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41 линька
molt, moult, moltingAbout a month or more after leaving the nest, fledglings begin to exchange the contour feathers of the head, back and belly for the so-called first-winter plumage. Occasionally, wing- and tail-feathers are partly replaced as well. As a result, the small feathers are the new ones in the first-winter plumage, while the bulk of wing- and tail-feathers are retained from the juvenile plumage .линька из гнездового наряда в первый зимний - post-juvenile molt (from juvenile plumage into first-winter one)сменять перья при линька - exchange feathers, replace feathersAbout two-thirds of birds that replace no primaries also do not replace any rectrices or other remiges .Русско-английский словарь по этологии (поведению животных) > линька
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42 Alpaca (Extract Wool)
Alpaca "wool" weft is obtained by disintegrating fabrics made of mixture materials, and may contain animal and vegetable fibres. The term is also applied to a lustre fabric woven with a cotton warp and alpaca wool weft, plain weave. When dyed in solid colours it is cross-dyed, the cotton warp being dyed before weaving, and the piece is piece-dyed after leaving the loom. The warp is usually 2/80's Egyptian. The cloth wears well and not liable to gather dust, so is used for linings and men's summer coats. A typical cloth is woven 56-in., 72 X 70, 2/80/ 28's alpaca. The true alpaca is a long, white or coloured smooth hair obtained from the Auchenia paco of South America (see Alpaca Wool)Dictionary of the English textile terms > Alpaca (Extract Wool)
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43 Alpacianos
An all-cotton fabric, piece-dyed after leaving the loom, probably averaging between 28 and 31-in. in width and about 25 yards in length. The name is probably of South American origin. -
44 Haiks
The dress worn by women of Morocco for outdoor use. Usually made 21/2 yards wide and 33/4 yards long and from wool, cotton or cotton and silk mixture fabric, according to price. The country women wear the cotton styles, which are white ground with blue or red stripes, very occasionally other colours. The better cloths are white. The fabrics are seldom treated after leaving the loom. -
45 Intermediate Frame
After leaving the draw frame, cotton is passed through a' series of flyer frames each of which drafts the cotton and produces silvers which are progressively finer in counts in the following order; slubbing, intermediate, roving and jack frames. The intermediate is the second of the series and is usually fed by two slubbing bobbins for each intermediate spindle.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Intermediate Frame
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46 Linen Crash
An all-linen fabric, woven from coarse yarns which is made 24 ends and 24 picks per inch, 22's lea warp and weft. A similar cloth is made for dress purposes in which a flake weft is used - The weft is red and green flakes. These fabrics only require pressing after leaving the loom. A feature of the fabric is the irregularity of the yarn.
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47 Looker-Over
LOOKER-OVER, PERCHER, or PASSEROperatives in woollen and worsted mills who examine the woven pieces after leaving the loom and mark with chalk all faults which can be repaired during the subsequent processes of picking, hurling and mending. When dyed and finished the pieces are again examined (see Perching) -
48 Percher
LOOKER-OVER, PERCHER, or PASSEROperatives in woollen and worsted mills who examine the woven pieces after leaving the loom and mark with chalk all faults which can be repaired during the subsequent processes of picking, hurling and mending. When dyed and finished the pieces are again examined (see Perching) -
49 Passer
LOOKER-OVER, PERCHER, or PASSEROperatives in woollen and worsted mills who examine the woven pieces after leaving the loom and mark with chalk all faults which can be repaired during the subsequent processes of picking, hurling and mending. When dyed and finished the pieces are again examined (see Perching) -
50 Roughers
Operators in flax preparations who comb the fibres by hand through a coarse hackle in order to separate short and irregular fibres and level the ends. This operation is only necessary when the flax has been badly handled by the puller and scutcher. The roughers' tools consist of a coarse hackle and a " touch pin." ———————— The term given to woollen cloths just after leaving the loom, as they usually appear to be rough. Finishing takes the rough, fuzzy look off the fabrics. -
51 Lewin, Kurt
(1890–1947) Gen MgtGermanborn social psychologist. Known for studies of leadership styles and group decision making, developer of force field analysis with a linked change management model, pioneer of action research and the T-Group (see sensitivity training) approach.Lewin was a professor of philosophy and psychology at Berlin University until 1932 when he fled from the Nazis to the United States. He was professor of child psychology at the Child Welfare Research Station in Iowa until 1944. After leaving Iowa, Lewin worked at MIT, with Douglas McGregor among others, founding a research center for group dynamics. -
