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1 государство государств·о
state; (страна) country, nationбыть гражданином / подданным какого-л. государства — to be a subject of a state
не признавать какое-л. государство — to withhold recognition from a state; not to recognize a state
основать / создать государство — to establish / to set up a state
признать какое-л. государство — to extend recognition to a state, to recognize a state
руководить государством — to guide / to run a state
аккредитующее государство — accrediting / sending state
давать право поднимать флаг и эмблему аккредитующего государства — to authorize the flying of the flag and the emblem of the sending state
бенефицирующее государство, государство, предоставляющее помощь — granting state
демократическое государство, основанное на конституции — democratic state based on a Constitution
зависимое государство — dependent / servile / tributary state / country
заинтересованные государства — interested states, states concerned
замкнутое шельфом государство (не имеющее непосредственного выхода к морскому дну, т. к. этот выход перекрыт шельфом другой страны) — shelf-locked country
литоральное / прибрежное государство — coastal / littoral / riparian state
миролюбивое государство — peace-loving state / nation
названное / указанное государство — state in question
направляющее / посылающее государство — sending state
независимое государство — independent state, independency
нейтральное государство — neutral state, neutral
неядерные государства, государства, не обладающие ядерным оружием — nonnuclear states, (nonnuclear) have-nots
побеждённое государство — vanquished power / state
пограничное государство — circumjacent state, border / bordering state
государство, подписавшееся и присоединившееся (к договору) — signatory and acceding state
"пороговое" государство (способное создать собственное ядерное оружие) — threshold / near nuclear state
правовое государство — law-governed / ruled state, state committed to the rule of law; legal state
принимающее государство — headquarters / host / receiving / admitting state
"прифронтовые" государства — front-line states
противолежащие государства, государства, расположенные друг против друга — opposite states
союзное государство — allied / Union state
федеративное государство — federal state, federative nation
ядерные государства — nuclear powers / states, haves
государство в государстве — imperium in imperio лат.; state within a state
государство, выступающее за сохранение смертной казни — retentionist state
государство, извлекающее / получающее выгоду от договора — state benefiting from a treaty
государства, имеющие материальные богатства — haves
государство, имеющее морскую границу — maritime state
государство, имеющее право быть участником договора — state entitled to become a party to the treaty
государство, которое приобретает территорию — acquiring state
государство, которое уступает территорию — ceding state
государство а, между которыми возник конфликт / спор — states at variance
государство, нарушившее договор — defaulting state
государства, находящиеся в состоянии войны / вооружённого конфликта — the belligerents, belligerent states / powers
государство, находящееся под протекторатом — state under the protectorate, protected state
государство, находящееся под сюзеренитетом — state under the suzerainty
государства, не входящие в данную международную организацию, государства, не являющиеся членами данной международной организации — nonmember states
государство, не имеющее выхода к морю — sea-locked state
государства, не имеющие материальных богатств — have-nots
государство, не имеющее морского берега / морской границы — states with no / having no sea-coast
государство, не сделавшее оговорки — nonreserving state
государства, не участвующие в конфликте — states not parties to a conflict
государство, не являющееся членом (организации, союза и т.п.) — nonmember state
государство, опирающееся (при проведении своей политики) на баланс сил — balancer разг.
государство, осуществляющее опеку — trustee
государство, отменившее смертную казнь — abolitionist state
государство, подписывающее договор / соглашение вместе с другими государствами — co-signatory
государство, подписавшее международное соглашение — signatory state; signatory
государство пребывания — state of residence, headquarters / host / receiving state
государство против Смита юр. — Crown vs Smith англ.
