acj

κατείδωλος, ον (only in Christian wr.: Prochorus, AcJ 117, 4 Zahn; Georg. Syncell. [c. 900 A.D.] p. 177, 5) full of cult-images/idols, of Athens Ac 17:16.—DELG s.v. εἶδος. M-M. TW.

νηφάλιος, ία, ον (νήφω; Aeschyl. et al.; Plut.; SIG 1040, 26), late form νηφαλέος, α, ον (v.l.; Herodian Gr. I 114, 17 et al.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 82; Etym. Mag. p. 261, 52; 262, 2; AcJ 69 [p. 184, 10]. On the accent s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 297, 11; B-D-F §35, 3; Mlt-H. 76; 362) of pers. (cp. Philo, Sobr. 2, Mos. 1, 187; Jos., Ant. 3, 279)

① pert. to being very moderate in the drinking of an alcoholic beverage, temperate, sober (so Dibelius/Conzelmann, Hermeneia comm. ad loc. On the topic of moderation in drinking wine s. Theognis 467–510. For prohibition of strong drink to priests when engaging in official duties s. Lev 10:8) 1 Ti 3:2 (opp. πάροινος vs. 3. The latter term is in a series chiefly composed of negatives that contrast with the positive virtues in vs. 2), 11 (cp. Tit 2:3 and the sterotyped ‘anus’ [‘hag’] who is given to drink in Lat. lit.: Ovid, Fasti 3, 765f et al.; VRoswach, Classical World 88, ’94, 113f; Arnott, Alexis p. 504) Tit 2:2. Others interpret metaph.

② pert. to being restrained in conduct, self-controlled, level-headed fig. ext. of 1 (s. next entry): 1 Ti 3:2, 11; Tit 2:2.—DELG s.v. νήφω. M-M. TW.

