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after-war

  • 1 ♦ after

    ♦ after /ˈɑ:ftə(r)/
    A prep.
    1 dopo; dopo di: after the storm, dopo il temporale; after Easter, dopo Pasqua; day after day, un giorno dopo l'altro; DIALOGO → - Arriving for a meeting- After you, dopo di lei, prego; after that, dopo di ciò; dopo di che; It must be after 9, devono essere passate le nove; after dark, a sera NOTA D'USO: - after, afterwards o later?-
    2 ( nelle ore) ( USA) – ten minutes after one, l'una e dieci; at half after nine, alle nove e mezzo
    3 dietro; dietro di: one after another, uno dietro l'altro; DIALOGO → - How was your day?- «How was work today?» DIALOGO → - How was your day?- «It was one thing after another», «Com'è andata al lavoro oggi?» «È stata una cosa dietro l'altra»; She came in after me, è entrato dietro di me; He shut the door after him, chiuse la porta dietro di sé; si chiuse dietro la porta
    4 all'inseguimento di; a caccia di; in cerca di; sulle tracce di: He ran after me, mi è corso dietro; mi ha inseguito; I've got the police after me, la polizia è sulle mie tracce (o mi sta dando la caccia); What are you after?, che cosa cerchi?; DIALOGO → - New phone- I'm after a good phone, sto cercando un buon telefono; What is he after, I wonder, mi chiedo a che cosa miri (o che cosa voglia)
    5 (rif. a nome proprio) in onore di; in ricordo di: She was called Virginia after her grandmother, è stata chiamata Virginia in ricordo della nonna
    6 secondo; alla maniera di; nello stile di; a imitazione di: after the Paris fashion, secondo la moda di Parigi; after Raphael, a imitazione di Raffaello; alla maniera di Raffaello
    7 (nei verbi frasali) V. sotto il verbo
    B avv.
    dopo: the day after, il giorno dopo; il giorno seguente; What comes after?, che cosa viene dopo?; long after, molto tempo dopo; never after, mai più dopo di allora; shortly after, poco dopo; di lì a poco; soon after, poco dopo
    C cong.
    dopo che: After he left, I spoke openly to her, dopo che se ne fu andato, le parlai apertamente; I don't trust him after seeing what he's capable of, non mi fido di lui dopo aver visto di cosa è capace
    D a.
    1 (antiq.) seguente; futuro: in after years, negli anni seguenti (o futuri)
    2 (naut.) di poppa; poppiero: after deck, coperta di poppa
    ● after all, dopo tutto; alla fin fine; in conclusione □ after-dinner speech, discorso al termine di un pranzo ufficiale □ after my own heart, come piace a me □ after hours, dopo l'orario di chiusura (di un locale, ecc.); dopo l'orario di lavoro; fuori orario; ( Borsa) (il) dopoborsa □ ( Borsa) after-hours dealings, operazioni del dopoborsa □ (comm.) after-sales service, (servizio di) assistenza clienti □ ( banca, comm.: di cambiale) after sight, a certo tempo vista □ (fin.) after tax, al netto delle imposte □ (fin.) after-tax (agg.), al netto delle imposte; netto □ after-war, del dopoguerra □ (fam.) to be after sb., rimproverare q., dare addosso a q.; ( anche) assillare q., tormentare q. (con richieste, ecc.) □ ( Irlanda) to be after doing st., avere appena fatto qc.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ after

