæsar says of the Gaulish princes: "Circum se ambactos clientesque habent". The roots are ambi- (see mu) and ag, go lead ( see aghaidh). Hence many words, as English ambassador, German amt, official position, etc. Ir.J., 154, 156, has amhas, in Gaelic force.

wild man, beast man; Irish amhas, a wild man, madman; Early Irish amos, amsach, a mercenary soldier, servant. Conchobar's amsaig, or mercenaries, in the Early Irish saga of Deirdre, appear misunderstood as our amhusgan, monsters; there is probably a reminiscence of the Norse "bear-sarks". Borrowed from Gaulish Latin ambactus (= servus, Festus), through *ambaxus; Cæsar says of the Gaulish princes: "Circum se ambactos clientesque habent". The roots are ambi- (see mu) and ag, go lead ( see aghaidh). Hence many words, as English ambassador, German amt, official position, etc. Ir.J., 154, 156, has amhas, in Gaelic force.

mŏlo, ŭi, ĭtum, 3, v. a. [mola], to grind in a mill.

Lit.:

molendum usque in pistrino,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 19:

hordeum in subtilem farinam,

to grind into fine flour, Plin. 18, 7, 14, § 73:

tolle molam, et mole farinam,

Vulg. Isa. 47, 2.— Absol.:

in mola,

Vulg. Matt. 24, 41: molentes in unum, at one mill or stone, id. Luc. 17, 35. —

Transf., in mal. part., Aus. Epigr. 71, 7; cf. Petr. 23.—Hence, P. a.: mŏlĭ-tus, a, um, ground; as subst.: mŏlĭ-tum, i, n., food made of flour:

edo lubentius molitum quam praehibeo a me,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 13.

Mŏlo or Mŏlon, ōnis, m., a surname of Apollonius of Rhodes, a Greek rhetorician, one of Cicero's teachers, who came to Rome as an ambassador of the Rhodians, Cic. Brut. 70, 245; 90, 311; id. Att. 2, 1, 9; Quint. 12, 6, 7, etc.

mŏlo, ŭi, ĭtum, 3, v. a. [mola], to grind in a mill.

Lit.:

molendum usque in pistrino,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 19:

hordeum in subtilem farinam,

to grind into fine flour, Plin. 18, 7, 14, § 73:

tolle molam, et mole farinam,

Vulg. Isa. 47, 2.— Absol.:

in mola,

Vulg. Matt. 24, 41: molentes in unum, at one mill or stone, id. Luc. 17, 35. —

Transf., in mal. part., Aus. Epigr. 71, 7; cf. Petr. 23.—Hence, P. a.: mŏlĭ-tus, a, um, ground; as subst.: mŏlĭ-tum, i, n., food made of flour:

edo lubentius molitum quam praehibeo a me,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 13.

Mŏlo or Mŏlon, ōnis, m., a surname of Apollonius of Rhodes, a Greek rhetorician, one of Cicero's teachers, who came to Rome as an ambassador of the Rhodians, Cic. Brut. 70, 245; 90, 311; id. Att. 2, 1, 9; Quint. 12, 6, 7, etc.

mŏlo, ŭi, ĭtum, 3, v. a. [mola], to grind in a mill.

Lit.:

molendum usque in pistrino,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 19:

hordeum in subtilem farinam,

to grind into fine flour, Plin. 18, 7, 14, § 73:

tolle molam, et mole farinam,

Vulg. Isa. 47, 2.— Absol.:

in mola,

Vulg. Matt. 24, 41: molentes in unum, at one mill or stone, id. Luc. 17, 35. —

Transf., in mal. part., Aus. Epigr. 71, 7; cf. Petr. 23.—Hence, P. a.: mŏlĭ-tus, a, um, ground; as subst.: mŏlĭ-tum, i, n., food made of flour:

edo lubentius molitum quam praehibeo a me,

Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 13.