παράκλητος, ου, ὁ (παρακαλέω) originally meant in the passive sense (BGU 601, 12 [II A.D.] παράκλητος δέδωκα αὐτῷ=‘when I was asked I gave to him’, but π. is restored from παρακλος, and the restoration is uncertain), ‘one who is called to someone’s aid’. Accordingly Latin writers commonly rendered it, in its NT occurrences, with ‘advocatus’ (Tertullian, Prax. 9; Cyprian, De Domin. Orat. 3, Epist. 55, 18; Novatian, De Trin. 28; 29; Hilary, De Trin. 8, 19; Lucifer, De S. Athanas. 2, 26; Augustine, C. Faust. 13, 17, Tract. in Joh. 94; Tractatus Orig. 20 p. 212, 13 Batiffol. Likew. many [Old Latin] Bible mss.: a c e m q J 14:16; a m q 14:26; e q r 15:26; e m q 16:7. Eus., HE 5, 1, 10 παράκλητος=advocatus, Rufinus. Field, Notes 102f; cp. the role of the ‘patronus’ in legal proceedings: J-MDavid, Le patronat judicaire au dernier siècle de la république romaine ’92). But the technical mng. ‘lawyer’, ‘attorney’ is rare (e.g. Bion of Borysthenes [III B.C.] in Diog. L. 4, 50; SEG XXXVIII, 1237, 18 [235/36 A.D.]). Against the legal association: KGrayston, JSNT 13, ’81, 67–82. In the few places where the word is found in pre-Christian and extra-Christian lit. as well it has for the most part a more general sense: one who appears in another’s behalf, mediator, intercessor, helper (Demosth. 19, 1; Dionys. Hal. 11, 37, 1; Heraclit. Sto. 59 p. 80, 19; Cass. Dio 46, 20, 1; POxy 2725, 10 [71 A.D.]; cp. π. as the name of a gnostic aeon Iren. 1, 4, 5 [Harv. I 38, 8]; Hippol.; s. also the comments on 2 Cor 5:20 s.v. παρακαλέω 2). The pass. idea of παρακεκλῆσθαι retreated into the backgound, and the active idea of παρακαλεῖν took its place (on the justification for equating παράκλητος with παρακαλῶν s. Kühner-Bl. II 289). Jews adopted it in this sense as a loanw. (פְּרַקְלֵיט. Pirqe Aboth 4, 11.—SKrauss, Griech. u. latein. Lehnwörter in Talmud, Midrasch u. Targum 1898/99 I 210; II 496; Dalman, Gramm.² 185; Billerb. II 560–62). In Job 16:2 Aq. and Theod. translate מְנַחֲמִים (=comforters) as παράκλητοι; LXX has παρακλήτορες. In Philo our word somet. means ‘intercessor’ (De Jos. 239, Vi. Mos. 2, 134, Spec. Leg. 1, 237, Exsecr. 166, Adv. Flacc. 13; 22), somet. ‘adviser’, ‘helper’ (Op. M. 23; 165). The Gk. interpreters of John’s gosp. understood it in the active sense=παρακαλῶν or παρακλήτωρ (s. Lampe s.v. παράκλητο, esp. Eusebius of Caesarea, Theodore of Mopsuestia, and Ammonius; s. also Ephraem the Syrian in RHarris, Fragments of the Comm. of Ephrem Syr. 1895, 86). In our lit. the act. sense helper, intercessor is suitable in all occurrences of the word (so Goodsp, Probs. 110f). τίς ἡμῶν παράκλητος ἔσται; 2 Cl 6:9. πλουσίων παράκλητοι advocates of the rich B 20:2; D 5:2.—In 1J 2:1 (as AcJ in a damaged fragment: POxy 850, 10) Christ is designated as παράκλητος: παράκλητον ἔχομεν πρὸς τὸν πατέρα Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν δίκαιον we have Jesus Christ the righteous one, who intercedes for us. The same title is implied for Christ by the ἄλλος παράκλητος of J 14:16. It is only the Holy Spirit that is expressly called παρ.=Helper in the Fourth Gosp.: 14:16, 26; 15:26; 16:7.—HUsener, Archiv für lat. Lexikographie 2, 1885, 230ff; HSasse, Der Paraklet im J: ZNW 24, 1925, 260–77; HWindisch, Johannes u. die Synoptiker 1926, 147f, Die fünf joh. Parakletsprüche: Jülicher Festschr. 1927, 110–37; RAsting, ‘Parakleten’ i Johannes-evangeliet: Teologi og Kirkeliv. Avh. etc. ’31, 85–98; SMowinckel, D. Vorstellungen d. Spätjudentums v. Hl. Geist als Fürsprecher u. d. joh. Paraklet: ZNW 32, ’33, 97–130 (supported now by 1QS 3:24f; 1QM 17:6–8); JMusger, Dicta Christi de Paracleto ’38; EPercy, Untersuchungen üb. den Ursprung d. joh. Theol. ’39; Bultmann, J ’40, 437–40; NJohansson, Parakletoi: Vorstellgen. v. Fürsprechern f. d. Menschen vor Gott in d. atl. Rel., im Spätjudent. u. Urchristent. ’40.; NSnaith, ET 57, ’45, 47–50 (‘Convincer’); WHoward, Christianity acc. to St. John ’47, 71–80; WMichaelis, Con. Neot. 11, ’47, 147–62; GBornkamm, RBultmann Festschr. ’49, 12–35; CBarrett, JTS, n.s. 1, ’50, 8–15; JDavies, ibid. 4, ’53, 35–8; TPreiss, Life in Christ, ’54, 19–25; OBetz, Der Paraklet, ’63; MMiguens, El Paráclito (Juan 14–16) ’63; GJohnston, The Spirit-Paraclete in J, ’70; RBrown, The Paraclete in Modern Research, TU 102, ’68, 158–65; JVeenhof, De Parakleet ’77.—DELG s.v. καλέω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

πλημμέλεια, ας, ἡ (πλημμελέω ‘err’; Democr. 46; Pla. et al.; LXX) the prim. sense, ‘false note’ in music, leads to the fig. ext.: someth. that is contrary to a generally recognized standard, freq. of cultic or legal violation: fault, error, sin, offense (Aristot. 1251a, 31 ἀσέβεια ἡ περὶ θεοὺς πλ.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 250; restored in POxy 850 [AcJ], 30) θυσίαι περὶ ἁμαρτίας καὶ πλημμελείας sin and offense (trespass) offerings (LXX, esp. Lev 7:37) 1 Cl 41:2. Pl. (Plut., Mor. 168d ἁμαρτίαι κ. πλημμέλειαι; Philo, Mos. 2, 230; Jos., Bell. 5, 392) 60:1 (w. ἀνομίαι, ἀδικίαι, παραπτώματα).—Dodd 76.—DELG s.v. πλημμελής.

