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1 Pawtucket
PawtucketБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Pawtucket
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2 Pawtucket
География: г. Потакет, (г.) Потакет (шт. Род-Айленд, США) -
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[pə`tʌkɪt]Потакет (США, штат Род-Айленд)Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > Pawtucket
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4 Pawtucket
г. Потакет; г. Потакет (шт. Род-Айленд, США)* * *Потакет (США, шт. Род-Айленд) -
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Город на северо-востоке штата Род-Айленд. 72,9 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1638 на землях Р. Уильямса [ Williams, Roger], статус города с 1885. Промышленный центр (текстильная промышленность и смежные с ней отрасли, деревообработка, производство бумаги). В 1790-93 здесь была построена первая в США текстильная фабрика [(Old) Slater Mill] -
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[pəʹtʌkıt] n геогр.г. Потакет -
8 Pawtucket
[pɔː'tʌkɪt]сущ.; геогр.Потакет (город в США, штат Род-Айленд) -
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n геогр. Потакет -
11 Brown, Joseph Rogers
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 26 January 1810 Warren, Rhode Island, USAd. 23 July 1876 Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire, USA[br]American machine-tool builder and co-founder of Brown \& Sharpe.[br]Joseph Rogers Brown was the eldest son of David Brown, who was modestly established as a maker of and dealer in clocks and watches. Joseph assisted his father during school vacations and at the age of 17 left to obtain training as a machinist. In 1829 he joined his father in the manufacture of tower clocks at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and two years later went into business for himself in Pawtucket making lathes and small tools. In 1833 he rejoined his father in Providence, Rhode Island, as a partner in the manufacture of docks, watches and surveying and mathematical instruments. David Brown retired in 1841.J.R.Brown invented and built in 1850 a linear dividing engine which was the first automatic machine for graduating rules in the United States. In 1851 he brought out the vernier calliper, the first application of a vernier scale in a workshop measuring tool. Lucian Sharpe was taken into partnership in 1853 and the firm became J.R.Brown \& Sharpe; in 1868 the firm was incorporated as the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company.In 1855 Brown invented a precision gear-cutting machine to make clock gears. The firm obtained in 1861 a contract to make Wilcox \& Gibbs sewing machines and gave up the manufacture of clocks. At about this time F.W. Howe of the Providence Tool Company arranged for Brown \& Sharpe to make a turret lathe required for the manufacture of muskets. This was basically Howe's design, but Brown added a few features, and it was the first machine tool built for sale by the Brown \& Sharpe Company. It was followed in 1862 by the universal milling machine invented by Brown initially for making twist drills. Particularly for cutting gear teeth, Brown invented in 1864 a formed milling cutter which could be sharpened without changing its profile. In 1867 the need for an instrument for checking the thickness of sheet material became apparent, and in August of that year J.R.Brown and L.Sharpe visited the Paris Exhibition and saw a micrometer calliper invented by Jean Laurent Palmer in 1848. They recognized its possibilities and with a few developments marketed it as a convenient, hand-held measuring instrument. Grinding lathes were made by Brown \& Sharpe in the early 1860s, and from 1868 a universal grinding machine was developed, with the first one being completed in 1876. The patent for this machine was granted after Brown's sudden death while on holiday.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven: Yale University Press; repub. 1926, New York and 1987, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay Publications Inc. (further details of Brown \& Sharpe Company and their products).R.S.Woodbury, 1958, History of the Gear-Cutting Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press ——, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.——, 1960, History of the Milling Machine, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.RTS -
