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a+leading+authority

  • 121 leader

    Équipe qui se trouve en première position dans un classement.
    Syn. leader m
    A team that is at the top of a table.
    Joueur qui exerce une autorité sur ses coéquipiers, qui est capable de les motiver et de les orienter.
    Syn. leader m
    A player who directs, marshals, exercises authority over, guides or inspires his team-mates.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > leader

  • 122 meneur

    Joueur qui exerce une autorité sur ses coéquipiers, qui est capable de les motiver et de les orienter.
    Syn. leader m
    A player who directs, marshals, exercises authority over, guides or inspires his team-mates.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais (UEFA Football) > meneur

  • 123 حكم

    حُكْم: إدَارَة، قِيَادَة، سُلْطَة، سَيْطَرَة
    rule; government, administration, management; direction; running, leading, leadership; control, command, dominion, authority, power, sway, reign

    Arabic-English new dictionary > حكم

  • 124 master

    1. n хозяин, владелец; господин

    the master of the house — глава семьи; хозяин дома

    to play the master — хозяйничать, распоряжаться

    I am not my own master — я не волен поступать, как хочу, я собой не распоряжаюсь

    to be master of oneself — владеть собой, держать себя в руках

    we will see which of us is master — посмотрим, кто из нас хозяин положения

    master of the house — хозяин, глава семьи

    2. n учитель
    3. n глава колледжа

    the master of the household — хозяин дома, глава семьи

    4. n магистр

    Grand Master — великий магистр, гроссмейстер

    5. n мастер, знаток своего дела, специалист

    he is master of this subject — он глубоко знает этот предмет, он специалист по этому предмету

    6. n квалифицированный рабочий; мастер

    master hand — мастер, специалист

    7. n великий, знаменитый художник, мастер

    master gunner — старший инструктор по стрельбе; мастер стрельбы

    8. n в названиях должностей
    9. n молодой барин, барчук; мастер, господин

    complete master of fence — настоящий мастер фехтования, искусный фехтовальщик

    10. n шотл. старший сын титулованного лица

    master index — главный индекс; старший индекс

    11. n Христос
    12. n капитан, шкипер

    master mariner — капитан, шкипер

    13. n ист. штурман
    14. n спец. модель; оригинал, образец

    master drawing — оригинал; эталонный чертеж

    15. n первый оригинал

    film master — оригинал микрофильма; оригинал на плёнке

    16. n руководство
    17. a главный, старший

    master bedroom — спальня хозяев, господская спальня

    18. a основной; сводный
    19. a контрольный
    20. v справляться, одолевать, подчинять себе

    to master the enemy — наносить поражение противнику, одерживать победу над противником

    21. v преодолевать
    22. v овладевать
    23. v руководить, управлять
    24. v русск. как компонент сложных слов, соответствует компоненту -мачтовик
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. dominant (adj.) ascendant; dominant; outweighing; overbalancing; overbearing; overweighing; paramount; predominant; predominate; preponderant; prevalent; regnant; sovereign
    2. major (adj.) chief; excellent; leading; main; major; principal; supreme
    3. proficient (adj.) accomplished; adept; crack; crackerjack; deft; expert; masterful; masterly; practiced; proficient; skilled; skillful
    4. expert (noun) adept; artist; artiste; authority; champion; connoisseur; doyen; expert; genius; maestro; master-hand; maven; passed master; past master; pro; professional; proficient; sage; scholar; swell; virtuoso; whiz; wiz; wizard
    5. leader (noun) boss; captain; chief; chieftain; cock; commander; director; dominator; head; headman; hierarch; honcho; leader; lord; overlord; ruler; superintendent; supervisor
    6. lover (noun) boyfriend; fancy man; lover; man; paramour
    7. original (noun) archetype; original; prototype
    8. owner (noun) holder; owner; possessor; proprietor
    9. supreme being (noun) Christ; god; messiah; supreme being
    10. teacher (noun) educator; instructor; mentor; preceptor; teacher
    11. victor (noun) conqueror; defeater; subduer; subjugator; vanquisher; victor; winner
    12. conquer (verb) conquer; defeat; humble; overpower; rule; subdue; vanquish
    13. domesticate (verb) domesticate; domesticize; domiciliate; gentle; tame
    14. learn (verb) comprehend; control; dominate; gain mastery in; get; learn; pick up; study; understand
    15. overcome (verb) best; down; hurdle; lick; overcome; prevail; surmount; throw; triumph; worst
    Антонимический ряд:
    inept; novice; resist; student; subject

    English-Russian base dictionary > master

  • 125 правительственные органы

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > правительственные органы

  • 126 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 127 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

    (19061980)
       Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.
       Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.
       After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.
       Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.
       When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.
       Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.
       Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves

  • 128 προΐστημι

    προΐστημι, [tense] fut. - στήσω: [tense] aor. 1 προὔστησα, part. προστήσας, inf. προστῆσαι.
    A Causal in these tenses, as also in [tense] pres. and [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med., set before, once in Hom.,

    προστήσας [σε] πρὸ Ἀχαιῶν Τρωσὶ μάχεσθαι Il.4.156

    : c. gen., π. τὸ σῶμα τοῦ σκοποῦ put his body in the way, Antipho 3.2.4 (dub. l.), cf. Plb.1.33.7.
    2 set over, ὃν ἡ πόλις ἀξιοῖ αὑτῆς προϊστάναι, v.l. for -εστάναι, Pl.La. 197d.
    3 exhibit publicly, prostitute,

