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  • 101 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

    [br]
    b. 9 April 1806 Portsea, Hampshire, England
    d. 15 September 1859 18 Duke Street, St James's, London, England
    [br]
    English civil and mechanical engineer.
    [br]
    The son of Marc Isambard Brunel and Sophia Kingdom, he was educated at a private boarding-school in Hove. At the age of 14 he went to the College of Caen and then to the Lycée Henri-Quatre in Paris, after which he was apprenticed to Louis Breguet. In 1822 he returned from France and started working in his father's office, while spending much of his time at the works of Maudslay, Sons \& Field.
    From 1825 to 1828 he worked under his father on the construction of the latter's Thames Tunnel, occupying the position of Engineer-in-Charge, exhibiting great courage and presence of mind in the emergencies which occurred not infrequently. These culminated in January 1828 in the flooding of the tunnel and work was suspended for seven years. For the next five years the young engineer made abortive attempts to find a suitable outlet for his talents, but to little avail. Eventually, in 1831, his design for a suspension bridge over the River Avon at Clifton Gorge was accepted and he was appointed Engineer. (The bridge was eventually finished five years after Brunel's death, as a memorial to him, the delay being due to inadequate financing.) He next planned and supervised improvements to the Bristol docks. In March 1833 he was appointed Engineer of the Bristol Railway, later called the Great Western Railway. He immediately started to survey the route between London and Bristol that was completed by late August that year. On 5 July 1836 he married Mary Horsley and settled into 18 Duke Street, Westminster, London, where he also had his office. Work on the Bristol Railway started in 1836. The foundation stone of the Clifton Suspension Bridge was laid the same year. Whereas George Stephenson had based his standard railway gauge as 4 ft 8½ in (1.44 m), that or a similar gauge being usual for colliery wagonways in the Newcastle area, Brunel adopted the broader gauge of 7 ft (2.13 m). The first stretch of the line, from Paddington to Maidenhead, was opened to traffic on 4 June 1838, and the whole line from London to Bristol was opened in June 1841. The continuation of the line through to Exeter was completed and opened on 1 May 1844. The normal time for the 194-mile (312 km) run from Paddington to Exeter was 5 hours, at an average speed of 38.8 mph (62.4 km/h) including stops. The Great Western line included the Box Tunnel, the longest tunnel to that date at nearly two miles (3.2 km).
    Brunel was the engineer of most of the railways in the West Country, in South Wales and much of Southern Ireland. As railway networks developed, the frequent break of gauge became more of a problem and on 9 July 1845 a Royal Commission was appointed to look into it. In spite of comparative tests, run between Paddington-Didcot and Darlington-York, which showed in favour of Brunel's arrangement, the enquiry ruled in favour of the narrow gauge, 274 miles (441 km) of the former having been built against 1,901 miles (3,059 km) of the latter to that date. The Gauge Act of 1846 forbade the building of any further railways in Britain to any gauge other than 4 ft 8 1/2 in (1.44 m).
    The existence of long and severe gradients on the South Devon Railway led to Brunel's adoption of the atmospheric railway developed by Samuel Clegg and later by the Samuda brothers. In this a pipe of 9 in. (23 cm) or more in diameter was laid between the rails, along the top of which ran a continuous hinged flap of leather backed with iron. At intervals of about 3 miles (4.8 km) were pumping stations to exhaust the pipe. Much trouble was experienced with the flap valve and its lubrication—freezing of the leather in winter, the lubricant being sucked into the pipe or eaten by rats at other times—and the experiment was abandoned at considerable cost.
    Brunel is to be remembered for his two great West Country tubular bridges, the Chepstow and the Tamar Bridge at Saltash, with the latter opened in May 1859, having two main spans of 465 ft (142 m) and a central pier extending 80 ft (24 m) below high water mark and allowing 100 ft (30 m) of headroom above the same. His timber viaducts throughout Devon and Cornwall became a feature of the landscape. The line was extended ultimately to Penzance.
    As early as 1835 Brunel had the idea of extending the line westwards across the Atlantic from Bristol to New York by means of a steamship. In 1836 building commenced and the hull left Bristol in July 1837 for fitting out at Wapping. On 31 March 1838 the ship left again for Bristol but the boiler lagging caught fire and Brunel was injured in the subsequent confusion. On 8 April the ship set sail for New York (under steam), its rival, the 703-ton Sirius, having left four days earlier. The 1,340-ton Great Western arrived only a few hours after the Sirius. The hull was of wood, and was copper-sheathed. In 1838 Brunel planned a larger ship, some 3,000 tons, the Great Britain, which was to have an iron hull.
    The Great Britain was screwdriven and was launched on 19 July 1843,289 ft (88 m) long by 51 ft (15.5 m) at its widest. The ship's first voyage, from Liverpool to New York, began on 26 August 1845. In 1846 it ran aground in Dundrum Bay, County Down, and was later sold for use on the Australian run, on which it sailed no fewer than thirty-two times in twenty-three years, also serving as a troop-ship in the Crimean War. During this war, Brunel designed a 1,000-bed hospital which was shipped out to Renkioi ready for assembly and complete with shower-baths and vapour-baths with printed instructions on how to use them, beds and bedding and water closets with a supply of toilet paper! Brunel's last, largest and most extravagantly conceived ship was the Great Leviathan, eventually named The Great Eastern, which had a double-skinned iron hull, together with both paddles and screw propeller. Brunel designed the ship to carry sufficient coal for the round trip to Australia without refuelling, thus saving the need for and the cost of bunkering, as there were then few bunkering ports throughout the world. The ship's construction was started by John Scott Russell in his yard at Millwall on the Thames, but the building was completed by Brunel due to Russell's bankruptcy in 1856. The hull of the huge vessel was laid down so as to be launched sideways into the river and then to be floated on the tide. Brunel's plan for hydraulic launching gear had been turned down by the directors on the grounds of cost, an economy that proved false in the event. The sideways launch with over 4,000 tons of hydraulic power together with steam winches and floating tugs on the river took over two months, from 3 November 1857 until 13 January 1858. The ship was 680 ft (207 m) long, 83 ft (25 m) beam and 58 ft (18 m) deep; the screw was 24 ft (7.3 m) in diameter and paddles 60 ft (18.3 m) in diameter. Its displacement was 32,000 tons (32,500 tonnes).
    The strain of overwork and the huge responsibilities that lay on Brunel began to tell. He was diagnosed as suffering from Bright's disease, or nephritis, and spent the winter travelling in the Mediterranean and Egypt, returning to England in May 1859. On 5 September he suffered a stroke which left him partially paralysed, and he died ten days later at his Duke Street home.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1957, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, London: Longmans Green. J.Dugan, 1953, The Great Iron Ship, Hamish Hamilton.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