12 Slater, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 9 June 1768 Belper, Derbyshire, Englandd. 21 April 1835 USA[br]Anglo-American manufacturer who established the first American mill to use Arkwright's spinning system.[br]Samuel's father, William, was a respected independent farmer who died when his son was aged 14; the young Slater was apprenticed to his father's friend, Jedediah Strutt for six and a half years at the beginning of 1783. He showed mathematical ability and quickly acquainted himself thoroughly with cotton-spinning machinery made by Arkwright, Hargreaves and Crompton. After completing his apprenticeship, he remained for a time with the Strutts to act as Supervisor for a new mill.At that time it was forbidden to export any textile machinery or even drawings or data from England. The emigration of textile workers was forbidden too, but in September 1789 Slater left for the United States in disguise, having committed the details of the construction of the cotton-spinning machinery to memory. He reached New York and was employed by the New York Manufacturing Company.In January 1790 he met Moses Brown in Providence, Rhode Island, and on 5 April 1790 he signed a contract to construct Arkwright's spinning machinery for Almy \& Brown. It took Slater more than a year to get the machinery operational because of the lack of skilled mechanics and tools, but by 1793 the mill was running under the name of Almy, Brown \& Slater. In October 1791 Slater had married Hannah Wilkinson, and in 1798 he set up his own mill in partnership with his father-in-law, Orziel Wilkinson. This mill was built in Pawtucket, near the first mill, but other mills soon followed in Smithville, Rhode Island, and elsewhere. Slater was the Incorporator, and for the first fifteen years was also President of the Manufacturer's Bank in Pawtucket. It was in his business role and as New England's first industrial capitalist that Slater made his most important contributions to the emergence of the American textile industry.[br]Further ReadingG.S.White, 1836, Memoirs of Samuel Philadelphia (theearliestaccountofhislife). Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XVII. Scientific American 63. P.E.Rivard, 1974, Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures, Slater Mill. D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of TextileTechnologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (covers Slater's activities in the USA very fully).RLH -
13 Wilkinson, David
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 5 January 1771 Smithfield (now Slatersville), Rhode Island, USAd. 3 February 1852 Caledonia Springs, Ontario, Canada[br]American mechanical engineer and inventor of a screw-cutting lathe.[br]David Wilkinson was the third son of Oziel Wilkinson (1744–1815), a blacksmith who c.1783 established at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, a plant for making farm tools and domestic utensils. This enterprise he steadily expanded with the aid of his sons, until by 1800 it was regarded as the leading iron and machinery manufacturing business in New England. At the age of 13, David Wilkinson entered his father's workshops. Their products included iron screws, and the problem of cutting the threads was one that engaged his attention. After working on it for some years he devised a screw-cutting lathe, for which he obtained a patent in 1798. In about 1800 David and his brother Daniel established their own factory at Pawtucket, known as David Wilkinson \& Co., where they specialized in the manufacture of textile machinery. Later they began to make cast cannon and installed a special boring machine for machining them. The firm prospered until 1829, when a financial crisis caused its collapse. David Wilkinson set up a new business in Cohoes, New York, but this was not a success and from 1836 he travelled around finding work chiefly in canal and bridge construction in New Jersey, Ohio and Canada. In 1848 he petitioned Congress for some reward for his invention of the screw-cutting lathe of 1798; he was awarded $10,000.[br]Further ReadingJ.W.Roe, 1916, English and American Tool Builders, New Haven; reprinted 1926, New York, and 1987, Bradley, Ill. (provides a short account of David Wilkinson and his work).R.S.Woodbury, 1961, History of the Lathe to 1850, Cleveland, Ohio (includes a description of Wilkinson's screw-cutting lathe).RTS -
14 WDDZ
Радио: AM-550, Pawtucket, Rhode Island -
15 Rhode Island
