-
101 map
1. n картаskeleton map — контурная карта; немая карта
map course — курс по карте; курс, проложенный по карте
map distance — расстояние по карте; горизонтальная дальность по карте; заложение
map reference — ссылка на карту; координаты по карте
map section — картографическое отделение, картографическая секция
map symbol — условный знак, условное обозначение
to relieve a map — поднимать карту, делать карту рельефной
2. n планmap out — составлять план, планировать
3. n биол. генетическая картаaerophotogrammetric map — карта, составленная по аэросъемкам
4. n мат. отображение5. n физ. портрет6. v составлять или чертить карту7. v наносить на картуoperations map — карта обстановки, оперативная схема
8. v производить съёмку местности9. v мат. отображатьmap over — отображать; устанавливать соответствие
Синонимический ряд:1. outline (noun) atlas; blueprint; chart; delineation; diagram; gazetteer; graph; guide; outline; plan; projection2. design (verb) design; lay out; prepare3. graph (verb) chart; graph; plot; sketch4. plan (verb) blueprint; chart; draft; outline; plan; project; set out -
102 χαράσσω
A make pointed, sharpen, whet, ἅρπας, ὀδόντας, Hes.Op. 573, Sc. 235, cf. Plu.2.350d; καθάπερ βέλη τὰ πράγματα ib. 825f;χαρασσόμενος σίδηρος Hes.Op. 387
.2 furnish with notches or teeth, like a saw,τὰ σιδήρια Arist.Aud. 803a3
:—[voice] Pass., of certain birds,ἔχουσι.. τὰ ἄκρα τοῦ ῥύγχους κεχαραγμένα Id.PA 662b16
; φύλλα κεχαραγμένα serrated leaves, Dsc.4.173, cf. Thphr.HP3.10.5; σκύταλον κεχ. ὄζοις jagged or rugged with.., Theoc.17.31.3 metaph., whet, stimulate,ἔρως ψυχὰς χ. S.Fr. 684
codd. Stob. ( codd. Clem.Al.);τὸ φιλόνικον Plu.2.92a
, cf. 825f:—[voice] Pass., κεχαραγμένος τινί exasperated at.., Hdt.7.1; κείνῳ τόδε μὴ χαράσσου be not angry at him for this, E.Med. 157 (lyr.);τῇπαρρησίᾳ χαραχθείς Plu.2.74e
.II cut into furrows, scratch,στρωμνὰ δὲ χαράσσοισ' ἅπαν νῶτον κεντεῖ Pi.P.1.28
;κῦμα χ. Orph.A. 372
;ἀρότρῳ.. χ. χέρσον AP6.238
(Apollonid.);ὕδωρ ἐρετμοῖς Nonn.D.3.46
, cf. 41.114 ([voice] Pass.);τῷ θερμῷ χαράσσοντι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν Plu.2.651e
:— [voice] Pass., wounded,E.
Rh.73;κέκοπται καὶ χαράσσεται πέδον A.Pers. 683
;θάλασσα φρικὶ χαρασσομένη AP10.2
(Antip. Sid.), cf. 10.14 (Agath.); τόπος κεχαραγμένος ὑπὸ ὄμβρου, gloss on ῥωχμός, Sch.Gen.Il.23.420.3 stamp, seal, PRyl. 160.6 (i. A. D.), etc.III engrave, carve, ἐν νομίσματι [Βάττον] χ. (i.e. stamp his portrait) Arist. Fr. 528;οὔρεακαὶ πόντον ὑπὲρ τύμβοιο AP7.237
(Alph.); στάλαν ib. 547 (Leon.Alex.); inscribe,δόγματα.. εἰς στήλην SIG795
B27 (Delph., i A. D.);γράμμα.. τοίχοισι χαράξω Theoc.23.46
, cf. AP12.130;ἐν τύμβῳ γράμμ' ἐχάραξε τόδε Erinn.5.8
;τὸν Τροίης πόλεμον σελίδεσσι χ. APl.4.293
;γραφίδεσσι.. χάραξα.. ἱερὸν λόγον Hymn.Is.11
; [νόμους] εἰς πίνακας χ. D.S.12.26
;ὁ γραμματεὺς τοῦ δήμου τὸ β ἐχάραξα BMus.Inscr.481
*.430 ([place name] Ephesus); simply, write, (vi A. D.), sketch, draw,μορφὴν χαράξαι AP11.412
(Antioch.), cf. Anacreont.55.5; of the down marking the cheek, APl.5.344:—so in [voice] Med.,ἴουλος ἄχνοα χιονέης ἐχαράσσετο κύκλα παρειῆς Nonn.D.10.180
:—[voice] Pass., ib.5.404; [ὄμμα] ἠλεμάτοις ἀκτῖσι χαράσσεται, of lines drawn with antimony, AP9.139 (Claudian.); ἐπὶτοῦ νομίσματος κεχαράχθαι πέλεκυν Arist.Fr. 593
;στήλας γράμμασι κεχαραγμένας D.S.3.44
;στῆλαι χαράσσονται IG14.297
([place name] Panormus);τοῖχος ἅπας ἐχαράσσετο Luc.Am.16
; τὸ χαραχθὲν νόμισμα stamped money, coin, Plb.10.27.13;χρῆσθαι τῷ.. μέτρῳ κεχαραγμένῳ τῷ χαρακτῆρι IG22.1013.64
; also of the letters engraved, Peripl.M. Eux.2: metaph., λέξις κεχαραγμένη with a stamp, i.e. character of its own, Diocl.Magn.Stoic.3.213; τὴν μὲν (sc. τὴν σοφιστικὴν)ἰδιώματι κεχαράχθαι φήσομεν Phld.Rh.1.77