προστίθημι (Hom.+) impf. 3 sing. προσετίθει Ac 2:47; fut. προσθήσω; 1 aor. προσέθηκα; 2 aor. subj. προσθῶ, impv. πρόσθες, inf. προσθεῖναι, ptc. προσθείς; pf. 2 sg. προστέθεικας 3 Km 10:7. Mid.: fut. προσθήσομαι LXX; 2 aor. προσεθέμην. Pass.: impf. 3 pl. προσετίθεντο; 1 fut. προστεθήσομαι; 1 aor. προσετέθην.

① to add to someth. that is already present or exists, add, put to

ⓐ of things that are added to someth. already present: abs. (opp. ἀφαιρεῖν; s. Isocr. 12, 264; Pla., Leg. 5 p. 742d al.; Epict. 1, 6, 10; Dt 4:2; 13:1) add (someth.) B 19:11; D 4:13. Pass. Mk 4:24. τὶ someth. Hs 5, 3, 3; D 11:2. τῇ δὲ παιδὶ προσετίθεντο οἱ μῆνες αὐτῆς lit. the months were added to her child (= her [Anna’s] child [Mary] grew month by month) GJs 7:1. Of the addition of a word, sentence, etc. (Demosth. et al.; Just., D. 55, 1; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 V, 11 [the statement follows in direct discourse]; PStras 41, 21) 1 Cl 8:2 of an addition to a written document (EpArist 26; Jos., Ant. 1, 17); ῥήματα Hv 2, 4, 2. Of faith πρόσθες ἡμῖν πίστιν increase our faith Lk 17:5 (others would place this in 2 below.) Pass. (ὁ νόμος) προσετέθη (the law) was added to the promise Gal 3:19.—πρ. λόγον τινί speak a further message to someone (Dionys. Hal. 6, 88, 3; 8, 9, 1) Hb 12:19 (παραιτέομαι 1b).—τί τινι someth. to someth. ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις αὐτῶν τὰς ἀσελγείας Hv 2, 2, 2.—It is oft. used w. dat. alone, fr. which the acc. is easily supplied add to, increase πρ. ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις ὑμῶν Hv 5:7; cp. m 4, 3, 7; 12, 6, 2; Hs 6, 1, 4; 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3. προσθεῖναι τῷ δρόμῳ σου to press on in your course IPol 1:2.—τὶ ἐπί τι someth. to someth. (4 Km 20:6; PsSol 3:10 ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας) Mt 6:27; Lk 12:25. τὶ ἐπί τινι (Sir 3:27) προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν he added this to all (his) other (misdeeds) 3:20 (B-D-F §461, 2; Rob. 605).

ⓑ of persons who are added to a group already existing, or who are attached to an individual, to whom they henceforth belong: add, associate (Diod S 5, 45, 3) πρ. τινὰ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ Ac 2:47 v.l. The same dat. is to be supplied in the text which is preferred by the critical editions in this pass.; likew. vs. 41 and 5:14 (if τῷ κυρίῳ is to be taken w. πιστεύοντες here, another dat. is to be supplied w. προσετίθεντο).—προστίθεσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ be brought to the Lord 11:24. Also 5:14 (s. above), in case τῷ κυρ. here belongs w. προσετίθ. (προστίθεσθαι hardly means ‘attach oneself to’ as in Demosth. 18, 39 al.; 1 Macc 2:43; Jos., Vi. 87, 123).—Of one deceased πρ. πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας αὐτοῦ be gathered to one’s ancestors (Judg 2:10; 4 Km 22:20; 1 Macc 2:69; ViMal 4 [p. 89, 8 Sch.]) Ac 13:36.