  • 102 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 103 Stevens, John

    [br]
    b. 1749 New York, New York, USA
    d. 6 March 1838 Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of steamboats and railways.
    [br]
    Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.
    A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm2) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.
    In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.
    From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1812, Documents Tending to Prove the Superior Advantages of Rail-ways and Steam-carriages over Canal Navigation.
    He took out patents relating to steam-engines in the USA in 1791, 1803, and 1810, and in England, through his son John Cox Stevens, in 1805.
    Further Reading
    H.P.Spratt, 1958, The Birth of the Steamboat, Charles Griffin (provides technical details of Stevens's boats).
    J.T.Flexner, 1978, Steamboats Come True, Boston: Little, Brown (describes his work in relation to that of other steamboat pioneers).
    J.R.Stover, 1961, American Railroads, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Transactions of the Newcomen Society (1927) 7: 114 (discusses tubular boilers).
    J.R.Day and B.G.Wilson, 1957, Unusual Railways, F.Muller (discusses Stevens's locomotive).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stevens, John

  • 104 abandonado1

    1 = relegated, neglected, deserted, abandoned, lorn, forsaken, disused.
    Ex. The recommendations seemed to indicate that the British Library would have been swamped with relegated books from the low-use stock of university libraries.
    Ex. The work of the Belgian internationalist and documentalist, Paul Otlet (1868-1944) forms an important and neglected part of the history of information.
    Ex. The best sequence in the movie takes place at a deserted train station where the children play hide and seek amongst the abandoned train cars.
    Ex. It tells the story of a young detective who stumbles across a stash of jewel thieves hiding out in an abandoned house.
    Ex. I felt lorn and bereft, then suddenly it was gone, leaving me empty and shaken the way a storm shakes the land and the sea.
    Ex. She was his only intimate friend for years before he died, for he was a most lonely forsaken man.
    Ex. There is also a museum of mining which is partly housed in a disused mine shaft.
    ----
    * abandonado y en ruinas = derelict.
    * niño abandonado = waif.

