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41 центратор обсадной колонны со спиральными пружинами
1) Oil: helical casing centralizer, spiral bow spring casing centralizer, spiral-bow-spring casing centralizer2) Sakhalin energy glossary: spiral centralizer3) Oil&Gas technology spiral-spring casing centralizer4) Oilfield: Spring Bow On JointУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > центратор обсадной колонны со спиральными пружинами
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42 Spiralfeder
f coil spring* * *die Spiralfederspiral spring* * *Spi|ral|fe|derfcoil spring* * *Spi·ral·fe·derf coil spring, hairspring* * *die coil spring* * *Spiralfeder f coil spring* * *die coil spring* * *f.coil spring n.spiral spring n. -
43 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV -
44 Sprungfeder
f (coil) spring* * *Sprụng|fe|derfspring* * *Sprung·fe·derf spring* * *die [spiral] spring* * *Sprungfeder f (coil) spring* * *die [spiral] spring* * *f.elastic spring n. -
45 Spiralfeder
Spiralfeder f TECH flat coil spring, flat spiral spring, helical spring, recoil spring, spiral spring, helical spring -
46 пружина
ж. springамортизационная пружина — cushioning spring; bungee spring
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47 цилиндрическая пружина
1) Engineering: coiled spring (винтовая), helical spring2) Automobile industry: coil spring, spiral spring, volute spring3) Automation: (винтовая) helical spring4) Arms production: cylindrical spring5) Electrical engineering: (винтовая) coil spring, (винтовая) coiled springУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > цилиндрическая пружина
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48 Arnold, John
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 1735/6 Bodmin (?), Cornwall, Englandd. 25 August 1799 Eltham, London, England[br]English clock, watch, and chronometer maker who invented the isochronous helical balance spring and an improved form of detached detent escapement.[br]John Arnold was apprenticed to his father, a watchmaker, and then worked as an itinerant journeyman in the Low Countries and, later, in England. He settled in London in 1762 and rapidly established his reputation at Court by presenting George III with a miniature repeating watch mounted in a ring. He later abandoned the security of the Court for a more precarious living developing his chronometers, with some financial assistance from the Board of Longitude. Symbolically, in 1771 he moved from the vicinity of the Court at St James's to John Adam Street, which was close to the premises of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures \& Commerce.By the time Arnold became interested in chronometry, Harrison had already demonstrated that longitude could be determined by means of a timekeeper, and the need was for a simpler instrument that could be sold at an affordable price for universal use at sea. Le Roy had shown that it was possible to dispense with a remontoire by using a detached escapement with an isochronous balance; Arnold was obviously thinking along the same lines, although he may not have been aware of Le Roy's work. By 1772 Arnold had developed his detached escapement, a pivoted detent which was quite different from that used on the European continent, and three years later he took out a patent for a compensation balance and a helical balance spring (Arnold used the spring in torsion and not in tension as Harrison had done). His compensation balance was similar in principle to that described by Le Roy and used riveted bimetallic strips to alter the radius of gyration of the balance by moving small weights radially. Although the helical balance spring was not completely isochronous it was a great improvement on the spiral spring, and in a later patent (1782) he showed how it could be made more truly isochronous by shaping the ends. In this form it was used universally in marine chronometers.Although Arnold's chronometers performed well, their long-term stability was less satisfactory because of the deterioration of the oil on the pivot of the detent. In his patent of 1782 he eliminated this defect by replacing the pivot with a spring, producing the spring detent escapement. This was also done independendy at about the same time by Berthoud and Earnshaw, although Earnshaw claimed vehemently that Arnold had plagiarized his work. Ironically it was Earnshaw's design that was finally adopted, although he had merely replaced Arnold's pivoted detent with a spring, while Arnold had completely redesigned the escapement. Earnshaw also improved the compensation balance by fusing the steel to the brass to form the bimetallic element, and it was in this form that it began to be used universally for chronometers and high-grade watches.As a result of the efforts of Arnold and Earnshaw, the marine chronometer emerged in what was essentially its final form by the end of the eighteenth century. The standardization of the design in England enabled it to be produced economically; whereas Larcum Kendall was paid £500 to copy Harrison's fourth timekeeper, Arnold was able to sell his chronometers for less than one-fifth of that amount. This combination of price and quality led to Britain's domination of the chronometer market during the nineteenth century.