ⓒ In accordance w. Hebr. usage (but s. Helbing p. iv, contradicted by AWifstrand, SvTK 16, ’40, 257) the adverbs again, further and sim. expressions are paraphrased w. πρ. (B-D-F §392, 2; 419, 4; 435a; Mlt-H. 445f). προσθεὶς εἶπεν παραβολήν again he told a parable, or he proceeded to tell a parable Lk 19:11; Ox 1081,10 (for restoration: προ[σθεὶς ε]ἶπεν s. Wessely, PatrOr 18, 1924, 494, 10=Otero I 83) (Gen 38:5 προσθεῖσα ἔτεκεν υἱόν). οὐ μὴ προσθῶ πεῖν I shall never again drink Mk 14:25 v.l. προσθήσω τοῦ ἐπερωτῆσαι Hm 4, 3, 1. It is usu. found in the mid. w. the inf. foll. (Gen 8:12; Ex 9:34 Φαραὼ προσέθετο τοῦ ἁμαρτάνειν; 1 Km 18:29) Lk 20:11f. προσέθετο συλλαβεῖν καὶ Πέτρον he proceeded to have also Peter arrested Ac 12:3 (cp. AcJ 2 [Aa II/1, 151, 14]). See 1 Cl 12:7; B 2:5 (Is 1:13).

② to add as a benefit, provide, give, grant, do (X., Cyr. 2, 2, 18 τὰς τιμὰς ἑκάστῳ; PRyl 153, 27) τινί τι someth. to someone πρόσθες ἡμῖν πίστιν grant us faith Lk 17:5. W. dat. of thing προσέθηκε τῷ ἀμπελῶνι ἔργον καλόν he did good work in the vineyard Hs 5, 2, 7.—Pass. ταῦτα προστεθήσεται ὑμῖν Mt 6:33; Lk 12:31. See Agr 10ab (Unknown Sayings, 87–89).—M-M. TW.

σκάνδαλον, ου, τό (s. σκανδαλίζω; non-bibl. pap; PLond 1338, 25; 1339, 10 [both 709 A.D.]; LXX, Aq., Sym., Theod.; PsSol 4:23 [but not in Test12Patr, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., apolog.], then Christian wr. Later word for σκανδάληθρον [Aristoph. et al.]; s. Hesych. and Phot. s.v.).

① a device for catching someth. alive, trap (PCairZen 608, 7 [III B.C.], where written σκάνδαδον) w. παγίς, used metaph. (Josh 23:13; Ps 140:9; 1 Macc 5:4; Is 8:14 Sym. and Theod.) Ro 11:9 (Ps 68:23). σκ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν in such a pers. there is no reason for falling i.e., as the next vs. indicates, the pers. can see what lies along the path 1J 2:10 (Moffatt ‘no pitfall’; s. AVicentCernuda, EstBîbl 27, ’68, 153–75, 215–32); but s. 3.

② an action or circumstance that leads one to act contrary to a proper course of action or set of beliefs, temptation to sin, enticement to apostasy, false belief, etc., fig. ext. of 1 (Ezk 7:19 Aq. and Sym.; Wsd 14:11) Mt 18:7abc; Lk 17:1; B 4:9. τὸ τέλειον σκ. the final temptation 4:3. βαλεῖν σκάνδαλον ἐνώπιον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ entice the sons of Israel to sin Rv 2:14. σκάνδαλα ποιεῖν bring about temptations (to sin) Ro 16:17. τιθέναι τινὶ σκάνδαλον put a temptation in someone’s way 14:13 (on τιθέναι σκ. cp. Jdth 5:1); in place of the dat. κατά τινος 1 Cl 35:8 (Ps 49:20).—Also of persons (PsSol 4:23; 1 Macc 5:4): Jesus censures Peter, as Satan σκάνδαλον εἶ ἐμοῦ you are tempting me to sin Mt 16:23. In ἀπεχόμενοι σκανδάλων καὶ τῶν ψευδαδέλφων κτλ. Pol 6:3, σκ. is prob. best taken as one who tempts others to sin (cp. Pistis Sophia 105; 106 [p. 173–75 CSchmidt] ὡς σκάνδαλον καὶ ὡς παραβάτης; AcJ 64 [Aa II/1 p. 182, 14f] of a woman ἡ σκάνδαλον γενομένη ἀνδρί; 79 [p. 190, 11]).—To those who cannot come to a decision to believe on him, Jesus is a σκάνδαλον (σκανδαλίζω 1b). In line w. OT imagery (Is 8:14, where Aq., Sym., Theod.—in contrast to the LXX—have our word) Jesus is called πέτρα σκανδάλου Ro 9:33; 1 Pt 2:8 (on the relation of these two passages to each other s. RHarris, Testimonies I 1916, 18f; 26f).