    Spanish-English dictionary > abandonado1

  • 105 cedere

    1. v/t ( dare) hand over, give up
    ( vendere) sell, dispose of
    cedere il posto give up one's seat
    2. v/i give in, surrender (a to)
    muro, terreno collapse, give way
    non cedere! don't give in!
    * * *
    cedere v.tr.
    1 ( dare) to give*; to let* s.o. have: ti cedo volentieri la mia stanza, I'll be happy to give you (o to let you have) my room // cedere terreno, to yield ground // cedere il passo, to let s.o. pass // cedere la strada, to give way // cedere la destra, to walk on s.o.'s left
    2 ( trasferire) to hand over; to transfer: ho ceduto il mio posto nel consiglio, I've handed over my place on the Board; ha ceduto la guida del partito al suo braccio destro, he handed over (o ceded) the leadership of his party to his right-hand man // (fin., comm.): cedere una tenuta, to transfer an estate; cedere una cambiale, to transfer a bill; cedere un privilegio, to surrender a privilege; fu obbligato a cedere i diritti d'autore ad altri, he was obliged to assign his copyrights to another person; cedere una proprietà mediante atto pubblico, to grant a property by deed
    3 ( vendere) to sell*: mi ha ceduto la sua quota di azioni, he sold me his quota of shares; hanno ceduto il negozio qui di fronte per quattro soldi, they've sold the shop across the street for peanuts; cedere merce sottocosto, to sell goods under cost price
    4 ( consegnare) to surrender; ( con un trattato) to cede: la nostra città fu ceduta al nemico, our town was surrended to the enemy; la Corsica fu ceduta alla Francia, Corsica was ceded to France // cedere le armi, to surrender
    ◆ v. intr.
    1 ( arrendersi) to give* in, to yield, to surrender: non cedere!, don't give in!; non cederà alla forza, she won't yield to force; il nostro esercito fu costretto a cedere, our army was forced to surrender
    2 ( sprofondare) to give* way: il ghiaccio sta cedendo, the ice is giving way; hanno ceduto le fondamenta, the foundations have given way; c'è rischio che ceda il tetto della galleria, the roof of the tunnel might give way (o cave in); il terreno ha ceduto per via degli scavi, the land gave way (o subsided) because of excavations
    3 ( rompersi) to give* way: la corda cedette e la barca fu trascinata via, the rope gave way and the boat floated off
    4 ( di prezzi, quotazioni) to sag, to give* way.
    * * *
    ['tʃɛdere]
    1. vt
    1)

    (concedere) cedere qc (a qn) — to give sth up (to sb), (eredità, diritto) to transfer sth (to sb), make sth over (to sb)

    cedere il posto a qn — (in autobus) to give sb one's seat

    2) (Comm : vendere) to sell

    "cedo"; "cedesi" — "for sale"

    2. vi (aus avere)
    1) (crollare: persona) to give in, (terreno) to give way, subside, (muro) to collapse, fall down
    2)

    (soccombere) cedere a — to give way to, to surrender to, yield to, give in to

    3) (deformarsi: tessuto, scarpe) to give
    * * *
    ['tʃɛdere] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (lasciare) to give* (up) [ turno]; to yield, to surrender [ potere]
    2) (vendere) to sell* out [ azioni]

    mi ha ceduto il suo monolocale per... — he let me have o sold me his studio for

    3) dir. econ. to cede, to remise [ proprietà]; to make* over [ bene]

    cedere i diritti (d'autore) — to surrender o waive one's copyright

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (aus. avere)
    1) (arrendersi) to yield, to surrender, to give* in, to give* way
    2) (piegarsi) [ gambe] to give* way, to buckle
    3) (rompersi) [sedia, ponte] to give* way; [ramo, serratura, porta] to yield; [ tetto] to fall* in, to cave in
    4) (allentarsi) [ elastico] to loosen, to slacken; [ stoffa] to stretch
    * * *
    cedere
    /'t∫εdere/ [2]
     1 (lasciare) to give* (up) [ turno]; to yield, to surrender [ potere]; mi ha ceduto il posto he let me have his place; cedo la parola al mio collega I'll hand over to my colleague
     2 (vendere) to sell* out [ azioni]; mi ha ceduto il suo monolocale per... he let me have o sold me his studio for...
     3 dir. econ. to cede, to remise [ proprietà]; to make* over [ bene]; cedere i diritti (d'autore) to surrender o waive one's copyright
     (aus. avere)
     1 (arrendersi) to yield, to surrender, to give* in, to give* way; cedere alla tentazione to give in to temptation; non cede mai he never gives up
     2 (piegarsi) [ gambe] to give* way, to buckle
     3 (rompersi) [ sedia, ponte] to give* way; [ ramo, serratura, porta] to yield; [ tetto] to fall* in, to cave in
     4 (allentarsi) [ elastico] to loosen, to slacken; [ stoffa] to stretch.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > cedere