[br]Bibliography30 December 1775, "Timekeepers", British patent no. 1,113.2 May 1782, "A new escapement, and also a balance to compensate the effects arising from heat and cold in pocket chronometers, and for incurving the ends of the helical spring…", British patent no. 1,382.Further ReadingR.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (provides an overview).V.Mercer, 1972, John Arnold \& Son Chronometer Makers 1726–1843, London.See also: Phillips, EdouardDV -
49 плоская пружина
1) Engineering: leaf spring2) Chemistry: spring plate3) Railway term: reed (прерывателя)4) Automobile industry: plate spring, reed (молоткового прерывателя)5) Metallurgy: spring leg (грохота)6) Textile: band spring7) Oil: flat spring8) Automation: (спиральная) flat (spiral) spring9) Makarov: ribbon spring -
50 винтовой
1. screw (attr.)2. ( винтообразный) spiralвинтовая передача тех. — helical gear
винтовая пружина — spiral spring; ( в часовом механизме) hairspring
винтовая лестница — winding / spiral staircase
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51 винтовой
2) ( винтообразный) spiralвинтова́я переда́ча тех. — helical gear
винтова́я наре́зка — (screw) thread
винтова́я пружи́на — spiral spring; ( в часовом механизме) hairspring
винтова́я ли́ния — spiral
винтова́я ле́стница — winding / spiral staircase
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52 плоская спиральная пружина
1) Mechanic engineering: flat spiral spring2) Automation: scroll spiral springУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > плоская спиральная пружина
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53 Spiralfeder
f < masch> ■ spiral spring; spiral-coiled spring -
54 Flachspiralfeder
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55 плоская спиральная пружина
flat spiral spring, scroll spiral springРусско-английский исловарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства > плоская спиральная пружина
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56 винтовая пружина
1) General subject: cylinder spring, cylindrical spiral spring2) Railway term: spring coil3) Automobile industry: coil spring4) Oil&Gas technology helical spring5) Makarov: coiled spring -
57 kierukkajousi
technology• volute springtechnology• spiral springtechnology• helicoidal springtechnology• coiled springtechnology• coil spring -
58 حلزوني
حَلَزُونِيّ \ spiral: going round and round while continuing upwards, outwards, etc.: a spiral spring; a spiral staircase. -
59 لولبي
لَوْلَبِيّ \ spiral: going round and round while continuing upwards, outwards, etc.: a spiral spring; a spiral staircase. -
60 пружинная подвеска
1) Engineering: spring rigging, spring suspension2) Railway term: elastic suspension3) Automobile industry: coil suspension, spiral spring suspension4) Metallurgy: spring hangerУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > пружинная подвеска
См. также в других словарях:
Spiral spring — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
spiral spring — Spring Spring, n. [AS. spring a fountain, a leap. See {Spring}, v. i.] 1. A leap; a bound; a jump. [1913 Webster] The prisoner, with a spring, from prison broke. Dryden. [1913 Webster] 2. A flying back; the resilience of a body recovering its… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
spiral spring — noun a spring that is wound like a spiral • Hypernyms: ↑spring • Hyponyms: ↑hairspring * * * noun : a spring consisting of a wire coiled usually in a flat spiral or in a helix * * * a form of spring consisting of a wire coiled in a helix. See… … Useful english dictionary
spiral spring — noun Date: 1690 a spring consisting of a wire coiled usually in a flat spiral or in a helix … New Collegiate Dictionary
spiral spring — a form of spring consisting of a wire coiled in a helix. See illus. under spring. [1680 90] * * * … Universalium
spiral spring — spi′ral spring′ n. bui mac a form of spring consisting of a wire coiled in a helix • Etymology: 1680–90 … From formal English to slang
Spiral — Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis, and at… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral gear — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral gearing — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral operculum — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Spiral shell — Spiral Spi ral, a. [Cf. F. spiral. See {Spire} a winding line.] 1. Winding or circling round a center or pole and gradually receding from it; as, the spiral curve of a watch spring. [1913 Webster] 2. Winding round a cylinder or imaginary axis,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English