I1) Штат в группе штатов Новой Англии [ New England], самый маленький из 50 штатов США. Официальное название - "Штат Род-Айленд и плантации Провиденса" [ State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]. На севере и востоке граничит со штатом Массачусетс [ Massachusetts], на юге имеет выход к проливу Род-Айленд-Саунд [Rhode Island Sound]. Делится на две части заливом Наррагансетт [ Narragansett Bay], в котором расположены 36 островов, входящих в его состав, в том числе о. Блок [ Block Island]. Площадь - 4 тыс. кв. км. Население около 1 млн. человек (2000). Столица и крупнейший город - Провиденс [ Providence]. Наиболее крупные города: Крэнстон [Cranston], Ист-Провиденс [East Providence], Ньюпорт [ Newport], Потакет [ Pawtucket], Уорик [ Warwick], Вунсокет [Woonsocket]. Местность на востоке низменная, на западе - холмы. Умеренно континентальный влажный климат. Ко времени появления европейцев на территории будущего штата здесь жили индейцы племен наррагансет [ Narragansett], вампаноаг [ Wampanoag], пекот [ Pequot], ниантик [Niantic] и нипмук [ Nipmuc]. В 1511 у берегов Род-Айленда появились португальцы во главе с М. Корте Реалом [Corte Real, Miguel]. В 1524 залив Наррагансетт был обследован Дж. да Верразано [ Verrazano, Giovanni da], в начале XVII в. здесь появились голландские торговцы-мореплаватели. В 1636 изгнанный из Бостона пастор-диссидент Р. Уильямс [ Williams, Roger] основал первое постоянное поселение Провиденс. В 1638 другие изгнанники из Колонии Массачусетского залива [ Massachusetts Bay Colony], сторонники Э. Хатчинсон [ Hutchinson, Anne], У. Коддингтона [Coddington, William] и Дж. Кларка [Clarke, John] купили у индейцев землю на о. Эквиднек [Aquidneck Island], на месте современного г. Портсмута. В 1639 был основан Ньюпорт. В 1644 Эквиднек получил второе название - Род-Айленд. В тот же год Р. Уильямс добился в Англии хартии на объединение трех колоний, а в 1663 король Карл II издал хартию, в которой за Род-Айлендом закреплялись установившиеся там религиозные свободы и право на самоуправление. Этот документ оставался в силе до принятия в 1842 конституции штата [ state constitution]. Местные жители сохраняли дружественные отношения с индейцами вплоть до Войны Короля Филипа [ King Philip's War], что позволило успешно развивать экономику колонии. В ней значительную роль играли крупные фермерские хозяйства, внешняя торговля с Вест-Индией и Европой, участие в работорговле, китобойный промысел. Четвертого мая 1776 Род-Айленд первым объявил о своей независимости от метрополии, а его жители впоследствии участвовали во всех крупных сражениях Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War]; уроженец штата генерал Н. Грин [ Greene, Nathanael] был заместителем Дж. Вашингтона [ Washington, George]. Основной порт Род-Айленда Ньюпорт был оккупирован англичанами с декабря 1776 по октябрь 1779 и почти полностью разрушен, что привело к смещению экономической активности в Провиденс (особенно значительной была его роль в торговле с Китаем). В 1790 Род-Айленд ратифицировал Конституцию США [ Constitution, U.S.] - последним из Тринадцати колоний [ Thirteen Colonies], что во многом было вызвано нежеланием местных жителей делегировать властные полномочия федеральному правительству. В 1790 в г. Потакете была создана первая в США фабрика по переработке хлопка, с которой началось бурное промышленное развитие штата; кульминация его пришлась на 1830-40-е. Развивались текстильные мануфактуры, вокруг которых возникали новые поселения, судостроение, ювелирное дело; в то же время постепенно снижалась роль внешней торговли и китобойного промысла. Двоевластие и борьба вокруг проекта новой конституции штата закончились весной 1842 подавлением правительственными войсками вооруженного выступления, вошедшего в историю как восстание Дорра [ Dorr, Thomas Wilson]. На 1920-е пришелся спад в промышленном производстве. В поисках дешевой рабочей силы началось перемещение предприятий в южные штаты. Развитие военно-промышленного комплекса после второй мировой войны привело к тому, что до 1973 авиабаза ВМС Куонсет-Пойнт [ Quonset Point Naval Air Station] была самым крупным работодателем штата. Одновременно наблюдался рост значения таких отраслей, как металлургия, машиностроение, производство резины и пластмассы. В 1980-90-е происходит сдвиг в сторону сферы обслуживания и туризма и сокращение численности рабочих мест в промышленном производстве (ныне в промышленности занято около 25 процентов жителей штата). Род-Айленд отличает большая концентрация высококвалифицированных кадров. Начиная с 1920-х, избиратели штата предпочитают голосовать за демократов. Одна из наиболее существенных проблем Род-Айленда - загрязнение окружающей среды, связанное с урбанизацией и высокой плотностью населения.2) Второе название острова Эквиднек [Aquidneck Island] в залив Наррагансетт, на котором расположена часть одноименного штатаII"Rhode Island""Род-Айленд"Гимн [ state song] штата Род-АйлендEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Rhode Island
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16 Arnold, Aza