Mŏlo or Mŏlon, ōnis, m., a surname of Apollonius of Rhodes, a Greek rhetorician, one of Cicero's teachers, who came to Rome as an ambassador of the Rhodians, Cic. Brut. 70, 245; 90, 311; id. Att. 2, 1, 9; Quint. 12, 6, 7, etc.

Roscĭus, i, m., the name of a Roman gens.

L. Roscius, a Roman ambassador, slain in a revolt at Fidenæ, Liv. 4, 17, 2.—

L. Roscius Otho, a friend of Cicero, who, when tribune of the people, A. U.C. 686, carried through a law that fourteen rows of seats in the theatre next to those of the senators should be appropriated to the knights, Cic. Mur. 19, 40; Liv. Epit. 99; Ascon. ap. Cornel. p. 784; Vell. 2, 32, 3; Plin. 7, 30, 31, § 117; Juv. 14, 324. The law just referred to was called Lex Roscia, Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 44; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 62; Tac. A. 15, 32.—

Q. Roscius Gallus, a freedman from Lanuvium, a very celebrated actor, the intimate friend of Cicero, who defended him in an oration still extant. His excellence soon became proverbial:

videtisne, quam nihil ab eo (sc. Roscio) nisi perfecte, nihil nisi cum summā venustate flat, etc.... Itaque hoc jam diu est consecutus, ut in quo quisque artificio excelleret, is in suo genere Roscius diceretur,

Cic. de Or. 1, 28, 130; 59, 251; id. Arch. 8, 17; cf. id. Brut. 84, 290; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 82. — Hence,

Roscĭā-nus, a, um, adj., Roscian: imitatio senis, Roscius ' s, Cic. de Or. 2, 59, 242.—

Sex. Roscius, of Ameria, defended by Cicero, A. U. C. 674, in an oration still extant, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 51; id. Brut. 90, 312.—

Lucius Roscius, who commanded a legion under Cæsar, Caes. B. G. 7, 53; id. B. C. 1, 10.

1. verb

1) to call or name:

2) to point out or identify:

2. adjective

πρέσβ-ις (A), εως, ὁ,

A ambassador, πρέσβις οὐ τύπτεται οὐδὲ ὑβρίζεται Prov. ap. Sch.Il.4.394; alleged as the word of which πρέσβεως (Ar.Ach.93) is gen., Choerob. in Theod.1.233, Sch.Ar.l.c., Suid.

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πρέσβ-ις (B), εως, ἡ, poet. for πρεσβεία,

A age, κατὰ πρέσβιν according to age, h. Merc. 431, Pl.Lg. 855d, etc.

II aged woman, v.l. for πρεσβῦτις in Aesop.107b (pp.182,183 Chambry).

2 ambassadress, Ael. ap. Eust.738.62.

ἀπόστολος, ου, ὁ (s. ἀποστέλλω). In older Gk. (Lysias, Demosth.) and later (e.g. Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 53 p. 257, 21 Jac. [Strabo 3, 5, 5]) ὁ ἀ. is a naval expedition, prob. also its commander (Anecd. Gr. 217, 26). τὸ ἀπόστολον with (Pla., Ep. 7, 346a) or without (Vi. Hom. 19) πλοῖον means a ship ready for departure. In its single occurrence in Jos. (Ant. 17, 300; it is not found elsewh. in Jewish-Gk. lit.) it prob. means ‘sending out’; in pap mostly ‘bill of lading’ (s. Preisigke, Fachwörter 1915), less freq. ‘certificate of clearance (at a port)’ (BGU V §64 [II A.D.]=Gnomon des Idios Logos). It can also be ‘letter of authorization (relating to shipping)’: Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 443, 10 (15 A.D.); PHerm 6, 11f (cp. Dig. 49, 6, 1 litteras dimissorias sive apostolos). In contrast, in isolated cases it refers to persons who are dispatched for a specific purpose, and the context determines the status or function expressed in such Eng. terms as ‘ambassador, delegate, messenger’ (Hdt. 1, 21; 5, 38; Synesius, Providence 2, 3 p. 122a ἀπόστολοι of ordinary messengers; Sb 7241, 48; BGU 1741, 6 [64 B.C.]; 3 Km 14:6A; Is 18:2 Sym.). Cp. KLake, The Word Ἀ.: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 46–52. It is this isolated usage that is preferred in the NT w. nuances peculiar to its lit. But the extensive use of ἀποστέλλω in documents relating to pers. of merit engaged in administrative service prob. encouraged NT use of the noun, thus in effect disavowing assoc. w. the type of itinerant philosophers that evoked the kind of pejorative term applied by Paul’s audience Ac 17:18.