  • 106 durch

    durch [ʼdʊrç] präp +akk
    \durch etw through sth;
    \durch den Fluss waten to wade across the river;
    direkt/quer \durch etw right through [the middle of] sth;
    mitten \durch etw through the middle of sth
    \durch etw through sth;
    auf seinen Reisen reiste er \durch das ganze Land on his travels he went all over the country; s. a. Kopf, kreuz
    3) ( per) by sth/through sb;
    Sie werden von mir \durch meinen Anwalt hören! you will be hearing from [me through] my lawyer!;
    \durch die landesweite Fahndung konnten die Täter ausfindig gemacht werden thanks to a nationwide search the culprits were tracked down;
    er ist \durch das Fernsehen bekannt geworden he became famous through television;
    \durch Gottes Güte wurden sie gerettet they were saved by the grace of God;
    jdm etw \durch die Post schicken to send sth to sb by post [or (Am) mail] [or post sth to sb];
    etw \durch Beziehungen/ Freunde bekommen to get sth through connections/friends
    \durch etw by sth, by [means of] sth;
    Tod \durch Ertrinken/ eine Giftinjektion/ den Strang death by drowning/lethal injection/hanging;
    \durch [einen] Zufall by chance;
    Tausende wurden \durch das Erdbeben obdachlos [gemacht] thousands were made homeless by the earthquake
    \durch etw throughout sth;
    sich \durchs Leben schlagen to struggle through life;
    sie haben die ganze Nacht \durch gefeiert they partied through[out] the night;
    der Prozess ging \durch drei Instanzen the case lasted for [or took] three hearings;
    damit kommen wir nicht \durch den Winter we won't last [or get through] the winter with that
    27 \durch 3 macht 9 27 divided by 3 is 9
    1) (fam: vorbei)
    es ist etw \durch Uhrzeit it's past [or (Brit a.) gone] sth;
    es ist schon 12 Uhr \durch it's already past [or (Brit a.) gone] 12 [o'clock];
    \durch sein to have already left [or passed through];
    der Zug ist vor zwei Minuten \durch the train went two minutes ago;
    Biberach? da sind wir schon lange \durch! Biberach? we passed that a long time ago!
    2) ( fertig)
    durch [o mit] etw \durch sein ( durchgelesen haben) to have finished [with] sth, to be through with sth;
    \durch sein ( gar) to be done;
    ( reif) to be ripe; Käse to be mature
    3) ( kaputt)
    \durch sein ( durchgescheuert) to be worn out;
    ( durchgetrennt) to be through
    WENDUNGEN:
    jdm \durch und \durch gehen to go right through sb;
    dieser Anblick ging mir \durch und \durch this sight chilled me through and through;
    \durch und \durch through and through;
    jdn/etw \durch und \durch kennen to know sb/sth like the back of one's hand [or through and through];
    \durch sein (fam: genehmigt sein) to have gone [or got] [or come] through; Antrag a. to have been approved;
    \durch und \durch °überzeugt sein to be completely [or totally] convinced;
    ( ganz und gar) through and through;
    er ist \durch und \durch verlogen he is an out and out liar;
    \durch und \durch nass soaked, wet through ( Brit)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > durch

  • 107 groß;

