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1 ilya
adj. and noun "all" LR:47, 56; SD:310, "all, the whole" IL; "each, every, all of a particular group of things" VT39:20; ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective Nam, RGEO:67: ilyë tier "all paths" Namárië, VT39:20, ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" CO, ilya raxellor "from all dangers" VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here, ilyárëa older ilyázëa "daily, of every day" evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending VT43:18. Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v. -
2 ëa
1 sometimes "eä" vb. "is" CO, in a more absolute sense "exists", VT39:7/VT49:28-29 than the copula ná. Eä "it is" VT39:6 or "let it be". The verb is also used in connection with prepositional phrases denoting a position, as in the relative sentences i or ilyë mahalmar ëa who is above all thrones CO and i ëa han ëa *who is beyond the universe of Eä VT43:14. Eä is said to the be present & aorist tense VT49:29. The past tense of ëa is engë VT43:38, VT49:29; Tolkien struck out the form ëanë, VT49:30, the historically correct perfect should be éyë, but the analogical form engië was more common; the future tense is euva VT49:29. See also ëala. Eä is also used as a noun denoting "All Creation", the universe WJ:402; Letters:284, footnote, but this term for the universe "was not held to include souls? and spirits" VT39:20; contrast ilu. One version of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer includes the words i ëa han ëa, taken to mean "who is beyond Eä" VT43:14. Tolkien noted that ëa properly cannot be used of God since ëa refers only to all things created by Eru directly or mediately, hence he deleted the example Eru ëa *God exists VT49:28, 36. However, ëa is indeed used of Eru in CO i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar uëa/u the One who uis/u above all thrones as well as in various Átaremma versions see VT49:36, so such a distinction may belong to the refined language of the loremasters rather than to everyday useage. 3 "eagle" LT1:251, LT2:338, a Qenya word apparently superseded by soron, sornë in Tolkien's later forms of Quenya. -
3 ilúvë
noun "allness, the all". In Ilúvatar "All-father". SA; WJ:402, MR:471, IL In MR:355, ilúvë seems to be equated with Heaven. Cf. SD:401: Ilúvë Ilu "Heaven, the universe, all that is with and without the Earth". -
4 ilqua
"ilqa" noun "everything" IL, VT45:24, "all" FS; ilquainen "ilqainen" a word occurring in Fíriel's Song, translated "to all". It would appear to be ilqua "all" with a dative pl. ending. However, in Tolkien's later Quenya -inen is the ending for instrumental pl. FS -
5 illi
noun "all" as independent noun, apparently treated as a plural form. Imb' illi "among all" VT47:30 -
6 undulav-
vb., literally lick down = cover glossed swallow in PE17:72. Lumbulë undulávë ilyë tier "heavy shadow down-licked all paths", lyrical translation "all paths are drowned deep in shadow" Nam. The pl. past tense would be unduláver PE17:72. -
7 Ilu
noun "the world" FS, LR:47, 56, "universe" IL; ilu "everything, all, the whole" of the universe also including God and all souls and spirits, which are not properly included in the term Eä; see VT39:20, also referenced in VT49:36 -
8 yéva
vb. "will be" also "there will be", apparently the future tense of ye \#2. Once translated "is" írë ilqua yéva nótina, "when all is counted", but this event belongs to the future; hence literally *"when all will be counted" FS; VT46:22. In Tolkien's later Quenya, yéva was apparently replaced by nauva. -
9 men-
4 vb. "go" VT47:11, cf. VT42:30, VT49:23, attested in the aorist menë in the sentence imbi Menel Cemenyë menë Ráno tië "between Heaven and Earth goes the path of the Moon". In the verb nanwen- return or go/come back, -men- is changed to -wen- following nan- back etymological form cited as nan-men-, PE17:166. In examples from VT49:23, 24, Tolkien used men- in the sense of go as far as: 1st person sg. aorist menin menin coaryanna I arrive at or come/get to his house, endingless aorist menë, present tense ména- is on point of arrival, is just coming to an end, past tense mennë arrived, reached, in this tense usually with locative rather than allative mennen sís I arrived here, perfect eménië has just arrived, future menuva will arrive. All of these examples were first written with the verb as ten- rather than men-, Tolkien then emending the initial consonant. -
10 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
11 úlumë
adv. ever, at all times in a series or period PE17:156. Cf. ullumë. -
12 nem-
vb. sew cited in the form neme, pa.t. néme QL:65 vb."judge", attested as endingless aorist nemë, changed by Tolkien to hamë and finally to navë "in all but one case" Bill Welden. Forms like námo "judge" and namna "statute" point rather to \#nam- q.v. as a verb "to judge" VT42:34; the verb namin "I judge" is even listed in Etym. -
13 no
prep. "under" NŪ; all other sources give nu instead. In early "Qenya", no meant "upon"; MC:214 -
14 Núaran
noun *"West-king"; Núaran Númenoren *"West-king of Númenor"; changed according to LR:71 to Núraran Númenen, *"West-king of the West" all of this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n instead of -o, as in Tolkien's later Quenya LR:60 -
15 ar
1 conj. "and" ARsup2/sup, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40. The older form of the conjunction was az PE17:41. Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s PE17:41, 71, but in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases PE17:71. In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar and raiments to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation PE17:175. More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in Old Quenya, the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant PE17:41, 71. An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" VT43:31, cf. VT48:14. In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ara VT45:6. In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and PE17:145; compare ara. 2 noun "day" PE17:148, apparently short for árë,occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant VT45:27. Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë or ré, q.v. -
16 in
article, apparently a variant of the definite article i, observed in the phrase i-coimas in-Eldaron "the coimas lembas of the Eldar" in PM:403. It looks like the Sindarin plural article, but in Quenya i normally covers both sg. and pl. "the", and the word Eldar does not need any article at all. The alternative reading i-coimas Eldaron PM:395 is probably to be preferred. -
17 ar-
1 prefix "outside" ARsup2/sup, element meaning "beside" VT42:17, by PE17:169; in the same source the glosses near, by, beside were rejected. Cf. ara. 2, also ari-, prefix for superlative compare arya \#1, 2, hence arcalima brightest, arimelda *dearest PE17:56-57. In the grammar described in the source, this prefix was to express superlative as the highest degree in actual comparison, whereas the alternative prefix an- rather expressed very or exceedingly with a more purely augmentative or adverbial force, but these distinctions do not seem to have been clearly present at all stages of Tolkiens work. See an- \#2, am- \#2. a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" PM:344. In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername amilessë, q.v. of Fingolfin PM:360, cf. 344, Arafinwë "Finarfin" MR:230 -
18 maqua
noun "a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed hand facing down for taking; group of five similar things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" as a limb VT47:7, 18-20; dual maquat "group of ten" VT47:7, 10. Compounded maquanotië = "decimal system" in counting VT47:10, Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" VT47:19 -
19 ala
1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. 5 prep. "after, beyond" MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after" 6 also alar! or alla! interjection "hail, blessed be thou". VT45:5,14 7 noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted allen = al'nen and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this VT45:13. -
20 únyárima
adj. "impossible to recount" because all the facts are not known, or the tale is too long WJ:370
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