S. (Perh. a Semitic loan-word, cf. Hebr. [hudot ]āraš 'engrave'; or cogn. with Lith. že[rtilde]<*>i 'rake, scrape'.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > χαράσσω
-
103 ἔκτυπος
ἔκτῠπ-ος, ον,A worked in relief, Ion Trag.42, Aristeas 58, D.S.18.26, etc.;φιάλη.. ἔ. ζῷα ἔχουσα IG11(2).161
B76 (Delos, iii B.C.); ἔκτυπα, τά, Plin.HN35.152.2 distinct,φαντασία Stoic.2.21
: [comp] Comp., Hsch. Adv. - πως with a distinct impression or character, opp. συγκεχυμένως, S.E.M.7.171.II formed in outline: ἔκτυπον, τό, rough sketch,δι' ἐκτύπων γεγραμμένη [ἱστορία Marcellin.Vit. Thuc. 44
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἔκτυπος
-
104 iemands karakter schetsen
iemands karakter schetsenVan Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > iemands karakter schetsen
-
105 cartoon
A n -
106 make
A n ( brand) marque f ; what make is your car? de quelle marque est ta voiture? ; what make of computer is it? quelle est la marque de cet ordinateur?1 ( create) faire [dress, cake, coffee, stain, hole, will, pact, film, sketch, noise] ; to make the bed faire le lit ; to make a rule établir une règle ; to make the law faire or édicter fml les lois ; to make sth from faire qch avec ; wine is made from grapes le vin se fait avec du raisin ; to make sth for sb, to make sb sth faire qch pour qn ; to be made for sb être fait pour qn ; to be made for each other être fait l'un pour l'autre ; to make room/the time for sth trouver de la place/du temps pour qch ; to make sth out of faire qch en ; what is it made (out) of? en quoi est-ce fait? ; it's made (out) of gold c'est en or ; to see what sb is made of voir de quoi est fait qn ; let's see what he's made of voyons de quoi il est fait ; show them what you're made of! montre-leur de quel bois tu te chauffes ○ ! ; to be as clever as they make them être malin comme pas un ○ ; to make A into B faire B à partir de A ; to make fruit into jam faire de la confiture à partir des fruits ; to make a house into apartments transformer une maison en appartements ; made in France/by Macron fabriqué en France/par Macron ; God made man Dieu a créé l'homme ;2 (cause to be or become, render) se faire [friends, enemies] ; to make sb happy/jealous/popular rendre qn heureux/jaloux/populaire ; to make sb hungry/thirsty donner faim/soif à qn ; to make oneself available/ill se rendre disponible/malade ; to make oneself heard/understood se faire entendre/comprendre ; to make sth bigger agrandir qch ; to make sth better améliorer qch ; to make sth worse aggraver qch [problem, situation] ; to make sb's cold better soulager le rhume de qn ; to make exams easier, to make passing exams easier, to make it easier to pass exams faciliter les examens ; to make it easy/possible to do [person] faire en sorte qu'il soit facile/possible de faire ; that made it easy for me to leave cela a facilité mon départ ;3 ( cause to do) to make sb cry/jump/think faire pleurer/sursauter/réfléchir qn ; I made her smile je l'ai fait sourire ; to make sb do sth faire faire qch à qn ; I made her forget her problems/lose patience je lui ai fait oublier ses problèmes/perdre patience ; it makes me look fat/old ça me grossit/vieillit ; it makes me look ill ça me donne l'air malade ; to make sth do faire que qch fasse ; to make sth happen faire que qch se produise ; to make the story end happily faire en sorte que l'histoire se termine bien ; to make sth work [person] réussir à faire marcher qch [machine etc] ; to make sth grow/burn [person] réussir à faire pousser/brûler qch ; [chemical, product] faire pousser/brûler qch ; it makes your face look rounder ça fait paraître ton visage plus rond ; it makes her voice sound funny cela lui donne une drôle de