  • 2 war of choice

    •• war of choice, of necessity

    •• * Из телерепортажа NBC News: Mr. Bush defended the invasion of Iraq, saying it was a “ war of necessity”. Это словосочетание существует не само по себе, а, как правило, в антонимической паре с a war of choice. См., например, название статьи бывшего зам. министра обороны США Л. Корба в Washington Post A War of Choice or of Necessity? Вот две цитаты из этой статьи:
    •• Eight months after the Bush administration got us involved in a bloody war in Iraq, we are now told by one of Secretary of State Colin L. Powell’s closest advisers that Iraq was a war of choice after all. <...> On Nov. 4 Wolfowitz stated: “But one of the things that Sept. 11 changed was that it made it a war of necessity, not a war of choice.”
    •• A war of necessity в принципе можно перевести как необходимая война, но хотелось бы сохранить эффект антонимии, т.е. нужно «зеркальное» прилагательное для перевода a war of choice. Необязательная война, по-моему, не годится. На мой взгляд, предпочтителен несколько тяжеловесный, но точный вариант война, которой можно [ было] избежать (кстати, так называлась книга Е.М. Примакова о первой войне в Заливе). Тогда a war of necessity – неизбежная война. И все же перевод высказывания Вольфовица не так прост. Может быть, так: Но после 11 сентября у нас уже не было выбора – этой войны просто нельзя было избежать. Возможно и сохранение антонимии в лаконичном варианте: ...война стала для нас не выбором, а обязанностью.
    •• Интересно словосочетание a war president. Пример из статьи Дж. Уилла в Washington Post A War President’s Job:
    •• Since Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have been told that they are at war. They have not been told what sacrifices, material and emotional, they must make to sustain multiple regime changes and nation-building projects. Telling such truths is part of the job description of a war president.
    •• Поскольку варианты военный президент (или президент войны) и президент страны, находящейся в состоянии войны не подходят (один неверен, другой слишком длинен), приходится остановиться на варианте президент военного времени. Кстати, встречается и wartime president:
    •• Bush must now choose if he will be a wartime president like his father – or unlike his father and like Ronald Reagan. (www.americasvoices.org)
    •• Сам Буш предпочитает war president, так что мы имеем дело, по крайней мере отчасти, с «самоназванием»:
    •• Mr Bush said he was a “ war president” and the top issue for voters should be the use of American power in the world. <...> “I’m a war president. I make decisions here in the Oval Office in foreign policy matters with war on my mind,” he said. (BBC) -«Я президент военного времени. Сидя в Овальном кабинете и принимая решения по внешней политике, я должен учитывать, что идет война».

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > war of choice

  • 3 war of necessity

    •• war of choice, of necessity

    •• * Из телерепортажа NBC News: Mr. Bush defended the invasion of Iraq, saying it was a “ war of necessity”. Это словосочетание существует не само по себе, а, как правило, в антонимической паре с a war of choice. См., например, название статьи бывшего зам. министра обороны США Л. Корба в Washington Post A War of Choice or of Necessity? Вот две цитаты из этой статьи:
    •• Eight months after the Bush administration got us involved in a bloody war in Iraq, we are now told by one of Secretary of State Colin L. Powell’s closest advisers that Iraq was a war of choice after all. <...> On Nov. 4 Wolfowitz stated: “But one of the things that Sept. 11 changed was that it made it a war of necessity, not a war of choice.”
    •• A war of necessity в принципе можно перевести как необходимая война, но хотелось бы сохранить эффект антонимии, т.е. нужно «зеркальное» прилагательное для перевода a war of choice. Необязательная война, по-моему, не годится. На мой взгляд, предпочтителен несколько тяжеловесный, но точный вариант война, которой можно [ было] избежать (кстати, так называлась книга Е.М. Примакова о первой войне в Заливе). Тогда a war of necessity – неизбежная война. И все же перевод высказывания Вольфовица не так прост. Может быть, так: Но после 11 сентября у нас уже не было выбора – этой войны просто нельзя было избежать. Возможно и сохранение антонимии в лаконичном варианте: ...война стала для нас не выбором, а обязанностью.
    •• Интересно словосочетание a war president. Пример из статьи Дж. Уилла в Washington Post A War President’s Job:
    •• Since Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have been told that they are at war. They have not been told what sacrifices, material and emotional, they must make to sustain multiple regime changes and nation-building projects. Telling such truths is part of the job description of a war president.
    •• Поскольку варианты военный президент (или президент войны) и президент страны, находящейся в состоянии войны не подходят (один неверен, другой слишком длинен), приходится остановиться на варианте президент военного времени. Кстати, встречается и wartime president:
    •• Bush must now choose if he will be a wartime president like his father – or unlike his father and like Ronald Reagan. (www.americasvoices.org)
    •• Сам Буш предпочитает war president, так что мы имеем дело, по крайней мере отчасти, с «самоназванием»:
    •• Mr Bush said he was a “ war president” and the top issue for voters should be the use of American power in the world. <...> “I’m a war president. I make decisions here in the Oval Office in foreign policy matters with war on my mind,” he said. (BBC) -«Я президент военного времени. Сидя в Овальном кабинете и принимая решения по внешней политике, я должен учитывать, что идет война».