③ that which causes offense or revulsion and results in opposition, disapproval, or hostility, fault, stain etc. (Sir 7:6; 27:23). σκ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν in him there is no stain or fault 1J 2:10 (cp. Jdth 5:20); but s. 1. Of the cross ὅ ἐστιν σκάνδαλον τοῖς ἀπιστοῦσιν which is revolting to those who have no faith IEph 18:1. The crucified Christ is a σκ. to Judeans 1 Cor 1:23. τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ the stumbling-block of the cross, i.e. that which, in the preaching about the cross, arouses opposition Gal 5:11. συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκ. they will gather out of his kingdom everything that is offensive Mt 13:41 (this interpr., which refers τὰ σκ. to things, would correspond to the scripture passage basic to this one, i.e. Zeph 1:3, where Sym. has our word in the combination τὰ σκάνδαλα σὺν [τοῖς] ἀσεβέσι. But the fact that Mt continues w. καὶ τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν could require us to take τὰ σκ. to mean persons; s. 2 above).—To bibl. in TW add RKnox, Trials of a Translator ’49, 66–73; AHumbert, Biblica 35, ’54, 1–28 (synoptics).—DELG. M-M. DBS XII 49–66. EDNT. TW. Sv.

ἀμφιέννυμι 1 aor. ἠμφιέσαντο 4 Km 17:9; pf. pass 1 pl. ἠμφιέσμεθα (Just., D. 116, 1); ptc. ἠμφιεσμένος (POxy 850 [AcJ], 26f restored) (ἕννυμι ‘to clothe’; Aelian, NA 4, 46 p. 102, 17; Jos., Ant. 8, 186; Just., D. 116, 1 [Zech 3:3 ἐνδέδυμένος] ἠμφιέσμεθα; cp. W-S. §12, 6; B-D-F §69, 1; Mlt-H. 192) (Hom. et al.; ins; PFouad 10, 8; BGU 388, 41) clothe, dress w. acc. of what is clothed τὸν χόρτον Mt 6:30. Pass. (Jos., Bell. 4, 473, Ant. 15, 403) ἐν μαλακοῖς (ἱματίοις) ἠ. dressed in soft garments Mt 11:8; Lk 7:25; 12:28 v.l. (on the construction B-D-F §159, 1); of seeds AcPlCor 2:26; cp. 1 Cor 15:37f. On Lk 12:28 s. ἀμφιάζω.—DELG s.v. ἕννυμι. M-M.

ἀνθύπατος, ου, ὁ (ἀντί, ὕπατος; orig. ‘highest’ then ‘consul’; Polyb. et al.; freq. in lit.; Jos., Ant. 14, 236; 244 al.; Mel.; ins [s. e.g. PHermann, Inschriften von Sardeis: Chiron 23, ’93, 233–48: of an honorand, 211 A.D., pp. 238f ]; pap [incl. Ox 850 verso 15: AcJ]) head of the govt. in a senatorial province, proconsul (s. Hahn 39f; 115; 259, w. lit.). Those mentioned are the proconsul of Cyprus, Sergius Paulus Ac 13:7, cp. vss. 8 and 12; of Achaia, Gallio 18:12; cp. 19:38; of Asia MPol 3:1; 4; 9:2, 3; 10:2; 11:1; 12:1.—DELG s.v. ὕπατος. M-M.