① of messengers without extraordinary status delegate, envoy, messenger (opp. ὁ πέμψας) J 13:16. Of Epaphroditus, messenger of the Philippians Phil 2:25.—2 Cor 8:23.

② of messengers with extraordinary status, esp. of God’s messenger, envoy (cp. Epict. 3, 22, 23 of Cynic wise men: ἄγγελος ἀπὸ τ. Διὸς ἀπέσταλται).

ⓐ of prophets Lk 11:49; Rv 18:20; cp. 2:2; Eph 3:5.

ⓑ of Christ (w. ἀρχιερεύς) Hb 3:1 (cp. ApcEsdr 2:1 p. 25, 29 T.; Just., A I, 12, 9; the extra-Christian firman Sb 7240, 4f οὐκ ἔστιν θεὸς εἰ μὴ ὁ θεὸς μόνος. Μααμετ ἀπόστολος θεοῦ). GWetter, ‘D. Sohn Gottes’ 1916, 26ff.

ⓒ but predominately in the NT (of the apologists, only Just.) of a group of highly honored believers w. a special function as God’s envoys. Also Judaism had a figure known as apostle (שָׁלִיחַ; Schürer III 124f w. sources and lit.; Billerb. III 1926, 2–4; JTruron, Theology 51, ’48, 166–70; 341–43; GDix, ibid. 249–56; 385f; JBühner, art. ἄ. in EDNT I 142–46). In Christian circles, at first ἀ. denoted one who proclaimed the gospel, and was not strictly limited: Paul freq. calls himself an ἀ.: Ro 1:1; 11:13; 1 Cor 1:1; 9:1f; 15:9; 2 Cor 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph 1:1; Col 1:1; 1 Ti 1:1; 2:7; 2 Ti 1:1; Tit 1:1.—1 Cl 47:1. Of Barnabas Ac 14:14; 15:2. Of Andronicus and Junia (less prob. Junias, s. Ἰουνία) Ro 16:7. Of James, the Lord’s brother Gal 1:19. Of Peter 1 Pt 1:1; 2 Pt 1:1. Then esp. of the 12 apostles οἱ δώδεκα ἀ. (cp. ParJer 9:20; AscIs 3:21; 4:3) Mt 10:2; Mk 3:14; Lk 22:14 (v.l. οἱ δώδεκα); cp. 6:13; 9:10; 17:5; Ac 1:26 (P-HMenoud, RHPR 37 ’57, 71–80); Rv 21:14; PtK 3 p. 15, 18. Peter and the apostles Ac 2:37; 5:29. Paul and apostles Pol 9:1 (cp. AcPlTh Aa I, 235 app. of Thecla). Gener. the apostles Mk 6:30; Lk 24:10; 1 Cor 4:9; 9:5; 15:7; 2 Cor 11:13; 1 Th 2:7; Ac 1:2; 2:42f; 4:33, 35, 37; 5:2, 12, 18, 34 v.l., 40; 6:6; 8:1, 14, 18; 9:27; 11:1; 14:4; 2 Pt 3:2; Jd 17; IEph 11:2; IMg 7:1; 13:2; ITr 2:2; 3:1; 7:1; IPhld 5:1; ISm 8:1; D ins; 11:3, 6. As a governing board, w. the elders Ac 15:2, 4, 6, 22f; 16:4. As possessors of the most important spiritual gift 1 Cor 12:28f. Proclaimers of the gospel 1 Cl 42:1f; B 5:9; Hs 9, 17, 1. Prophesying strife 1 Cl 44:1. Working miracles 2 Cor 12:12. W. overseers, teachers and attendants Hv 3, 5, 1; Hs 9, 15, 4; w. teachers Hs 9, 25, 2; w. teachers, preaching to those who had fallen asleep Hs 9, 16, 5; w. var. Christian officials IMg 6:1; w. prophets