    English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > war of necessity

  • 4 after-effect

    after-effect ['ɑ:ftərɪ‚fekt]
    (usu pl) (of drug) effet m secondaire; figurative (of remark, event etc) répercussion f, contrecoup m;
    ∎ the after-effects of war les séquelles fpl ou les répercussions fpl de la guerre;
    ∎ I'm still feeling the after-effects of last night's drinking je ne me suis toujours pas remis de ce que j'ai bu hier soir

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > after-effect

  • 5 after

    1. adverb
    1) (later) danach
    2) (behind) hinterher
    2. preposition
    1) (following in time, as result of) nach
    2) (behind) hinter (+ Dat.)

    what are you after? — was suchst du denn?; (to questioner) was willst du wirklich wissen?

    she's only after his money — sie ist nur hinter seinem Geld her

    3) (about)

    ask after somebody/something — nach jemandem/etwas fragen

    4) (next in importance to) nach
    5) (in spite of) nach
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (later in time or place than: After the car came a bus.) nach
    2) (following (often indicating repetition): one thing after another; night after night.) nach
    3) (behind: Shut the door after you!) hinter
    4) (in search or pursuit of: He ran after the bus.) hinter...her
    5) (considering: After all I've done you'd think he'd thank me; It's sad to fail after all that work.) nach
    6) ((American: in telling the time) past: It's a quarter after ten.) nach
    2. adverb
    (later in time or place: They arrived soon after.) danach
    3. conjunction
    (later than the time when: After she died we moved house twice.) nachdem
    - academic.ru/1091/aftermath">aftermath
    - afterthought
    - afterwards
    - after all
    - be after
    * * *
    af·ter
    [ˈɑ:ftəʳ, AM ˈæftɚ]
    I. prep
    1. (later time) nach + dat
    \after two weeks of vacationing nach zwei Wochen Ferien
    he always takes a nap \after lunch er macht nach dem Mittagessen immer einen kurzen Mittagsschlaf
    the day \after tomorrow übermorgen
    \after hours (in pubs) außerhalb der gesetzlich erlaubten Zeit, nach der Polizeistunde; (in shops) nach Ladenschluss; (working hours) nach Feierabend
    [a] quarter \after six AM [um] Viertel nach Sechs
    the week \after next übernächste Woche
    ▪ to be \after sb/sth hinter jdm/etw her sein
    you're chasing \after sth you can't have du jagst etwas hinterher, was du nicht haben kannst
    most of them are \after money die meisten von ihnen sind nur hinter dem Geld her [o auf das Geld aus
    3. (following) nach + dat
    the letter C comes \after B der Buchstabe C kommt nach B
    \after you! nach Ihnen!
    \after you with the butter! reichst du mir dann bitte auch die Butter?
    4. (many in succession) nach + dat
    day \after day Tag für Tag
    hour \after hour Stunde um Stunde
    time \after time immer wieder
    she ate one piece of cake \after another sie aß ein Stück Kuchen nach dem anderen
    5. (behind) nach + dat
    can you lock up \after you? können Sie zuschließen, wenn Sie gehen?
    he shut the door \after them er machte die Tür hinter ihnen zu
    she stared \after him in disbelief sie starrte ihm ungläubig nach
    6. (result of) nach + dat
    \after what he did to me, I'll never talk to him again nach dem, was er mir angetan hat, werde ich nie wieder ein Wort mit ihm wechseln
    7. (in honour of) nach + dat
    to name sb/sth \after sb/sth jdn/etw nach jdm/etw [be]nennen
    they named her Anne, \after her father's sister sie haben sie Anne genannt, nach der Schwester ihres Vaters
    8. (similar to) nach + dat
    a painting \after Picasso ein Gemälde im Stil von Picasso
    to take \after sb jdm nachschlagen
    she takes \after her mother sie kommt nach ihrer Mutter
    9. (about) nach + dat
    he inquired \after his uncle's health er erkundigte sich nach dem Befinden seines Onkels
    10. (in comparison to) verglichen mit + dat
    my children seem small \after his meine Kinder wirken klein verglichen mit seinen
    11.
    ▶ \after all (in spite of) trotz + dat
    \after all his efforts, he still failed the driving test trotz all seiner Bemühungen fiel er durch die Führerscheinprüfung
    he rang and told me that he couldn't come \after all er hat angerufen und mir gesagt, dass er doch nicht kommen könne; (giving reason) schließlich
    you are my husband, \after all du bist schließlich mein Mann
    she promised it, \after all sie hat es immerhin versprochen
    ▶ to be \after doing sth IRISH (going to do) dabei sein, etw zu tun; (just done) gerade etw getan haben
    II. conj nachdem
    I'll call you \after I take a shower ich rufe dich an, wenn ich geduscht habe
    right [or straight] [or immediately] \after sth unmittelbar nachdem...
    I went to the post office straight \after I left you ich bin direkt von dir zur Post gelaufen
    soon [or shortly] [or not long] \after sth kurz nachdem...
    soon \after we joined the motorway, the car started to make a strange noise wir waren noch nicht lange auf der Autobahn, da gab der Motor ein seltsames Geräusch von sich
    III. adv inv
    1. (at a later time) danach
    the day/week \after einen Tag/eine Woche danach [o darauf]
    shortly [or soon] \after kurz [o bald] darauf
    marriage, house, baby — and what comes \after? Hochzeit, Haus, Kinder — und was kommt dann?
    a mouse ran into the bushes and the cat ran \after eine Maus rannte in die Büsche und die Katze hinterher
    3. ( fam: afterwards) danach, nachher
    what are you going to do \after? was hast du danach noch vor?
    IV. adj inv, attr ( liter) später
    in \after years in späteren Jahren
    * * *
    I ['Aːftə(r)]
    adj attr (NAUT)
    Achter- II
    1. prep
    1) (time) nach (+dat)
    2) (order) nach (+dat), hinter (+dat); (in priorities etc) nach (+dat)

    I would put Keats after Shelley —

    after Germany, Japan is our biggest market — nach Deutschland ist Japan unser größter Markt

    3) (place) hinter (+dat)
    4) (= as a result of) nach (+dat)

    after what has happened — nach allem, was geschehen ist

    5)

    (= in spite of) to do sth after all — etw schließlich doch tun

    after all our efforts! — und das, nachdem or wo (inf) wir uns so viel Mühe gegeben haben!

    after all I've done for you! — und das nach allem, was ich für dich getan habe!

    after all, he is your brother —

    and to do this after I had warned him — und das, nachdem ich ihn gewarnt hatte

    6) (succession) nach (+dat)

    you tell me lie after lie — du erzählst mir eine Lüge nach der anderen, du belügst mich am laufenden Band

    one after the other — eine(r, s) nach der/dem anderen

    day after day —

    7) (manner = according to) nach (+dat)

    after El Greco — in der Art von El Greco, nach El Greco

    8)

    (pursuit, inquiry) to be after sb/sth — hinter jdm/etw her sein

    he's just after a free meal/a bit of excitement — er ist nur auf ein kostenloses Essen/ein bisschen Abwechslung aus