ἀπογινώσκω 2 aor. 3 sg. ἀπέγνω Dt 33:9; pf. ἀπεγνωκα; pass. pf. ptc. ἀπεγνωσμένος (Jdth 9:11) to give up as hopeless, despair (so Lysias et al.; SIG 326, 30; PCairZen 298, 4; 2 Macc 9:22; Jdth 9:11; Ath., R. 68, 2 al.) τὶ of someth. (Aristot., EN 1115b, 2 et al.; UPZ 144, 10 [II B.C.]; PGiss 72, 12f τοῦτο ἀπέγνων; Jos., Ant. 2, 140 τ. σωτηρίαν; 336 al.): ἀ. ἑαυτόν (Polyb. 22, 9, 14; Plut., Tib. Gracch. 830 [13]; Philo, Somn. 1, 60; Jos., Bell. 5, 537) despair of oneself Hv 1, 1, 9; Hs 9, 26, 4. τὴν ζωήν of life m 12, 6, 2 (cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 352 τὸ ζῆν ἀ.). ὁ τὰ ἀπεγν̣ω̣[σμένα..... ] ἐπιστρ[έφ]ων εἰς σέ (you) who turn despairing [hearts] to yourself (Jesus) Ox 850 (AcJ), 6f.

ἀρετή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+, a term denoting consummate ‘excellence’ or ‘merit’ within a social context, hence freq. w. δικαιοσύνη; cp. the tripartite appraisal Pla., Protag. 329c: δικαιοσύνη, σωφροσύνη, ὁσιότης). Exhibition of ἀρετή invites recognition, resulting in renown or glory. In Homer primarily of military valor or exploits, but also of distinction for other personal qualities and associated performance that enhance the common interest. The term is a favorite subject in Stoic thought relating to morality. Theognis 147f summarizes Gk. thinking: ἐν δὲ δικαιοσύνῃ συλλήβδην πᾶσʼ ἀρετή ʼστι,| πᾶς δέ τʼ ἀνὴρ ἀγαθός, Κύρνε, δίκαιος ἔων=in a word, Cyrnus, all excellence lies in uprightness, and a good person is one who is upright.

① uncommon character worthy of praise, excellence of character, exceptional civic virtue (Theognis 147; Aristot., EN a detailed discussion of ἀ.; s. indexes in OGI, SIG, IPriene, et al.; Herm. Wr. 9, 4; 10, 9; Wsd; 2, 3, 4 Macc; EpArist; Philo; Jos., Ant. 1, 113 al.; διὰ τὴν ἀ. Orig. C. Cels. 5, 2, 26 [as distinguished merit]; τέσσαράς φησιν εἶναι ἀρετάς Hippol., Ref. 1, 19, 16 [in a list of virtues]; Did., Gen. 102, 15; 17 [accompanied by ‘trouble’]) Phil 4:8 (w. ἔπαινος, in ref. to recognition of distinguished merit that was customary in Gr-Rom. society; cp. AcJ 5 [Aa II/1, 153, 29]). W. πίστις (as OGI 438, 6ff ἄνδρα διενένκαντα πίστει καὶ ἀρετῇ καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ εὐσεβείαι=a gentleman distinguished for fidelity, admirable character, uprightness [concern for people], and devotion [to deities]; cp. Dssm. LO 270 [LAE 322]; Danker, Benefactor 460–61) ἐπιχορηγήσατε ἐν τῇ πίστει ὑμῶν τὴν ἀρετήν bring the finest character to your commitment 2 Pt 1:5a; ἐν δὲ τῇ ἀρετῇ τὴν γνῶσιν and to the finest character knowledge 5b. ἐνδύσασθαι πᾶσαν ἀ. δικαιοσύνης put on every virtue of uprightness (=‘aspire to the highest standards of uprightness’; opp. πονηρία, which is low-grade behavior; on the rhetorical form s. HFischel, HUCA 44, ’73, 119–51) Hm 1:2; Hs 6, 1, 4. ἐργάζεσθαι πᾶσαν ἀ. καὶ δικαιοσύνην Hs 8, 10, 39 (=be a model member of the human community); cp. m 12, 3, 1; διώκειν τὴν ἀ. 2 Cl 10:1. ἀ. ἔνδοξος Hm 6, 2, 3.