Eph 2:20; D 11:3; Pol 6:3. Christ and the apostles as the foundation of the church IMg 13:1; ITr 12; 2; cp. Eph 2:20. οἱ ἀ. and ἡ ἐκκλησία w. the three patriarchs and the prophets IPhld 9:1. The Holy Scriptures named w. the ap. 2 Cl 14:2 (sim. ApcSed 14:10 p. 136, 17 Ja.). Paul ironically refers to his opponents (or the original apostles; s. s.v. ὑπερλίαν) as οἱ ὑπερλίαν ἀ. the super-apostles 2 Cor 11:5; 12:11. The orig. apostles he calls οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ ἀ. Gal 1:17; AcPlCor 2:4.—Harnack, Mission⁴ I 1923, 332ff (Eng. tr. I 319–31). WSeufert, D. Urspr. u. d. Bed. d. Apostolates 1887; EHaupt, Z. Verständnis d. Apostolates im NT 1896; EMonnier, La notion de l’Apostolat des origines à Irénée 1903; PBatiffol, RB n.s. 3, 1906, 520–32; Wlh., Einleitung², 1911, 138–47; EBurton, AJT 16, 1912, 561–88, Gal comm. 1921, 363–84; RSchütz, Apostel u. Jünger 1921; EMeyer I 265ff; III 255ff. HVogelstein, Development of the Apostolate in Judaism, etc.: HUCA 2, 1925, 99–123; JWagenmann, D. Stellg. d. Ap. Pls neben den Zwölf 1926; WMundle, D. Apostelbild der AG: ZNW 27, 1928, 36–54; KRengstorf, TW I 406–46 (s. critique by HConzelmann, The Theol. of St. Luke ’60, 216, n. 1), Apost. u. Predigtamt ’34; J-LLeuba, Rech. exégét. rel. à l’apostolat dans le NT, diss. Neuchâtel ’36; PSaintyves, Deux mythes évangéliques, Les 12 apôtres et les 72 disciples ’38; GSass, Apostelamt u. Kirche … paulin. Apostelbegr. ’39; EKäsemann, ZNW 40, ’41, 33–71; RLiechtenhan, D. urchr. Mission ’46; ESchweizer, D. Leben d. Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten ’46; AFridrichsen, The Apostle and His Message ’47; HvCampenhausen, D. urchristl. Apostelbegr.: StTh 1, ’47, 96–130; HMosbech, ibid. 2, ’48, 166–200; ELohse, Ursprung u. Prägung des christl. Apostolates: TZ 9, ’53, 259–75; GKlein, Die 12 Apostel, ’60; FHahn, Mission in the NT, tr. FClarke, ’65; WSchmithals, The Office of the Apostle, tr. JSteely, ’69; KKertelge, Das Apostelamt des Paulus, BZ 14, ’70, 161–81. S. also ἐκκλησία end, esp. Holl and Kattenbusch; also HBetz, Hermeneia: Gal ’79, 74f (w. additional lit.); FAgnew, On the Origin of the Term ἀπόστολος: CBQ 38, ’76, 49–53 (survey of debate); KHaacker, NovT 30, ’88, 9–38 (Acts). Ins evidence (s. e.g. SIG index) relating to the verb ἀποστέλλω is almost gener. ignored in debate about the meaning of the noun.—DELG s.v. στέλλω A. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq.