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1 BOW
(vb) luhta- (Note: a homophone means "enchant"), \#caw- (cited in source as cawin "I bow", 1st pers. aorist; in Tolkien's later conception it would be difficult to account for w in this position, and we should perhaps read *cav- with pa.t. *canwë); BOW (noun) quinga, cú (also = crescent Moon), lúva, cúnë (crescent); RAINBOW helyanwë ("sky-bridge"), Ilweran, Ilweranta (LT2:348 has iluquinga "sky-bow", but this word was obsoleted when Tolkien changed the meaning of ilu from "sky" to "universe".) BOWLEGGED quingatelco (So it is translated, but this must really be a noun: "bow-leg" [quinga + telco]. No Quenya adjectives end in –o, unless this is the only one. Read *quingatelca for "bow-legged"? Cf. one of the other words from the same source, sincahonda, changed from sincahondo in an earlier draft – but at that time Tolkien had already omitted quingatelco and hence did not change its ending: See SD:72.) –VT47:35, LT1:257, SD 68, 72, KWIG, KU3, LT1:256, LotR:1154, LT1:271 -
2 BLESSED
alya, almárëa (prosperous, rich, abundant), herenya (wealthy, fortunate, rich), manaquenta or manquenta, also aman ("blessed, free from evil" – Aman was "chiefly used as the name of the land where the Valar dwelt" [WJ:399], and as an adjective “blessed” the word may add an adjectival ending: amanya, VT49:41). Aman is the apparent Quenya equivalent of “the Blessed Realm” (allative Amanna is attested, VT49:26). The word calambar, apparently literally *“light-fated”, also seems to mean “blessed” (VT49:41). Cf. also BLESSED BEING Manwë (name of the King of the Valar). Alya, almárëa, and herenya are adjectives that may also have worldly connontations, apparently often used with reference to one who is "blessed" with material possessions or simply has good luck; on the other hand, the forms derived from the root man- primarily describe something free from evil: Cf. mána "blessed" in Fíriel's Song (referring to the Valar) and the alternative form manna in VT43:19 [cf. VT45:32] (in VT45 referring to the Virgin Mary; the form mána may be preferred for clarity, since manna is apparently also the question-word "whither?", "where to?") The forms manaquenta or manquenta also include the man- root, but it is combined with a derivative (passive participle?) of the verbal stem quet- "say, speak", these forms seemingly referring to someone who is "blessed" in the sense that people speak well of this person (a third form from the same source, manque, is possibly incomplete: read manquenta?) (VT44:10-11) The most purely "spiritual" term is possibly the word aistana, used for "blessed" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, where this word refers to the Virgin (VT43:27-28, 30). Aistana is apparently not an independent adjective (like alya, mána etc.), but rather the passive participle of a verb \#aista- "bless"; see above concerning its precise application. BLESSEDNESS vald- (so in LT1:272; nom. sg. must be either *val or *valdë) (happiness; but since this word comes from early material where it was intended to be related to Valar "Happy/Blessed Ones", its conceptual validity may be doubted because Tolkien later reinterpreted Valar as "the Powers" and dropped the earlier etymology). BLESSING (a boon, a good or fortunate thing), see BOON. "BLESSINGS", BLESSEDNESS, BLISS almië, almarë; FINAL BLISS manar, mandë (doom, final end, fate, fortune) –LotR:989 cf Letters:308; GAL, KHER, Letters:283, LT1:272, MAN/MANAD, VT43:19, 27-28, 30 -
3 DECIMAL SYSTEM
(in counting) maquanotië. Another source gives a word for "decimal system" as caistanótië, incorporating caista "10th", but since Tolkien later decided that the initial sound of words having to do with "10" should be qu- rather than c-, we must apparently read *quaistanótië. But maquanótië (a form requiring no changes) may be preferred. –VT47:10, VT48:11 -
4 NOT
lá (as for not- as a prefix = un-, see below). According to VT42:33, lá is the stressed form of the negation, whereas la is the unstressed form (cf. la- as the pretonic prefix *"not-" or *"un-", VT45:25). NO INDEED NOT lala; DON'T áva, avá; DON'T DO IT! áva carë!; I WILL NOT: vá (exclamation, also = Do not!); avan, ván, vanyë "I won't", avammë, vammë "we won't" (notice that if plural rather than dual, Tolkien later revised the ending for “we” from –mmë to –lmë); NOT COUNTING hequa (leaving aside, excluding, except), NOT COUNTED unotë, unotëa (read *únotë, *únotëa?) (uncounted), NOT TO BE SAID, THAT MUST NOT BE SAID avaquétima, NOT TO BE TOLD OR RELATED avanyárima. There are also specific verbs for NOT BE, NOT DO; concerning these, see entry BE. –LA, WJ:371, 364/365, VT39:14, WJ:370 -
5 TEN
quëan, quain. (In earlier sources the word cainen occurs, but according to VT48:12, Tolkien eventually rejected this word.) For the syntax of numerals, see THREE. GROUP OF TEN (10 similar things) maquat (actually the dual form of maqua "hand", referring to the ten fingers on both hands). Ordinal TENTH quainëa. The fraction ONE TENTH is given as caista (and cast) in VT48:11, but since Tolkien later decided that the word for "ten" was to have the initial sound qu- rather than c-, we must apparently read *quaista (and *quast, but normally Quenya words do not end in consonant clusters). –VT48:6, 11, VT47:7, VT42:25, cf. KAYAN, KAYAR
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