    2. adv
    (time, order) danach; (place, pursuit) hinterher

    for years/weeks after — noch Jahre/Wochen or jahrelang/wochenlang danach

    the year/week after — das Jahr/die Woche danach or darauf

    I'll be back some time the year after — ich komme irgendwann im Jahr danach or im darauffolgenden Jahr wieder

    soon after —

    what comes after? the car drove off with the dog running after — was kommt danach or nachher? das Auto fuhr los und der Hund rannte hinterher

    3. conj
    nachdem

    after he had closed the door he began to speak — nachdem er die Tür geschlossen hatte, begann er zu sprechen

    what will you do after he's gone? — was machst du, wenn er weg ist?

    after finishing it I will... — wenn ich das fertig habe, werde ich...

    after arriving they went... — nachdem sie angekommen waren, gingen sie...

    4. adj
    5. n afters
    6. pl (Brit inf)
    Nachtisch m
    * * *
    after [ˈɑːftə; US ˈæftər]
    A adv nachher, hinterher, danach, darauf, später:
    for months after noch monatelang;
    during the weeks after in den (nach)folgenden Wochen;
    that comes after das kommt nachher;
    shortly after kurz danach; → day Bes Redew
    B präp
    1. hinter (dat) … her, nach, hinter (dat):
    close the door after sb die Tür hinter jemandem zumachen;
    a) er kam hinter mir her,
    b) er kam nach mir;
    be after sb (sth) fig hinter jemandem (einer Sache) her sein;
    be after sth auch auf etwas aus sein, es auf etwas abgesehen haben;
    after you bitte nach Ihnen!; → go after, look after
    2. (zeitlich) nach:
    after a week auch nach Ablauf einer Woche;
    ten after five US 10 nach 5;
    day after day Tag für Tag;
    blow after blow Schlag auf Schlag;
    wave after wave Welle um Welle;
    the month after next der übernächste Monat;
    one after the other einer (eine, eines) nach dem (der, dem) andern, nacheinander, hintereinander;
    a) schließlich, im Grunde, eigentlich, alles in allem,
    b) immerhin, dennoch,
    c) (also) doch,
    d) doch (noch);
    I think I’ll stay at home after all ich bleibe doch lieber zu Haus;
    after all my trouble trotz aller meiner Mühe;
    after what has happened nach dem, was geschehen ist; → hour 5
    3. (im Range) nach:
    4. nach, gemäß:
    after his nature seinem Wesen gemäß;
    a picture after Rubens ein Gemälde nach oder im Stil von Rubens;
    after what you have told me nach dem, was Sie mir erzählt haben; → heart Bes Redew
    C adj
    1. später:
    2. hinter(er, e, es), SCHIFF Achter…:
    D konj nachdem:
    E s afters pl (auch als sg konstruiert) Br umg Nachtisch m:
    for afters als oder zum Nachtisch
    p. abk
    1. page S.
    2. part T.
    3. LING participle Part.
    4. past
    5. Br penny, pence
    6. per
    7. post, after
    * * *
    1. adverb
    1) (later) danach
    2) (behind) hinterher
    2. preposition
    1) (following in time, as result of) nach
    2) (behind) hinter (+ Dat.)

    what are you after? — was suchst du denn?; (to questioner) was willst du wirklich wissen?

    ask after somebody/something — nach jemandem/etwas fragen

    * * *
    adj.
    Hinter- Präfix adv.
    gemäß adv.
    hinterher (örtlich) adv.
    nachher adv. prep.
    nach präp.