voix ;4 (force, compel) to make sb do obliger qn à faire ; they made me (do it) ils m'ont obligé, ils m'ont forcé, ils m'y ont forcé ; to be made to do être obligé or forcé de faire ; he must be made to cooperate il faut qu'il coopère ; to make sb wait/talk faire attendre/parler qn ;5 ( turn into) to make sb sth, to make sth of sb faire de qn qch ; it's been made into a film on en a fait or tiré un film ; to make sb a star faire de qn une vedette ; we made him treasurer on l'a fait trésorier ; we made Tom treasurer on a choisi Tom comme trésorier ; to be made president for life être fait président à vie ; to make sb one's assistant faire de qn son adjoint ; to make a soldier/a monster of sb faire de qn un soldat/un monstre ; it'll make a man of you hum ça fera de toi un homme ; he'll never make a teacher il ne fera jamais un bon professeur ; she'll make a good politician elle fera une fine politicienne ; to make sb a good husband être un bon mari pour qn ; to make sth sth, to make sth of sth faire de qch qch ; to make a habit/a success/ an issue of sth faire de qch une habitude/une réussite/une affaire ; do you want to make something of it? ( threatening) tu veux vraiment qu'on en discute? ; to make too much of sth faire tout un plat de qch ○ ; that will make a good shelter/a good tablecloth cela fera un bon abri/une bonne nappe ;6 (add up to, amount to) faire ; three and three make six trois et trois font six ; how much does that make? ça fait combien? ; that makes ten altogether ça fait dix en tout ; that makes five times he's called ça fait cinq fois qu'il appelle ;7 ( earn) gagner [salary, amount] ; to make £300 a week gagner 300 livres sterling par semaine ; he makes more in a week than I make in a month il gagne plus en une semaine que je ne gagne en un mois ; how much ou what do you think she makes? combien crois-tu qu'elle gagne? ; to make a living gagner sa vie ; to make a profit réaliser des bénéfices ; to make a loss subir des pertes ;8 (reach, achieve) arriver jusqu'à [place, position] ; atteindre [ranking, level] ; faire [speed, distance] ; to make the camp before dark arriver au or atteindre le camp avant la nuit ; to make the six o'clock train attraper le train de six heures ; we'll never make it nous n'y arriverons jamais ; to make the first team entrer dans la première équipe ; to make the charts entrer au hit-parade ; to make the front page of faire la une ○ de [newspaper] ; to make six spades ( in bridge) faire six piques ; to make 295 ( in cricket) faire or marquer 295 ;9 (estimate, say) I make it about 30 kilometres je dirais 30 kilomètres environ ; I make the profit £50 les bénéfices doivent s'élever à 50 livres sterling ; I make it five o'clock il est cinq heures à ma montre ; what time do you make it? quelle heure as-tu? ; what do you make the distance (to be)? quelle est la distance à ton avis? ; let's make it six o'clock/five dollars disons six heures/cinq dollars ; can we make it a bit later? peut-on dire un peu plus tard? ; what do you make of it? qu'en dis-tu? ; what does she make of him? qu'est-ce qu'elle pense or dit de lui? ; I don't know what to make of it je ne sais quoi en penser ; I can't make anything of it je n'y comprends rien ;10 ( cause success of) assurer la réussite de [holiday, day] ; a good wine can make a meal un bon vin peut assurer la réussite d'un repas ; it really makes the room [feature, colour] ça rend bien ; that interview made her career as a journalist cette interview lui a permis de faire carrière dans le journalisme ; it really made my day ça m'a rendu heureux pour la journée ; ‘go ahead, make my day!’ iron ‘allez, vas-y!’ ; to make or break sb/sth décider de l'avenir de qn/qch ;11 ○ ( have sex with) se faire ◑ [woman] ;13 Elec fermer [circuit] ;1 ( act) to make as if to do faire comme si on allait faire ; she made as if to kiss him elle a fait comme si elle allait l'embrasser ; he made like ○ he was injured il a fait semblant d'être blessé ;3 ( shuffle cards) battre.to be on the make ○ ( for profit) avoir les dents longues ; ( for sex) être en chasse ○ ; to make it ○ (in career, life) y arriver ; (to party, meeting) réussir à venir ; ( be on time for train etc) y être ; ( have sex) s'envoyer en l'air ○ (with avec) ; I'm afraid I can't make it malheureusement je ne peux pas y aller ; if they don't make it by 10pm s'ils n'arrivent pas avant 10h.■ make after:▶ make after [sb] poursuivre.■ make at:▶ make at [sb] attaquer (with avec).■ make away with = make off.■ make do:▶ make do faire avec ; to make do with se contenter de qch ;▶ make [sth] do se contenter de.■ make for:▶ make for [sth]1 ( head for) se diriger vers [door, town, home] ;2 ( help create) permettre, assurer [easy life, happy marriage] ;▶ make for [sb]1 ( attack) se jeter sur ;2 ( approach) se diriger vers.■ make good:▶ make good réussir ; a poor boy made good un garçon pauvre qui a réussi ;▶ make good [sth]1 ( make up for) réparer [damage, omission, loss] ; rattraper [lost time] ; combler [deficit, shortfall] ;2 ( keep) tenir [promise].■ make off filer ○ ; to make off across the fields/towards the town s'enfuir à travers les champs/vers la ville ; to make off with sth/sb se tirer ○ avec qch/qn.■ make out:▶ make out1 ( manage) s'en tirer ○ ; how are you making out? comment ça marche ○ ? ;2 US ( grope) se peloter ○ ;3 ( claim) affirmer (that que) ; he's not as stupid as he makes out il n'est pas aussi bête qu'il (le) prétend ;▶ make out [sth], make [sth] out1 (see, distinguish) distinguer [shape, writing] ;2 ( claim) to make sth out to be prétendre que qch est ;3 (understand, work out) comprendre [puzzle, mystery, character] ; to make out if or whether comprendre si ; I can't make him out je n'arrive pas à le comprendre ;4 ( write out) faire, rédiger [cheque, will, list] ; to make out a cheque GB ou check US to sb faire un chèque à qn, signer un chèque à l'ordre de qn ; it is made out to X il est à l'ordre de X ; who shall I make the cheque out to? à quel ordre dois-je faire le chèque? ;5 ( expound) to make out a case for sth argumenter en faveur de qch ;▶ make oneself out to be prétendre être [rich, brilliant] ; faire semblant d'être [stupid, incompetent].■ make over:▶ make over [sth], make [sth] over1 ( transform) transformer [building, appearance] (into en) ;2 ( transfer) céder [property] (to à).■ make towards:▶ make towards [sth/sb] se diriger vers.■ make up:▶ make up1 ( put make-up on) to make oneself up se maquiller ;2 ( after quarrel) se réconcilier (with avec) ;3 to make up for ( compensate for) rattraper [lost time, lost sleep, missed meal, delay] ; combler [financial loss, deficit] ; compenser [personal loss, bereavement] ;4 to make up to ○ faire de la lèche à ○ [boss, person] ;▶ make up [sth], make [sth] up1 ( invent) inventer [excuse, story] ; you're making it up! tu inventes! ; to make sth up as one goes along inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;2 ( prepare) faire [parcel, bundle, garment, road surface, bed] ; préparer [prescription] ; composer [type] ; she had the fabric made up into a jacket elle s'est fait faire une veste avec le tissu ;3 ( constitute) faire [whole, personality, society] ; to be made up of être fait or composé de ; to make up 10% of constituer 10% de ;4 ( compensate for) rattraper [loss, time] ; combler [deficit, shortfall] ; to make the total up to £1,000 compléter la somme pour faire 1 000 livres au total ;5 ( put make-up on) maquiller [person, face, eyes] ;6 ( stoke up) alimenter, s'occuper de [fire] ;7 to make it up ( make friends) se réconcilier (with avec) ; I'll make it up to you somehow ( when at fault) j'essaierai de me faire pardonner ; ( when not at fault) je vais trouver quelque chose pour compenser.■ make with ○:▶ make it with [sb] se faire ◑. -