    größer, am größten
    I Adj.
    1. big (bes. gefühlsbetont); Haus, Fläche etc.: large; Land: vast; Baum, Gebäude etc.: (hoch) tall; (riesig) huge; Person: tall; Großer Bär oder Wagen ASTRON. Great Bear, Ursa Major fachspr.; ein großes Gebäude a big(, tall) building; der Große Ozean GEOG. the Pacific (Ocean); die Großen Seen GEOG. the Great Lakes; große Zehe big toe; großer Buchstabe capital letter; Gut mit großem G good with a capital G; wir sprechen hier von Geiz mit einem großen G fig., pej. we’re talking about meanness with a capital M here; groß machen / müssen Kinderspr. do / have to do big jobs
    2. an Ausmaß, Intensität, Wert etc.: great; Fehler, Lärm, Unterschied etc.: auch big; Entfernung: great, long; Geschwindigkeit: high; Hitze, Kälte, Schmerzen etc.: intense; Kälte: auch severe; Verlust: heavy; Wissen: extensive, wide; (tief) profound; MUS., Intervall, Terz: major; Angeber, Angsthase, Feigling etc.: terrible, dreadful; ( auf) groß stellen (Heizung, Herd etc.) set on high, turn up; großes Bier large one, Brit. etwa pint, Am. 16 ouncer; wir waren zu Hause eine große Familie we were a large family; große Ferien summer holiday(s), long vacation; zu meiner großen Freude to my great joy ( oder pleasure); großes Geld umg. (Scheine) notes Pl., Am. bills Pl.; (viel Geld) a lot of money; wie komme ich an das große Geld? umg. how do I get into the big money?; großes Glück haben be very lucky; großen Hunger haben be very hungry; stärker: be starving; große Mehrheit great majority; große Pause long (mid-morning) break; ein Fest im großen Rahmen a celebration on the grand scale; große Schritte machen make great progress; zum großen Teil largely, for the most part; eine große Zahl von a large number of, a great many; Liebe, Mode etc.
    3. mit Maßangabe: wie groß ist er? how tall is he?; er ist... groß he’s... (tall); das Grundstück ist 600 m2 groß is 600 met|res (Am. -ers) square; das Zimmer ist drei mal fünf Meter groß is five met|res (Am. -ers) square ( oder each way); gleich groß Personen: the same height, as tall as each other; Flächen, Kleidungsstücke etc.: the same size; so groß wie ein Fußballfeld the size of a football pitch (Am. soccer field); unser Umsatz war dreimal so groß wie der der Konkurrenz was three times that of our rivals
    4. (erwachsen) grown-up; (älter) big; große Schwester big sister; groß werden Kinder: grow up; zu groß werden für outgrow s.th., get too big for; er ist nur ein großes Kind he’s just a big baby; Groß und Klein young and old
    5. fig. Augenblick, Entdeckung, Erfolg, Tag, Tat etc.: great; (bedeutend) major, important; (großartig) grand, magnificent; Pläne, Ziele: great, grand, big; Künstler, Dichter etc.: great; große Politik national (bzw. international) politics, the political big time umg.; große Worte big words; Friedrich der Große Frederick the Great; Karl der Große Charlemagne; die große Dame / den großen Herrn spielen iro. play the great lady / lord; große Reden schwingen iro. talk big; Groß und Klein standesmäßig: high and low
    6. (allgemein, wesentlich) broad, general; die große Linie verfolgen follow the main lines, stick to the basic ( oder broad) principles; den großen Zusammenhang erkennen see the big picture; im großen Ganzen overall; in großen Zügen in broad outline
    7. umg. (gut): das war ganz groß! that was really great!; im Rechnen ist sie ganz groß oder große Klasse she’s really good ( oder she’s brilliant) at arithmetic; im Angeben / Geldausgeben ist er ( ganz) groß iro. he’s very good at showing off / spending money; ich bin kein großer Tänzer etc. I’m not much of a dancer etc.; ich bin kein großer Freund von Partys / Suppe I’m not a great one for parties / soup, I’m not particularly fond of parties / soup; er ist ein großer Schweiger / kein großer Esser he’s not a great talker / eater
    8. (edel): ein großes Herz haben have a noble ( oder generous) heart
    9. (aufwändig) Empfang, Fest etc.: big, lavish; in großer Aufmachung Bericht etc.: prominently featured, splashed across the page; Person: in full dress; in großer Garderobe in full dress; Auge, Bahnhof, Glocke etc., Große1, Große2, größer, größt...
    II Adv.
    1. big; groß gebaut oder gewachsen Person: big; groß gedruckt in large letters ( oder print); groß gemustert with a large pattern; groß kariert large-checked; er sah mich nur groß an he just stared at me; groß und breit dastehen umg., unübersehbar: stand out; stärker: stick out like a sore thumb; groß geschrieben werden fig. rank very high, be a high priority, be considered very important; (begehrt sein) be very much in demand; bei ihm wird Pünktlichkeit groß geschrieben auch he sets great store by punctuality
    2. (aufwändig): groß angelegt Aktion etc.: large-scale, full-scale; groß ausgehen umg. have a real night out; jemanden / etw. groß herausbringen umg. pull out all the stops for s.o. / s.th., give s.o. / s.th. a tremendous build-up
    3. umg.: groß angeben talk big; um einzuschüchtern: throw one’s weight around ( oder about); groß auftreten act big; groß daherreden talk big
    4. (edel) denken, handeln etc.: nobly
    5. (gut): groß in Form in great form; beim Publikum groß ankommen be a big hit with the audience; ganz groß dastehen (Erfolg haben) do brilliantly
    6. umg.: er kümmert sich nicht groß darum he doesn’t really bother about it; was ist schon groß dabei? so what?, Am. auch (so) what’s the big deal?; was gibt es da groß zu sagen? what can you say?; was gibt’s da noch groß zu fragen? is there really anything more we need to ask?; was kann das schon groß kosten? it can’t be very expensive, can it?; was war los? - was soll schon groß gewesen sein? what do you think happened?