② manifestation of divine power, miracle (a usage in keeping w. the primary mng.; Oenom. in Eus., PE 5, 22, 4; SIG 1151, 2; 1172, 10 πλείονας ἀρετὰς τ. θεοῦ, see on this Dittenberger’s note 8 w. further exx. and lit.; 1173, 5; MAI 21, 1896, 77; POxy 1382 [II A.D.]; Sb 8026, 1; 8266, 17 [261/260 B.C.] of the miracles of the deity Amenothis; PGM 5, 419; Philo, Somn. 1, 256; Jos., Ant. 17, 130; s. Dssm., B 90–93 [BS 95f]; Nägeli 69; OWeinreich, Neue Urkunden zur Sarapisrel. 1919, index; SReiter, Ἐπιτύμβιον, Swoboda Festschr. 1927, 228–37), also that which causes such things: the power of God (IG IV², 128, 79 [280 B.C.]; PGM 4, 3205; Herm. Wr. 10, 17; Jos., Ant. 17, 130 ἀ. τοῦ θείου; cp. 1, 100) 2 Pt 1:3 (Dssm., B 277ff [BS 360ff]).—In accordance w. a usage that treats ἀ. and δόξα as correlatives (ἀ.=excellence that results in approbation and therefore δόξα=renown), which finds expression outside the OT (Is 42:8, 12) in the juxtaposition of the two terms (Herodian; Pausanias, Arcadia 52, 6 ins on a statue in honor of Philopoemen at Tegea; Dionys. Hal.; Diod. Sic. 2, 45, 2 of a woman, self-styled ‘Daughter of Ares’, reputed for her valor; s. Wetstein on 2 Pt 1:3), the LXX transl. הוֹד majesty, high rank (Hab 3:3; Zech 6:13; cp. Il. 9, 498 ἀ. w. τιμή and βίη; 23, 578 w. βίη) and also תְּהִלָּה praise sg. (Is; cp. Od. 14, 402 ἀ. w. ἐϋκλείη ‘good repute’) with ἀ. pl. The latter sense ‘praise’ (pl.=laudes) has been maintained for 1 Pt 2:9, which is probably influenced by Is 42:12; 43:21. It is poss. that Semitically oriented auditors of 1 Pt interpreted the expression along such lines, but Gr-Rom. publics would in the main be conditioned to hear a stress on performance, which of course would elicit praise (cp. Plut., Mor. 535d).—AKiefer, Aretalogische Studien, diss. Freib. 1929; VLongo, Aretalogie nel mondo Greco: I, Epigrafi e Papiri ’69; MSmith, JBL 90, ’71, 174–99; JKube, ΤΕΧΝΗ und ΑΡΕΤΗ ’69; Danker, Benefactor ’82, passim.—DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀρσενοκοίτης, ου, ὁ (ἄρσην ‘male’ + κοίτη ‘bed’; Bardesanes 719 Fgm. 3b 10, 25 p. 653 Jac. [in Eus., PE 6, 10, 25]; Anth. Pal. 9, 686, 5 and Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/4 p. 196, 6 and 8 have the sp. ἀρρενοκοίτης; Theoph. Ant. 1, 2 [p. 60, 27]; in a vice list—ἀρσενοκοιτεῖν SibOr 2, 73; AcJ 36 [Aa II/1, 169]; cp. the association of ἄρσην and κοίτη Lev 20:13, s. Soph. Lex.: ἀ.= ὁ μετὰ ἄρσενος κοιμώμενος κοίτην γυναικείαν=‘one who has intercourse w. a man as w. a woman’; cp. the formation of μητροκοίτης [μήτηρ + κοίτη] ‘one who has intercourse w. his mother’ Hipponax 15, 2 Diehl³ [=Degani 20, 2]) a male who engages in sexual activity w. a pers. of his own sex, pederast 1 Cor 6:9 (on the impropriety of RSV’s ‘homosexuals’ [altered to ‘sodomites’ NRSV] s. WPetersen, VigChr 40, ’86, 187–91; cp. DWright, ibid. 41, ’87, 396–98; REB’s rendering of μαλακοὶ οὔτε ἀρσενοκοῖται w. the single term ‘sexual pervert’ is lexically unacceptable), of one who assumes the dominant role in same-sex activity, opp. μαλακός (difft. DMartin, in Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality, ed. RBrawley, ’96, 117–36); 1 Ti 1:10; Pol 5:3. Cp. Ro 1:27. Romans forbade pederasty w. free boys in the Lex Scantinia, pre-Cicero (JBremmer, Arethusa 13, ’80, 288 and notes); Paul’s strictures against same-sex activity cannot be satisfactorily explained on the basis of alleged temple prostitution (on its rarity, but w. some evidence concerning women used for sacred prostitution at Corinth s. LWoodbury, TAPA 108, ’78, 290f, esp. note 18 [lit.]), or limited to contract w. boys for homoerotic service (s. Wright, VigChr 38, ’84, 125–53). For condemnation of the practice in the Euphrates region s. the ref. to Bardesanes above.—RBurton, The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, 1934, vol. 6, 3748–82, lit. reff. and anthropological data relating to a variety of Mediterranean cultures; DBailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, ’55; KDover, Greek Homosexuality ’78; RScroggs, The NT and Homosexuality ’83; JBoswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality ’80; JBremmer, Greek Pederasty, in JBremmer, ed. From Sappho to de Sade² ’91, 1–14; ECantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World ’92.—Pauly-W. 8, 1333f; 1459–68. DELG s.v. ἄρσην. M-M.

