aleutian

см тж Alaska Treaty; Seward's Folly

SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications

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Following early education at Phillips Academy, Andover, at the age of 14 years Morse went to Yale College, where he developed interests in painting and electricity. Upon graduating in 1810 he became a clerk to a Washington publisher and a pupil of Washington Allston, a well-known American painter. The following year he travelled to Europe and entered the London studio of another American artist, Benjamin West, successfully exhibiting at the Royal Academy as well as winning a prize and medal for his sculpture. Returning to Boston and finding little success as a "historical-style" painter, he built up a thriving portrait business, moving in 1818 to Charleston, South Carolina, where three years later he established the (now defunct) South Carolina Academy of Fine Arts. In 1825 he was back in New York, but following the death of his wife and both of his parents that year, he embarked on an extended tour of European art galleries. In 1832, on the boat back to America, he met Charles T.Jackson, who told him of the discovery of the electromagnet and fired his interest in telegraphy to the extent that Morse immediately began to make suggestions for electrical communications and, apparently, devised a form of printing telegraph. Although he returned to his painting and in 1835 was appointed the first Professor of the Literature of Art and Design at the University of New York City, he began to spend more and more time experimenting in telegraphy. In 1836 he invented a relay as a means of extending the cable distance over which telegraph signals could be sent. At this time he became acquainted with Alfred Vail, and the following year, when the US government published the requirements for a national telegraph service, they set out to produce a workable system, with finance provided by Vail's father (who, usefully, owned an ironworks). A patent was filed on 6 October 1837 and a successful demonstration using the so-called Morse code was given on 6 January 1838; the work was, in fact, almost certainly largely that of Vail. As a result of the demonstration a Bill was put forward to Congress for $30,000 for an experimental line between Washington and Baltimore. This was eventually passed and the line was completed, and on 24 May 1844 the first message, "What hath God wrought", was sent between the two cities. In the meantime Morse also worked on the insulation of submarine cables by means of pitch tar and indiarubber.

With success achieved, Morse offered his invention to the Government for $100,000, but this was declined, so the invention remained in private hands. To exploit it, Morse founded the Magnetic Telephone Company in 1845, amalgamating the following year with the telegraph company of a Henry O'Reilly to form Western Union. Having failed to obtain patents in Europe, he now found himself in litigation with others in the USA, but eventually, in 1854, the US Supreme Court decided in his favour and he soon became very wealthy. In 1857 a proposal was made for a telegraph service across the whole of the USA; this was completed in just over four months in 1861. Four years later work began on a link to Europe via Canada, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands and Russia, but it was abandoned with the completion of the transatlantic cable, a venture in which he also had some involvement. Showered with honours, Morse became a generous philanthropist in his later years. By 1883 the company he had created was worth $80 million and had a virtual monopoly in the USA.

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tern (орнит) крачка

Aleutian tern алеутская крачка, Sterna aleutica

Antarctic tern антарктическая крачка, Sterna vittata

Arctic tern полярная крачка, длиннохвостая крачка, Sterna paradisea

black tern чёрная крачка, Chlidonias niger

bridled tern чернокрылая крачка, Sterna anaethetus

common tern обыкновенная крачка, речная крачка, Sterna hirundo

crested tern крачка Берга, Sterna bergii

gull-billed tern чайконосая крачка, Gelochelidon nilotica

Indian river tern золотистая крачка, Sterna aurantia

least tern малая крачка, Sterna albifrons

lesser crested tern бенгальская крачка, Thalasseus bengalensis

little tern малая крачка, Sterna albifrons

marsh tern белощёкая крачка, Chlidonias hybrida

noddy tern глупая крачка, Anous stolidus

roseate tern розовая крачка, Sterna dougallii

royal tern большая крачка, Thalasseus maximus

sandwich tern пестроносая крачка, Thalasseus sandvicensis

sooty tern тёмная крачка, Sterna fuscata

swift tern крачка Берга, Sterna bergii

whiskered tern белощёкая крачка, Chlidonias hybrida

white tern белая крачка, Gygis alba

white-winged black tern белокрылая крачка, Chlidonias leucopterus

1. LAT Sterna aleutica ( Baird) [Sterna camtschatica Pallas]

2. RUS алеутская [камчатская] крачка f

3. ENG Aleutian tern

4. DEU Aleuten-Seeschwalbe f

5. FRA sterne f aléoute

 

северная часть Тихого океана
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

North Pacific Ocean
An ocean north of the equator between the eastern coast of Asia and the western coasts of the Americas, extending northward to the arctic region, with principal arms including the Gulf of Alaska, the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sea of Japan and the Bering, Yellow, East China, South China and Philippine seas, and islands including the Aleutian, Midway, Marshall and Hawaiian islands, the Japanese island arc and the Malay Archipelago. (Source: INP)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• North Pacific Ocean

DE

• Nordpazifik

FR

• océan pacifique nord