    π. ἐπ' οἰκημάτων D.Chr.7.133

    .
    II [voice] Med., mostly [tense] aor. 1, put another before oneself, choose as one's leader, Hdt.1.123, 4.80: c. gen.,

    προΐστασθαι τουτονὶ ἑαυτοῦ

     take as one's guardian,

    Pl.R. 565c

    , cf. 442a (cj.), 599a, D.59.37;

    σφῶν αὐτῶν προὐστήσαντο τιμωρὸν γενέσθαι Κηφίσιον And.1.139

    ;

    στρατηγόν τινα τοῦ πολέμου π. D.Prooem. 21

    .
    2 put before one, put in front,

    σκίπωνα προστήσασθαι Hdt.4.172

    ;

    τὰ ἅρματα X.HG4.1.18

    ; τὴν χεῖρα, so as to shade the eyes, Arist.Pr. 960a21.
    3 metaph., put forward as an excuse or pretence, use as a screen,

    τί τάδε προὐστήσω λόγῳ; E.Cyc. 319

    ;

    τὰ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνωνδόγματα προστήσασθαι D.5.19

    , etc.: c. gen., [

    τὴν ἀτυχίαν] τῆς κακουργίας προϊστάμενος Antipho 2.3.1

    ;

    τοῦ ἀγῶνος τὴν πρὸς ἔμ' ἔχθραν προΐσταται D.18.15

    .
    4 προστησώμεθα Τύρταιον put him forward, cite him as an authority, Pl.Lg. 629a.
    7 manifest, ib. 195, al.
    B [voice] Pass., with [tense] aor. 2 [voice] Act. προὔστην: [tense] pf. προέστηκα, [ per.] 2pl.

    προέστατε Hdt.5.49

    ; inf. προεστάναι, part. προεστώς (v. infr.): [tense] fut. [tense] pf. προεστήξομαι, v. infr. 11.2:—[tense] aor. [voice] Pass. προεστάθην, v. infr.11.3:—come forward, v.l. for προς- in D.60.15.
    2 c.acc., approach as a suppliant,

    ἥ σε.. λιπαρεῖ προὔστην χερί S.El. 1378

    ; προστῆναι μέσην τράπεζαν dub. in Id.Fr.660.1 (fort. προσβῆναι):—in Hdt.1.86, προσστῆναι is restored.
    4 stand in public, be a prostitute, Aeschin.Ep.7.3, Vett. Val.16.7.
    II c. gen., to be set over, be at the head of,

    τῆς Ἑλλάδος Hdt.1.69

    , 5.49;

    τῶν Ἀρκάδων τοὺς προεστεῶτας Id.6.74

    ; esp. to be chief or leader of a party, τῶν παράλων, τῶν ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου, Id.1.59;

    τοῦ δήμου Id.3.82

    , Th.3.70, Lys. 13.7;

    ἡμῶν Ar.V. 419

    ;

    τῆς πόλεως Th.2.65

    ; π. αὐτῶν to be their ringleader, X.An.6.2.9; π. χοροῦ, στρατεύματος, Id.Mem.3.4.3; π. τῶν πολιτειῶν head the respective parties in the state, Lys.25.9, etc.: abs., οἱ προεστῶτες, [dialect] Ion. -εῶτες, the leading men,

    τῶν σκυθέων Hdt.4.79

    , cf. Th.3.11, etc.;

    οἱ προεστηκότες ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι X.HG 3.5.1

    ; οἱ ἐν ταῖς

    πόλεσι προστάντες Th.3.82

    ;

    τῷ προεστῶτι καὶ ἄρχοντι Pl.R. 428e

    .
    2 in various relations, govern, direct, οὐκ ὀρθῶς σεωυτοῦ προέστηκας you do not manage yourself well, Hdt.2.173;

    π. τῆς μεταβολῆς Th.8.75

    ;

    τοῦ ἱεροῦ X.HG3.2.31

    ;

    τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ βίου Id.Mem.3.2.2

    ;

    τοῦ πράγματος D.30.18

    ;

    προεστήξομαι τῆς χωνεύσεως PCair.Zen.481.9

     (iii B. C.); ἐργασίας, τέχνης, Plu.Per.24, Ath.13.612a;

    π. ἐνδόξου καὶ καλῆς αἱρέσεως OGI219.3

     (Ilium, iii B. C.).
    3 stand before so as to guard,

    οἱ δορυφόροι Μασίστεω προέστησαν Hdt.9.107

    , cf. E. Heracl. 306, etc.: hence, support, succour,

    πρόστητ' ἀναγκαίας τύχης S.Aj. 803

    ; ὁ προστὰς τῆς εἰρήνης the champion of peace, Aeschin.2.161; πάντων προστᾶσα [ δύναμις] Pl.Ti. 25b; π. τινός to be his protector, GDI1726.6 (Delph., ii B. C.), PFay.13.5 (ii B. C.);

    τῆς ἐναντίας π. γνώμης Plb.5.5.8

    ;

    τοῖσιν ἐχθροῖς προὐστήτην φόνου

     were the authors of..,

    S.El. 980

    ; π. [ νόσου] E.Andr. 221: abs.,

    βέλεα.. ἀρωγὰ προσταθέντα S.OT 206

    (lyr.).

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προΐστημι

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