государство, совершившее противоправное действие — offending state
государства с различными социально-политическими системами — states with different social and political systems
руководство государства — leadership / headship of a state
статус государства — stal hood, nationhood
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > государство государств·о
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2 соседние государства
1) General subject: neighbouring countries, the neighbour states2) Diplomatic term: adjacent states, circumjacent statesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > соседние государства
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3 смежные государства
Diplomatic term: adjacent statesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > смежные государства
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4 ἐφόριος
A bordering on,Ῥωμαίων App.BC5.9
; on the border or frontier, ἀγορὰ ἐ., where the people of adjacent states met for market and other purposes, IG12.115.27 ( = D.23.37);ἐ. πόλεις Aristid.Or.26(14).81
;στήλη Poll.9.8
; δένδρα prob. in Ostr.Strassb. 772 (ii A. D.).II ἐφόρια, τά, boundaries, PFay.23 (a).5 (ii A. D.).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐφόριος
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5 смежный
adjacent, adjoining; (с тв.) contiguous (to)смежный угол мат. — adjacent angle
смежные государства — adjoining / neighbouring states
смежное предприятие эк. — co-operating plant / enterprise
♢
смежные понятия — closely-related concepts -
6 confinante
neighbo(u)ring* * *confinante agg. neighbouring (attr.); adjoining (attr.); contiguous (to sthg.), adjacent (to sthg.); bordering (on sthg.) (anche fig.): giardino confinante con un'altra proprietà, garden bordering on somebody else's land; paesi, poderi confinanti, neighbouring villages, lands; (dir.) terreno confinante con un fiume, riparian tenement; confinante col ridicolo, bordering on the ridiculous◆ s.m. e f. neighbour.* * *[konfi'nante]aggettivo [terra, provincia, stanza, costruzione] adjoining, adjacent* * *confinante/konfi'nante/[terra, provincia, stanza, costruzione] adjoining, adjacent; stati -i neighbour states. -
7 estado árabe
(n.) = Arab stateEx. In the last decade, however, remarkable progress has been achieved in peace negotiations among Israel, the Palestinians, and adjacent Arab states.* * *(n.) = Arab stateEx: In the last decade, however, remarkable progress has been achieved in peace negotiations among Israel, the Palestinians, and adjacent Arab states.
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8 nación árabe
(n.) = Arab stateEx. In the last decade, however, remarkable progress has been achieved in peace negotiations among Israel, the Palestinians, and adjacent Arab states.* * *(n.) = Arab stateEx: In the last decade, however, remarkable progress has been achieved in peace negotiations among Israel, the Palestinians, and adjacent Arab states.
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9 negociaciones de paz
(n.) = peace negotiations, peace talksEx. In the last decade, however, remarkable progress has been achieved in peace negotiations among Israel, the Palestinians, and adjacent Arab states.Ex. Topics covered include the Bosnia peace talks, hot-air balloons, salt production, and the North American prairie ecosystem.* * *(n.) = peace negotiations, peace talksEx: In the last decade, however, remarkable progress has been achieved in peace negotiations among Israel, the Palestinians, and adjacent Arab states.
Ex: Topics covered include the Bosnia peace talks, hot-air balloons, salt production, and the North American prairie ecosystem. -
10 vecino
adj.1 nearby, neighboring, contiguous, bordering.2 similar.m.neighbor, neighbour, person living next door.* * *► adjetivo1 nearby, next, neighbouring (US neighboring)► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (del barrio) neighbour (US neighbor)2 (residente) resident3 (habitante) inhabitant* * *1. (f. - vecina)noun1) neighbor2) resident, inhabitant2. (f. - vecina)adj.* * *vecino, -a1. ADJ1) (=cercano) neighbouring, neighboring (EEUU)se fue a vivir a un pueblo vecino — he went to live in a neighbouring o nearby village
2) (=contiguo)3) frm (=parecido) similar2. SM/ F1) [de edificio, calle] neighbour, neighbor (EEUU)vecino/a de rellano — next-door neighbour (in a block of flats)
2) (=habitante) [de un pueblo] inhabitant; [de un barrio] residentun vecino de la calle Corredera — a resident of o a person who lives in Corredera street
* * *I- na adjetivoa) ( contiguo) neighboring*vecino a algo — bordering on something, adjoining something
b) ( cercano) neighboring*, nearbyII- na masculino, femeninoa) ( persona que vive cerca) neighbor*b) (habitante - de población, municipio) inhabitant; (- de barrio, edificio) resident* * *= neighbour [neighbor, -USA], neighbouring [neighboring, -USA], resident.Ex. Following our examples, the neighbors decide that they can provide the lower-cost food service to the wider community by buying in even larger quantities, and in the process make a profit for themselves.Ex. The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.Ex. Since they were operated as part of the local authority, they achieved little credibility with residents.----* amabilidad entre vecinos = over-the-fence friendliness.* asociación de vecinos = residents' association, urban residents' association, neighbourhood association.* comunidad de vecinos = housing association.* cordialidad entre vecinos = neighbourliness [neighborliness, -USA].* cualquier hijo de vecino = any Tom, Dick or Harry.* de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].* material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.* no ser menos que el vecino = keep up with + the Joneses.* nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.* todo hijo de vecino = every Tom, Dick and Harry.* vecino del pueblo = villager, village man, village woman.* vecinos del pueblo = village people.* vecinos, los = Joneses, the.* * *I- na adjetivoa) ( contiguo) neighboring*vecino a algo — bordering on something, adjoining something
b) ( cercano) neighboring*, nearbyII- na masculino, femeninoa) ( persona que vive cerca) neighbor*b) (habitante - de población, municipio) inhabitant; (- de barrio, edificio) resident* * *= neighbour [neighbor, -USA], neighbouring [neighboring, -USA], resident.Ex: Following our examples, the neighbors decide that they can provide the lower-cost food service to the wider community by buying in even larger quantities, and in the process make a profit for themselves.
Ex: The philosophical, brooding Hippopotamians have suffered many attacks by the neighbouring Crocs who are well known for their purposefulness and efficiency.Ex: Since they were operated as part of the local authority, they achieved little credibility with residents.* amabilidad entre vecinos = over-the-fence friendliness.* asociación de vecinos = residents' association, urban residents' association, neighbourhood association.* comunidad de vecinos = housing association.* cordialidad entre vecinos = neighbourliness [neighborliness, -USA].* cualquier hijo de vecino = any Tom, Dick or Harry.* de buen vecino = neighbourly [neighborly, -USA].* material documental de interés para los vecinos del barrio = community literature.* no ser menos que el vecino = keep up with + the Joneses.* nuevo vecino del barrio = new kid on the block.* todo hijo de vecino = every Tom, Dick and Harry.* vecino del pueblo = villager, village man, village woman.* vecinos del pueblo = village people.* vecinos, los = Joneses, the.* * *A1 (contiguo) neighboring*los países vecinos the neighboring countriesvecino A algo bordering ON sth, adjoining sthla finca vecina a la suya the property bordering on his o adjoining his, the next o the adjacent property2 (cercano) neighboring*, nearbyera de un pueblo vecino she was from a neighboring o nearby villageB (similar) ‹ideas/posiciones› similarmasculine, feminine1 (habitante, residente — de una población, un municipio) inhabitant; (— de un barrio, edificio) residentla colaboración de todos los vecinos de Atlanta the cooperation of all the inhabitants of Atlanta o of everyone who lives in Atlantala comunidad de vecinos the residents' association2 (persona que vive cerca) neighbor*ayer vi a tu vecina I saw your neighbor yesterday, I saw the woman who lives next door to you yesterdaymi vecino de al lado my next-door neighbormiles de vecinos de la fábrica thousands of people who live near the factory* * *
vecino◊ -na adjetivo
vecino a algo bordering on sth, adjoining sth
■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
(— de barrio, edificio) resident
vecino,-a
I sustantivo masculino y femenino
1 (de una casa, barrio) neighbour, US neighbor
2 (de una población) resident
Juan Gómez, vecino de la villa de Madrid, Juan Gómez, resident in Madrid
II adjetivo
1 (países, ciudades) neighbouring, US neighboring
(próximo, cercano) nearby
2 (semejante) close, similar
' vecino' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amargura
- robar
- vecina
English:
argument
- auction
- burglarize
- gossip
- howl
- loaded
- local
- neighbor
- neighboring
- neighbour
- neighbouring
- next
- resident
- villager
* * *vecino, -a♦ adj1. [cercano] neighbouring;lo trajeron de un pueblo vecino they brought it from a neighbouring village2. [contiguo] neighbouring;el país vecino the neighbouring country;vecino a next to;una tienda vecina al restaurante a shop next (door) to o adjacent to the restaurant3. [parecido] similar♦ nm,f1. [de la misma casa, calle] neighbour;es mi vecino he's a neighbour of mine;Méx Famel vecino del norte our northern neighbour [the United States]2. [habitante] [de un barrio] resident;[de una localidad] inhabitant;las asociaciones de vecinos the residents' associations;una localidad de 500 vecinos a village of 500 inhabitants;Juan García, vecino de Guadalajara Juan García of Guadalajara* * *I adj neighboring, Brneighbouring;país vecino neighboring countryII m, vecina f neighbor, Brneighbour* * *vecino, -na n1) : neighbor2) : resident, inhabitant* * *vecino1 adj neighbouringvecino2 n neighbour -
11 смежный
1) ( примыкающий) adjacent [ə'ʤeɪ-], adjoining; (с тв.) contiguous (to)сме́жные ко́мнаты — adjoining rooms
сме́жный у́гол мат. — adjacent angle
сме́жные госуда́рства — adjoining / neighbouring states
2) ( находящийся в тесной связи с чем-л) (closely) relatedсме́жное предприя́тие эк. — co-operating plant / enterprise
сме́жные нау́ки — allied / related sciences
сме́жные поня́тия — closely-related concepts
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12 norte