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > groß;

  • 108 Filipe I, king

    (1527-1598)
       Known to history usually as Phillip II of Spain, this Spanish monarch was the first king of the Phillipine dynasty in Portugal, or Filipe I. He ruled Portugal and its empire from 1580 to 1598. The son of Carlos V (Charles V) of Spain and the Hapsburg empire and of Queen Isabel of Portugal, Filipe had a strong claim on the throne of Portugal. On the death of Portugal's King Sebastião in battle in Morocco in 1578, Filipe presented his claim and candidacy for the Portuguese throne. In the Cortes of Almeirim (1579), Filipe was officially recognized as king of Portugal by that assembly, which was dominated by the clerical and noble estates. This act, however, did not take into account the feeling of the Portuguese people. A portion of the people supported a Portuguese claimant, the Prior of Crato, and they began to organize armed resistance to the Spanish intrusion. In 1580, Filipe sent a Spanish army across the Portuguese frontier under the Duke of Alba. Both on land and at sea, Spanish forces defeated the Portuguese. At the Cortes of Tomar (1581), Filipe was proclaimed king of Portugal. Before returning to Spain in 1583, Filipe resided in Portugal.
       There were grave consequences for Portugal and its scattered imperial holdings following the Spanish overthrow of Portugal's hard-won independence. Just how bitter these consequences were is reflected in how Portuguese history and literature traditionally term the Spanish takeover as "The Babylonian Captivity." Portugal suffered from the growing decline, decadence, and weaknesses of its Spanish master. Beginning with the destruction of the Spanish Armada (1588), which used Lisbon as its supply and staging point, Spanish rule over Portugal was disastrous. Not only did Spain's inveterate enemies—especially England, France, and Holland—attack continental Portugal as if it were Spain, they also attacked and conquered portions of Portugal's vulnerable, far-flung empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Filipe I, king

  • 109 Longbotham, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. mid-seventeenth century Halifax (?), Yorkshire, England d. 1801
    [br]
    English canal engineer.
    [br]
    The nature of Longbotham's career before 1766 is unknown, although he was associated with Smeaton as a pupil and thus became acquainted with canal engineering. In 1766 he suggested a canal linking Leeds and Liverpool across the Pennines. The suggestion was accepted and in 1767–8 he surveyed the line of the Leeds \& Liverpool Canal. This was approved by the promoters and by Brindley, who had been called in as an assessor. The Act was obtained in 1770 and Longbotham was first appointed as Clerk of Works under Brindley as Chief Engineer. As the latter did not take up the appointment, Longbotham became Chief Engineer and from 1770 to 1775 was responsible for the design of locks and aqueducts. He also prepared contracts and supervised construction. Meanwhile, in 1768 he had proposed a canal from the Calder and Hebble to Halifax. In 1773 he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. As soon as a part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was opened he started a passenger packet service, but in 1775, after completing both 50 miles (80 km) of the canal and the Bradford Canal, he was dismissed from his post because of discrepancies in his accounts. However, in the early 1790s he again advised the Leeds and Liverpool proprietors, who were in difficulties on the summit level. Longbotham had colliery interests in the Uphol-land area of Wigan, and in 1787 he surveyed a proposed route for the Lancaster Canal. In 1792 he was also associated with the Grand Western Canal. Details of his later life are scarce, but it is known that he died in poverty in 1801 and that the Leeds \& Liverpool company paid his funeral expenses.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Longbotham, John