107 cartoon
cartoon [kɑ:'tu:n](a) (drawing) dessin m humoristique; (series of drawings) bande f dessinée; (animated film) dessin m animé►► cartoon character personnage m de bande dessinée/de dessin animé;cartoon strip bande f dessinée, BD f -
108 delineate
-
109 delineation
delineation [dɪ‚lɪnɪ'eɪʃən](a) (outline, sketch) tracé mUn panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > delineation
-
110 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
См. также в других словарях:
character sketch — n. 1. a short piece of writing describing a person, esp. in terms of personality traits and behavior patterns 2. a theatrical portrayal of a highly individualized character or role … English World dictionary
Character sketch — A character sketch is an abbreviated portrayal of a particular characteristic of people. The term originates in portraiture, where the character sketch is a common academic exercise. Following the translation of Theophrastus s Characters into… … Wikipedia
character sketch — noun : a sketch devoted to an analysis or representation of a character especially of peculiar, eccentric, or strongly marked individuality or to a description stressing the character of a place * * * Literature. a short essay describing a… … Useful english dictionary
character sketch — /ˈkærəktə skɛtʃ/ (say karuhktuh skech) noun 1. a short description of someone s character. 2. a monologue or a short scene in which the character of a person is made clear …
character sketch — Literature. a short essay describing a person; literary profile. Cf. character (def. 17). [1880 85] * * * … Universalium
character — characterless, adj. /kar ik teuhr/, n. 1. the aggregate of features and traits that form the individual nature of some person or thing. 2. one such feature or trait; characteristic. 3. moral or ethical quality: a man of fine, honorable character … Universalium
character — Synonyms and related words: Adamite, Altmann theory, DNA, De Vries theory, Galtonian theory, Mendelianism, Mendelism, RNA, Roscius, VIP, Verworn theory, Weismann theory, Weismannism, Wiesner theory, abnormal, accent, accent mark, acclaim, actor,… … Moby Thesaurus
sketch — Synonyms and related words: Grand Guignol, Passion play, Tom show, abbreviation, abbreviature, abrege, abridge, abridgment, abstract, act, act as foil, adumbrate, afterpiece, antimasque, appear, article, audience success, ballet, barnstorm, bit,… … Moby Thesaurus
Character (arts) — A character is the representation of a person in a narrative work of art (such as a novel, play, or film).[1] Derived from the ancient Greek word kharaktêr (χαρακτήρ), the earliest use in English, in this sense, dates from the Restoration,[2]… … Wikipedia
character — char|ac|ter W1S1 [ˈkærıktə US ər] n ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(all somebody s qualities)¦ 2¦(person)¦ 3¦(qualities of something)¦ 4¦(moral strength)¦ 5¦(interesting quality)¦ 6¦(reputation)¦ 7¦(letter/sign)¦ ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ [Date: 1300 1400; : Old French; Origin:… … Dictionary of contemporary English
character writer — ▪ literature any writer who produced a type of character sketch that was popular in 17th century England and France. Their writings stemmed from a series of character sketches that the Greek philosopher and teacher Theophrastus (fl. c. 372… … Universalium