adj.north, northern.viento norte north winden la mitad norte del país in the northern half of the countrypartieron con rumbo norte they set off northwardsm.1 north (geography).viento del norte north windir hacia el norte to go north(wards)el norte de España northern Spain, the north of Spainestá al norte de Madrid it's (to the) north of Madrid2 goal, objective (objetivo).perder el norte to lose one's bearings o way3 guide.* * *1 north2 (viento) northerly wind\perder el norte to lose sight of one's objectives, lose one's waysin norte aimlessnorte magnético magnetic North* * *1. noun m. 2. adj.* * *1.ADJ [región] northern; [dirección] northerly; [viento] northla zona norte de la ciudad — the northern part of the city, the north of the city
2. SM1) (=punto cardinal) north2) [de región, país] north3) (=viento) north wind4) (=meta) aim, objectiveperder el norte — to lose one's way, go astray
5) Caribe (=Estados Unidos) ≈ United States6) Caribe (=llovizna) drizzle* * *Ien la parte norte del país — in the northern part o the north of the country
iban en dirección norte — they were heading north o northward(s)
IIla costa/el ala norte — the north coast/wind
a) (parte, sector)b) ( punto cardinal) north, Northcaminaron hacia el Norte — they walked north o northward(s)
c) ( rumbo)* * *Ien la parte norte del país — in the northern part o the north of the country
iban en dirección norte — they were heading north o northward(s)
IIla costa/el ala norte — the north coast/wind
a) (parte, sector)b) ( punto cardinal) north, Northcaminaron hacia el Norte — they walked north o northward(s)
c) ( rumbo)* * *norte11 = north.Ex: Short-loans could move adjacent to the main issue desk at the south by moving furniture, or at the north by rearranging the catalogue.
* al extremo norte = northernmost.* al norte de = north of.* al norte del estado = upstate.* Carolina del Norte = North Carolina.* Corea del Norte = North Korea.* del norte = northern, Hyperborean.* derecho hacia al norte = due north.* directamente hacia el norte = due north.* en dirección norte = northbound.* en el norte del estado = upstate.* Europa del norte = northern Europe.* exactamente al norte = due north.* hacia el norte = northbound.* Hemisferio Norte, el = Northern Hemisphere, the.* Irlanda del Norte = Northern Ireland.* Mar del Norte, el = North Sea, the.* norte de América = northern America.* norte de Europa = northern Europe.* norte del Pacífico = North Pacific.* OTAN (Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte) = NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).* Polo Norte, el = North Pole, the.norte22 = sense of purpose, goal.Nota: Línea fundamental de actuación que un servicio bibliotecario pretende conseguir y que generalmente se descompone en objetivos particulares.Ex: This article argues that those in leadership roles bear a special responsibility for creating a sense of purpose in the organisation.
Ex: Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.* perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.* sin norte = aimless, off course, rudderless.* * *[ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› northernen la parte norte del país in the northern part of the country, in the north of the countryiban en dirección norte they were heading north o northward(s), they were heading in a northerly directionla costa norte de África the north coast of Africala cara norte de la montaña the north o northern face of the mountainel Atlántico norte the North Atlantic(parte, sector): el norte the northen el norte del país in the north of the countryviven al norte de Matagalpa they live (to the) north of Matagalpaestá en el norte de África it is in North Africa2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (punto cardinal) north, Northla aguja señala hacia el/al Norte the needle points northvientos flojos del Norte light northerly winds, light winds from the northestas avenidas van de Norte a Sur these avenues run north-southcaminaron hacia el Norte they walked north o northward(s)la casa da/está orientada al norte the house faces northestá más al norte it's further north3(meta): su único norte es progresar en su carrera his sole aim is to further his careerel norte que guía nuestros pasos the light which guides our steps ( liter)perder el norte de la realidad to lose sight of reality4diálogo Norte-Sur North-South dialogue5Norte (en bridge) North* * *
Multiple Entries:
N.