  • 110 К-250

    из конца в конец пройти, проехать, изъездить что и т. п. PrepP Invar adv usu. used with pfv verbs fixed WO
    over the whole area or length of sth.: from one end to the other
    from end to end all over (throughout) the entire length of (the land (the country etc)).
    Сколько раз уже (тысячу раз)... (я) проходил по Москве с севера на юг, с запада на восток, из конца в конец... - и ни разу не видел Кремля (Ерофеев 1). How many times (thousands) I've walked...across Moscow from north to south, east to west, from one end to the other...and never did I see the Kremlin (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-250

  • 111 из конца в конец

    • ИЗ КОНЦА В КОНЕЦ пройти, проехать, изъездить что и т.п.
    [PrepP; Invar; adv; usu. used with pfv verbs; fixed WO]
    =====
    ⇒ over the whole area or length of sth.:
    - (throughout) the entire length of (the land <the country etc>).
         ♦ Сколько раз уже (тысячу раз)... [ я] проходил по Москве с севера на юг, с запада на восток, из конца в конец... - и ни разу не видел Кремля (Ерофеев 1). How many times (thousands) I've walked...across Moscow from north to south, east to west, from one end to the other...and never did I see the Kremlin (1a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > из конца в конец

  • 112 Train, George Francis

    [br]
    b. 24 March 1829 Boston, Massachusetts, USA d. 1904
    [br]
    American entrepreneur who introduced tramways to the streets of London.
    [br]
    He was the son of a merchant, Oliver Train, who had settled in New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother and sister died in a yellow fever epidemic and he was sent to live on his grandmother's farm at Waltham, Massachusetts, where he went to the district school. He left in 1843 and was apprenticed in a grocery store in nearby Cambridge, where, one day, a relative named Enoch Train called to see him. George Train left and went to join his relative's shipping office across the river in Boston; Enoch Train, among other enterprises, ran a packet line to Liverpool and, in 1850, sent George to England to manage his Liverpool office. Three years later, George Train went to Melbourne, Australia, and established his own shipping firm; he is said to have earned £95,000 in his first year there. In 1855 he left Australia to travel in Europe and the Levant where he made many contacts. In the late 1850s and early 1860s he was in England seeking capital for American railroads and promoting the construction of street railways or trams in Liverpool, London and Staffordshire. In 1862 he was back in Boston, where he was put in jail for disturbing a public meeting; in 1870, he achieved momentary fame for travelling around the world in eighty days.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    D.Malone (ed.), 1932–3, Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. 5, New York: Charles Scribner.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Train, George Francis

  • 113 وثب

    وَثَبَ \ jump: to spring off one’s feet and land on them again: He kept jumping up and down. He jumped on to his horse and over the gate and across the stream. leap: to jump over (sth.): He leapt the narrow stream, to jump high in the air He leapt when he saw the snake near his foot. spring: to jump; move suddenly: He sprang out of bed. vault: to jump (over), either by using a pole or by resting one’s hand on the object that one is crossing: He vaulted (over) the gates. \ See Also قَفَزَ \ وَثَبَ مَرَحًا \ skip: to jump playfully about.

    Arabic-English dictionary > وثب

  • 114 jump

    وَثَبَ \ jump: to spring off one’s feet and land on them again: He kept jumping up and down. He jumped on to his horse and over the gate and across the stream. leap: to jump over (sth.): He leapt the narrow stream, to jump high in the air He leapt when he saw the snake near his foot. spring: to jump; move suddenly: He sprang out of bed. vault: to jump (over), either by using a pole or by resting one’s hand on the object that one is crossing: He vaulted (over) the gates. \ See Also قَفَزَ

    Arabic-English glossary > jump

  • 115 leap

    وَثَبَ \ jump: to spring off one’s feet and land on them again: He kept jumping up and down. He jumped on to his horse and over the gate and across the stream. leap: to jump over (sth.): He leapt the narrow stream, to jump high in the air He leapt when he saw the snake near his foot. spring: to jump; move suddenly: He sprang out of bed. vault: to jump (over), either by using a pole or by resting one’s hand on the object that one is crossing: He vaulted (over) the gates. \ See Also قَفَزَ

    Arabic-English glossary > leap

  • 116 spring

    وَثَبَ \ jump: to spring off one’s feet and land on them again: He kept jumping up and down. He jumped on to his horse and over the gate and across the stream. leap: to jump over (sth.): He leapt the narrow stream, to jump high in the air He leapt when he saw the snake near his foot. spring: to jump; move suddenly: He sprang out of bed. vault: to jump (over), either by using a pole or by resting one’s hand on the object that one is crossing: He vaulted (over) the gates. \ See Also قَفَزَ