52 Blackett, William Cuthbert
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 18 November 1859 Durham, Englandd. 13 June 1935 Durham, England[br]English mine manager, expert in preventing mine explosions and inventor of a coal-face conveyor.[br]After leaving Durham college of Physical Science and having been apprenticed in different mines, he received the certificate for colliery managers and subsequently, in 1887, was appointed Manager of all the mines of Charlaw and Sacriston collieries in Durham. He remained in this position for the rest of his working life.Frequent explosions in mines led him to investigate the causes. He was among the first to recognize the role contributed by coal-dust on mine roads, pioneered the use of inert rock-or stone-dust to render the coal-dust harmless and was the originator of many technical terms on the subject. He contributed many papers on explosion and was appointed a member of many advisory committees on prevention measures. A liquid-air rescue apparatus, designed by him and patented in 1910, was installed in various parts of the country.Blackett also developed various new devices in mining machinery. He patented a wire-rope socket which made use of a metal wedge; invented a rotary tippler driven by frictional contact instead of gearing and which stopped automatically; and he designed a revolving cylindrical coal-washer, which also gained interest among German mining engineers. His most important invention, the first successful coal-face conveyor, was patented in 1902. It was driven by compressed air and consisted of a trough running along the length of the race through which ran an endless scraper chain. Thus fillers cast the coal into the trough, and the scraper chain drew it to the main gate to be loaded into trams.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight of Grace of the Order of St John of Jerusalem. OBE. Honorary MSc University of Durham; Honorary LLD University of Birmingham. Honorary Member, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. Honorary Member, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Royal Humane Society Medal.Further ReadingTransactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers (1934–5) 89:339–41.Mining Association of Great Britain (ed.), 1924, Historical Review of Coal Mining London (describes early mechanical devices for the extraction of coal).WKBiographical history of technology > Blackett, William Cuthbert
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53 Bond, George Meade
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 17 July 1852 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USAd. 6 January 1935 Hartford, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and metrologist, co-developer of the Rogers- Bond Comparator.[br]After leaving school at the age of 17, George Bond taught in local schools for a few years before starting an apprenticeship in a machine shop in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He then worked as a machinist with Phoenix Furniture Company in that city until his savings permitted him to enter the Stevens Institute of Technology at Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1876. He graduated with the degree of Mechanical Engineer in 1880. In his final year he assisted William A.Rogers, Professor of Astronomy at Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, in the design of a comparator for checking standards of length. In 1880 he joined the Pratt \& Whitney Company, Hartford, Connecticut, and was Manager of the Standards and Gauge Department from then until 1902. During this period he developed cylindrical, calliper, snap, limit, thread and other gauges. He also designed the Bond Standard Measuring Machine. Bond was elected a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1881 and of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1887, and served on many of their committees relating to standards and units of measurement.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1908–10. Honorary degrees of DEng, Stevens Institute of Technology 1921, and MSc, Trinity College, Hartford, 1927.Bibliography1881. "Standard measurements", Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2:81.1882. "A standard gauge system", Transactions of the American Society of MechanicalEngineers 3:122.1886, "Standard pipe and pipe threads", Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 7:311.1887. Standards of Length and Their Practical Application, Hartford.Further Reading"Report of the Committee on Standards and Gauges", 1883, Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 4:21–9 (describes the Rogers-Bond Comparator).RTS -
54 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