norte
N. (
norte adjetivo invariable ‹ región› northern;
‹costa/ala› north ( before n);◊ iban en dirección norte they were heading north o northward(s)
■ sustantivo masculino
north, North;
al norte de Matagalpa to the north of Matagalpa;
vientos del Nnorte northerly winds;
caminaron hacia el Nnorte they walked north o northward(s);
la casa da al norte the house faces north
norte sustantivo masculino
1 north: está en el norte de España, it is in the north of Spain
2 (viento) north wind
3 (meta, aspiración) aim, goal
♦ Locuciones: perder el norte, to lose one's bearings o to be at a loss (about what to do): ha perdido el norte, ya no sabe qué hacer, he's lost his bearings, he doesn't know how to go on
' norte' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
América
- barrer
- Corea del Norte
- darse
- estar
- feudo
- Irlanda
- limitar
- mirar
- orientar
- OTAN
- polo
- señalar
- hemisferio
- ladera
- moro
- N.
- Norteamérica
- norteamericano
- por
- rumbo
- tomar
English:
blow
- equator
- extend
- N
- NATO
- north
- North America
- North Korea
- North Pole
- northern
- Northern Ireland
- northward
- Pole
- prospect
- sea
- tell
- to
- up
- aimless
- direction
- due
- face
- -facing
- head
- northerly
- pole
- trouble
- true
- uptown
* * *♦ adj inv[posición, parte] north, northern;viento norte north wind;la cara norte de la montaña the north face of the mountain;la costa norte the north coast;habrá tiempo soleado en la mitad norte del país it will be sunny in the northern half of the country;partieron con rumbo norte they set off northwards;un frente frío que se desplaza en dirección norte a cold front moving north o northwards♦ nm1. [zona] north;está al norte de Santiago it's (to the) north of Santiago;la fachada da al norte the front of the building faces north;viento del norte north wind;habrá lluvias en el norte (del país) there will be rain in the north (of the country);ir hacia el norte to go north(wards);el Norte de África North Africanorte geográfico true north;el norte magnético magnetic north4. [punto cardinal] north5. [viento] north wind6. [objetivo] goal, objective;perder el norte to lose one's bearings o way* * *m north;al norte de north of;perder el norte fig lose one’s way* * *norte adj: north, northernnorte nm1) : north2) : north wind3) meta: aim, objective* * *norte n north -
13 aldameneko
il.2. bere \aldamenekoarekin egin zuen topa he drank a toast with the one next to him il.1. side, lateral; \aldameneko gela in an {adjoining || adjacent} room | in a room on the side -
14 Botany Wools
(1) All fine Australian wools are better known in Great Britain as Botany wools, and the term is used extensively in the United States. The name is taken from the harbour called Botany Bay, which is located on the eastern coast of Australia, in the State of New South Wales. The district adjacent to this bay is noted for the production of fine wools (2) General term for all classes of fine wool. They are sorted according to counts they will spin, without any other names. -
15 длительный допустимый ток
(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]
Этот ток обозначают IZ
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]EN
(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]
ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]FR
courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:
- its insulation temperature rating;
- conductor electrical properties for current;
- frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
- ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
- ambient temperature.
Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.
The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.
In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.
Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.
The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.
For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.
Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.
When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:- Wires
- Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
- Fuses
- Circuit breakers
- All or nearly all components used
Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]
Тематики
- электротехника, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
- Strombelastbarkeit, f
FR
- courant admissible, m
- courant permanent admissible, m
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > длительный допустимый ток
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16 НКУ с защитой от воздействия электрической дуги
- internal arc-proof switchgear and controlgear assemblу
- arc-resistant switchgear
- arc-proof switchgear
- arc-proof switchboard
- arc-proof low voltage switchgear and controlgear assembly
НКУ с защитой от воздействия электрической дуги
комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
низковольтное комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
НКУ распределения и управления с защитой от электрической дуги
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[Интент]EN
arc-resistant switchgear
A type of switchgear design which is designed to withstand the effects of an internal arcing fault, without causing harm to personnel who are located in defined areas. It is not intended to withstand these internal arcing fault without possibly causing physical damage to the structure and/or components, but often the physical damage is less with an arc-resistant design.