    English-german dictionary > after

  • 6 War of Restoration

    (1641-68)
       After the revolution of 1 December 1640, when King João IV of Braganza overthrew Spanish rule and declared Portugal independent, Portugal and Spain fought a war that decided the fate of Portugal. The War of Restoration was fought between Spanish and Portuguese armies, assisted by foreign mercenaries and by Portugal's oldest ally, England. Portugal's 1640 Revolution and the war against Spain to maintain its reclaimed independence were supported as well by France during the 1610-59 period. After 1659, France gave no more assistance to Lisbon and cut off diplomatic relations. Portugal's great friend during this war, which was fought largely near the Luso-Spanish frontier or in Portugal in the flat Alentejo province, with no natural barriers to Spanish invasion, was thus England. This crucial alliance was reestablished in the Anglo-Portuguese treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661. Various truce and peace treaties, too, were signed with Holland, which was willing to side with Portugal, or at least be neutral, against Spain. Catalonia's prolonged rebellion against Spanish (Castilian) rule during Portugal's struggle played an important role in weakening Spain's effort to recover Portugal. At Ameixial, on 8 June 1663, a decisive battle in the war occurred, resulting in the defeat of the Spanish army and its withdrawal from Portugal. The Luso-Spanish Peace Treaty (1668) concluded the War.
        See also Peace treaty of 1668.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > War of Restoration

  • 7 after

    I prp употребляется при обозначении: 1. движения вслед за кем-либо, чем-либо: позади, за, вслед за; 2. последовательности событий: после, за, затем Русское наречие после соответствует английскому предлогу after (после чего-либо) и наречиям afterwards, then, later (потом, после того как):

    Это случилось сразу после войны. — It happened right after the war.

    Я скажу тебе об этом после. — I'll tell you about it later.

    Я сделаю работу, а после (затем, потом, и тогда) пойду гулять. — I'll do my work and then I'll go for a walk.

    II cj после того как (1). В придаточных предложениях времени, вводимых союзом after, формы будущего времени не употребляются, вместо них употребляются формы Present, Past Indefinite. К подобным союзам относятся также союзы as soon as, as long as, before, till, until, when, while:

    We shall discuss it as soon as he comes — Мы поговорим об этом, как только он придет.

    (2). After, как before и since, вводит придаточные предложения времени или причастные обороты, образованные активными и пассивными формами на - ing:

    After reading the story he went for a walk — Прочтя рассказ, он пошел погулять.

    After he told her the news she burst into tears — После того как он сообщил ей эту новость, она расплакалась.

    (3). Союзы after, before и since, в отличие от if, as if, although, until, when, не могут вводить оборот со страдательным причастием:

    He will come if (when) (но не after) invited — Он придет, если (когда) будет приглашен;

    He won't come until invited — Он не приедет, пока не будет приглашен.

    English-Russian word troubles > after

  • 8 after the war thousands of families had to be housed

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > after the war thousands of families had to be housed

  • 9 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 10 Gulf War

    noun
    Golfkrieg, der

    Gulf War syndrome — Golfkriegssyndrom, das

    * * *
    n
    1. (between Iran-Iraq 1980-88) [1.] Golfkrieg m
    2. (after invasion of Kuwait 1990) [2.] Golfkrieg m
    * * *
    noun
    Golfkrieg, der

    Gulf War syndrome — Golfkriegssyndrom, das

    English-german dictionary > Gulf War

  • 11 soon after the start of the match

    soon after the start of the match (war) вскоре после начала матча (войны)

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > soon after the start of the match

  • 12 Gulf War

    1) ( between Iran-Iraq 1980-88) [1.] Golfkrieg m
    2) ( after invasion of Kuwait 1990) [2.] Golfkrieg m

    English-German students dictionary > Gulf War

  • 13 immediately before the war

    immediately before (after) the war как раз перед войной (после войны)

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > immediately before the war

  • 14 Odysseus (In Greek mythology, a king of Ithaca and Greek leader in the Trojan War who after the war wanders 10 years before reaching home)

    Религия: Одиссей

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Odysseus (In Greek mythology, a king of Ithaca and Greek leader in the Trojan War who after the war wanders 10 years before reaching home)

  • 15 settlement of Europe after the War

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > settlement of Europe after the War

  • 16 the country enjoyed many years of quiet after the war

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the country enjoyed many years of quiet after the war

  • 17 the general prostration of business after the war

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the general prostration of business after the war

  • 18 the settlement of Europe after the War

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the settlement of Europe after the War

  • 19 immediately after the war

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > immediately after the war

  • 20 again, after the war ...

      • вновь после войны...

    English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > again, after the war ...

Страницы

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