[br]b. 26 January 1885 London, Englandd. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England[br]English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.[br]Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.Bibliography1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.Further ReadingSir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.JBBiographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
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55 Vail, Alfred Lewis
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 25 September 1807 Morristown, New Jersey, USAd. 18 January 1859 Morristown, New Jersey, USA[br]American telegraph pioneer and associate of Samuel Morse; widely credited with the invention of "Morse" code.[br]After leaving school, Vail was initially employed at his father's ironworks in Morristown, but he then decided to train for the Presbyterian ministry, graduating from New York City University in 1836. Unfortunately, he was then obliged to abandon his chosen career because of ill health. He accidentally met Samuel Morse not long afterwards, and he became interested in the latter's telegraph experiments; in return for a share of the rights, he agreed to construct apparatus and finance the filing of US and foreign patents. Working in Morristown with Morse and Leonard Gale, and with financial backing from his father, Vail constructed around his father's plant a telegraph with 3 miles (4.8 km) of wire. It is also possible that he, rather than Morse, was largely responsible for devising the so-called Morse code, a series of dot and dash codes representing the letters of the alphabet, and in which the simplest codes were chosen for those letters found to be most numerous in a case of printer's type. This system was first demonstrated on 6 January 1838 and there were subsequent public demonstrations in New York and Philadelphia. Eventually Congress authorized an above-ground line between Washington and Baltimore, and on 24 May 1844 the epoch-making message "What hath God wrought?" was transmitted.Vail remained with Morse for a further four years, but he gradually lost interest in telegraphy and resigned, receiving no credit for his important contribution.[br]BibliographyThe Magnetic Telegraph.Further Reading1845, American Electrotelegraph 135.J.J.Fahie, 1884, A History of the Electric Telegraph to the Year 1837, London: E\&F Spon.KF -
56 قوم
قَوَّمَ \ correct: to put right; mark the mistakes in written work: Correct me if I’m wrong. The teacher is correcting our books. put right: to correct (an injustice, a mistake, a fault, etc.): I must put that clock right, because it shows the wrong time. rectify: to correct; make right (a mistake, an injustice, etc.). reform: to change and improve: After leaving prison he decided reform (his character or behaviour). right: to put (sth.) right or upright again: I hope your troubles will soon right themselves. straighten: to make or become straight. \ See Also صحح (صَحَّحَ) -
57 هذب
هَذَّبَ \ reform: to change and improve: After leaving prison he decided reform (his character or behaviour). trim: to make neat by cutting: My hair needs trimming. -
58 correct
قَوَّمَ \ correct: to put right; mark the mistakes in written work: Correct me if I’m wrong. The teacher is correcting our books. put right: to correct (an injustice, a mistake, a fault, etc.): I must put that clock right, because it shows the wrong time. rectify: to correct; make right (a mistake, an injustice, etc.). reform: to change and improve: After leaving prison he decided reform (his character or behaviour). right: to put (sth.) right or upright again: I hope your troubles will soon right themselves. straighten: to make or become straight. \ See Also صحح (صَحَّحَ) -
59 put right
قَوَّمَ \ correct: to put right; mark the mistakes in written work: Correct me if I’m wrong. The teacher is correcting our books. put right: to correct (an injustice, a mistake, a fault, etc.): I must put that clock right, because it shows the wrong time. rectify: to correct; make right (a mistake, an injustice, etc.). reform: to change and improve: After leaving prison he decided reform (his character or behaviour). right: to put (sth.) right or upright again: I hope your troubles will soon right themselves. straighten: to make or become straight. \ See Also صحح (صَحَّحَ) -
60 rectify
قَوَّمَ \ correct: to put right; mark the mistakes in written work: Correct me if I’m wrong. The teacher is correcting our books. put right: to correct (an injustice, a mistake, a fault, etc.): I must put that clock right, because it shows the wrong time. rectify: to correct; make right (a mistake, an injustice, etc.). reform: to change and improve: After leaving prison he decided reform (his character or behaviour). right: to put (sth.) right or upright again: I hope your troubles will soon right themselves. straighten: to make or become straight. \ See Also صحح (صَحَّحَ)
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