    Arabic-English glossary > spring

  • 117 vault

    وَثَبَ \ jump: to spring off one’s feet and land on them again: He kept jumping up and down. He jumped on to his horse and over the gate and across the stream. leap: to jump over (sth.): He leapt the narrow stream, to jump high in the air He leapt when he saw the snake near his foot. spring: to jump; move suddenly: He sprang out of bed. vault: to jump (over), either by using a pole or by resting one’s hand on the object that one is crossing: He vaulted (over) the gates. \ See Also قَفَزَ

    Arabic-English glossary > vault

  • 118 даешь зеленую улицу

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > даешь зеленую улицу

  • 119 ὁλκός

    ὁλκ-ός, ή, όν,
    A drawing to oneself, attractive,

    θερμόν τε καὶ ὁ. Arist.Pr. 931a25

     ;

    μάθημα ψυχῆς ὁλκὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ γιγνομένου ἐπὶ τὸ ὄν Pl.R. 521d

     ; ὁλκὸν.. ψυχῆς πρὸς ἀλήθειαν ib. 527b ;

    ὁλκοτέρας τὰς ῥίζας ποιεῖν Thphr. CP3.17.3

     ( ἑλκοτέρας cod. A: ἑλκτικωτέρας Wimmer).
    II trailing,

    ὁλκὰ βαίνων Hld.10.30

    . Adv. [comp] Comp.

    - ότερον

     slowly,

    Id.3.5

    .
    III possible, ὁλκά· δυνατά, Hsch.
    IV [voice] Pass., liable to be attracted, having a propensity,

    ὁ. διάνοιαι παρθένων πρὸς ἀρετήν Ph.2.229

    .
    ------------------------------------
    ὁλκ-ός, ὁ, ([etym.] ἕλκω):
    I machine for hauling ships on land, hauling-engine, prob. a fixed capstan, windlass, Hdt.2.154, 159, E.Rh. 146, 673 ; but also of movable engines of like kind, for hauling ships across the Isthmus of Corinth, Th.3.15.
    2 strap, rein (cf. ῥυτήρ),

    τμητοῖς ὁλκοῖς S.El. 863

     (lyr.).
    II furrow, track, trace,

    αἵματι δ' ὁλκοὶ.. πλήθοντο A.R.3.1391

     ; σμίλης ὁλκός the traces of a chisel in the wood, Ar.Th. 779(lyr.) ; ὁ. τοῦ ξύλου the furrow made by the wood, X.Cyn.9.18 ; path, track, or orbit of a star or meteor, A.R.3.141, 4.296, Nonn.D. 24.90 ; ἁμάξης ib.1.96 ; ditch or channel, A.R.1.375 ; οἴδματος ὁλκοί the waves, ib. 1167 ;

    ὁλκοὶ καλλιρόων ὑδάτων Milet.1(9).343

     ; body-coils of a serpent, Nic.Th. 266, al., Luc.Herm.79 ; but, coiling movement of a serpent, Nic.Th. 162, al. ; cf.

    ὁ. γλώσσης Id.Al.79

    , 281 ; of hair, coil, ὁλκὸς ἐθείρης, πλοκάμων.. ὁλκοί, Nonn.D.3.413, 32.168 : generally, of anything drawn, αἵματος ὁλκῷ ib.4.329, al. ; draught of wine, Antiph. 237.4(pl.).
    2 in periphrases, δάφνης ὁλκοί drawings, i. e. laurelboughs (or brooms made of them) drawn along, E. Ion 145 (lyr.) ; τερπνὸς ἀκούεται ὁ. ἁμάξης a chariot drawn, D.P.191.
    3 aqueduct, Cod.Just.1.4.26 ;

    ὁ. ὑδάτων Lyd.Mens.3.23

    .
    III a kind of spider, Dsc.2.63.
    IV a kind of grass, mouse-barley, Plin.HN 27.90.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὁλκός

  • 120 Англия

    1) General subject: Blighty (a Blighty one - ранение, обеспечивающее отправку на родину), Britain, England, the land of the Rose (роза - национальная эмблема Англии)
    3) Poetical language: Albion
    4) Military: (Blighty) blighty
    5) History: Anglia
    6) Australian slang: the Old Dart
    8) Diplomatic term: mother country

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Англия

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