There are three classes of protection:
Type A - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front of the switchgear during an internal arcing fault,
Type B - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front and sides of the switchgear during an internal arcing fault,
Type C - eliminates the emission of gases and particles from the front and sides of the switchgear, from between compartments within the same cell, and between adjacent cells during an internal arcing fault.
Arc-resistant switchgear has traditionally been metal-clad, but the basic concept could also be applied to other types of switchgear as well.
arc-proof switchgear
An incorrect term. Please refer to arc-resistant switchgear
[Schneider Electric]
[ http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/glossary-of-medium-voltage-switchgear-terms]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
If the electric arc occurs inside LV switchgear it generates internal overpressures and results in local overheatings which may cause high mechanical and thermal stresses in the equipment.
Besides, the involved materials can generate hot decomposition products, gases or fumes, which, due to the overpressure, are almost always ejected to the outside of the enclosure thus jeopardizing the operator safety.
The European Directive 2006/95/EC states the fundamental safety requirements for low voltage electric materials (from 50 V to 1000 V in alternating current, from 75 V to 1500 V in continuos current) to be put on the market within the European Community.
Among the essential safety requirements defined by this Directive particular importance is given to the need of taking technical measures to prevent “temperature rises, electric arcs or radiations which may result in hazards” from occurring.
This aspect has always been highly considered for apparatus, but it has been wrongly neglected for electrical switchgear and only in the last 10-15 years it has been catching on both at Italian as well as at international level.
Safety for the operator and for the installation in case of arcing inside LV switchgear can be obtained through three different design philosophies:
1. assemblies mechanically capable of withstanding the electric arc (passive protection)
2. assemblies equipped with devices limiting the effects of internal arcing (active protection)
3. assemblies equipped with current limiting circuitbreakers.
These three solutions (also combined together) have found a remakable development in the industrial field and have been successfully applied by the main manufacturers of LV switchgear and controlgear assemblies.
As it can be seen hereafter by examining the first two solutions, an “active” protection against arc faults is intrinsecally more complex than a “passive” one.
This because of the presence of additional electromechanical/ electronic devices5 which limit the arcing effects and which, by their nature, may be subject to faults or not-tripping.
[ABB]Дуга, возникшая внутри НКУ, создает внутреннее избыточное давление и вызывает локальный перегрев, что может привести к воздействию на оборудование значительного механического напряжения и перепада температур.
Кроме того, под воздействием дуги различные материалы разлагаются на продукты, имеющие высокую температуру, в том числе газы и дым, которые почти всегда вырываются из оболочки НКУ под высоким давлением, подвергая опасности оперативный персонал.
Европейская директива 2006/95/EC определяет основные требования безопасности для низковольтного (от 50 до 1000 В переменного тока и от 75 до 1500 В постоянного тока) оборудования поставляемого на рынок Европейского Сообщества.
Одно из основных требований безопасности, определяемое данной директивой как наиболее важное, заключается в необходимости предпринять технические меры для предотвращения "подъема температуры, возникновения электрической дуги или излучения", которые могут причинить ущерб.
Данная проблема всегда учитывалась при создании различных аппаратов, но незаслуженно игнорировалась при разработке электрических комплектных устройств, и только в последние 10-15 лет ей стали уделять должное внимание как в Италии, так и во всем мире.
При возникновении электрической дуги внутри НКУ безопасность оператора и электроустановки обеспечивается тремя способами:
1. Конструкция НКУ должна выдерживать механические воздействия, возникающие при горении электрической дуги (пассивная защита).
2. НКУ должно быть оснащено устройствами, ограничивающими воздействие электрической дуги (активная защита)
3. НКУ должны быть оснащены токоограничивающими автоматическими выключателями.
Указанные три способа (применяемые совместно) получили дальнейшее развитие в промышленности и успешно применяются основными изготовителями НКУ распределения и управления.
Как будет показано далее при рассмотрении первых двух способов, активная защита от дуговых» неисправностей является более сложной, чем пассивная защита.
Это объясняется необходимостью использования дополнительных электромеханических или электронных устройств, задачей которых является ограничение воздействий дуги и которые сами могут оказаться неисправными и не сработать.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
Синонимы
- комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
- низковольтное комплектное устройство с защитой от электрической дуги
- НКУ распределения и управления с защитой от электрической дуги
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > НКУ с защитой от воздействия электрической дуги
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