ἁγνεία, ας, ἡ (Soph., Oed. R. 864 ἁ. λόγων ἔργων τε πάντων; Pla.; ins [e.g. fr. Epidaurus in Theophr., De Pietate 9, 11, and Porphyr., Abst. 2, 19 ἁγνὸν χρὴ ναοῖο θυώδεος ἐντὸς ἰόντα ἔμμεναι• ἁγνεία δʼ ἐστὶ φρονεῖν ὅσια; ISyriaW 2034; 2203]; pap; LXX [of cultic purity]; TestJos 10:2; AscIs 3:21; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Mel., P. 49, 350) the quality of moral purity, purity; of a pure mind (s. ins fr. Epidaurus above; Jos., Ant. 19, 331) specif. chastity (Diod S 10, 21, 2 ἁγνεία τ. σώματος; Philo, Abr. 98 ἁ. τῆς γυναικός; Jos., Ant. 3, 78) ἐν πάσῃ ἁ, w. all propriety 1 Ti 5:2. W. πίστις and ἀγάπη Pol 4:2. W. δικαιοσύνη (so also ISmyrnaMcCabe 1, 15) Hs 9, 16, 7. W. σεμνότης (Diod S 4, 24, 5) Hs 5, 6, 5. W. σωφροσύνη (TestJos 10:2) IEph 10:3. W. other virtues 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Cl 21:7; 64; Hs 9, 15, 2; Hm 6, 2, 3 (AcJ 29 [Aa II/1, 166, 24]; AcPh 3 [Aa II/2, 2, 30]; 37 [p. 18, 16]; AcThom 104 [Aa II/2, 217, 15]). As first duty of youth Pol 5:3; ἐν ἁ. μένειν remain chaste IPol 5:2 (AcPhil 119 [Aa II/2, 49, 3]). ἐν ἁ. κατοικεῖν Hm 4, 3, 2 (cp. AcThom 131 [Aa II/2, 239, 2]); ἁ. φυλάσσειν (cp. Philo, Vi. Cont. 68) 4, 1, 1= ἁ. τηρεῖν 4, 4, 3.—JMüller, D. Keuschheitsideen in ihrer gesch. Entwicklung 1897; EFehrle, D. kult. Keuschh. im Altertum 1910, 42ff.—DELG s.v. ἅζομαι. M-M. TW. Sv.