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 4 October 1788 Smithfield, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, USAd. 1865 Washington, DC, USA[br]American textile machinist who applied the differential motion to roving frames, solving the problem of winding on the delicate cotton rovings.[br]He was the son of Benjamin and Isabel Arnold, but his mother died when he was 2 years old and after his father's second marriage he was largely left to look after himself. After attending the village school he learnt the trade of a carpenter, and following this he became a machinist. He entered the employment of Samuel Slater, but left after a few years to engage in the unsuccessful manufacture of woollen blankets. He became involved in an engineering shop, where he devised a machine for taking wool off a carding machine and making it into endless slivers or rovings for spinning. He then became associated with a cotton-spinning mill, which led to his most important invention. The carded cotton sliver had to be reduced in thickness before it could be spun on the final machines such as the mule or the waterframe. The roving, as the mass of cotton fibres was called at this stage, was thin and very delicate because it could not be twisted to give strength, as this would not allow it to be drawn out again during the next stage. In order to wind the roving on to bobbins, the speed of the bobbin had to be just right but the diameter of the bobbin increased as it was filled. Obtaining the correct reduction in speed as the circumference increased was partially solved by the use of double-coned pulleys, but the driving belt was liable to slip owing to the power that had to be transmitted.The final solution to the problem came with the introduction of the differential drive with bevel gears or a sun-and-planet motion. Arnold had invented this compound motion in 1818 but did not think of applying it to the roving frame until 1820. It combined the direct-gearing drive from the main shaft of the machine with that from the cone-drum drive so that the latter only provided the difference between flyer and bobbin speeds, which meant that most of the transmission power was taken away from the belt. The patent for this invention was issued to Arnold on 23 January 1823 and was soon copied in Britain by Henry Houldsworth, although J.Green of Mansfield may have originated it independendy in the same year. Arnold's patent was widely infringed in America and he sued the Proprietors of the Locks and Canals, machine makers for the Lowell manufacturers, for $30,000, eventually receiving $3,500 compensation. Arnold had his own machine shop but he gave it up in 1838 and moved the Philadelphia, where he operated the Mulhausen Print Works. Around 1850 he went to Washington, DC, and became a patent attorney, remaining as such until his death. On 24 June 1856 he was granted patent for a self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines.[br]Bibliography28 June 1856, US patent no. 15,163 (self-setting and self-raking saw for sawing machines).Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, Vol. 1.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a description of the principles of the differential gear applied to the roving frame).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830, Oxford (a discussion of the introduction and spread of Arnold's gear).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
Pawtucket — Pawtucket … Deutsch Wikipedia
Pawtucket — may refer to either of these:* Pawtucket, Rhode Island * Pawtucket tribe * 2 ships named USS Pawtucket * Pawtucket Brewery, fictional brewery on the television series Family Guy … Wikipedia
Pawtucket — [pɔː tʌkɪt], Stadt in Rhode Island, USA, am Pawtucket Wasserfall des Blackstone River, 72 600 Einwohner; bildet mit Providence und Fall River eine Metropole Area von 1,14 Mio. Einwohner. Seit den 1920er Jahren wanderten viele Betriebe der einst … Universal-Lexikon
Pawtucket — Pawtucket, RI U.S. city in Rhode Island Population (2000): 72958 Housing Units (2000): 31819 Land area (2000): 8.736230 sq. miles (22.626731 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.259434 sq. miles (0.671932 sq. km) Total area (2000): 8.995664 sq. miles (23 … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Pawtucket, RI — U.S. city in Rhode Island Population (2000): 72958 Housing Units (2000): 31819 Land area (2000): 8.736230 sq. miles (22.626731 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.259434 sq. miles (0.671932 sq. km) Total area (2000): 8.995664 sq. miles (23.298663 sq.… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Pawtucket — (spr Pahljucket), 1) P. Niver, Fluß in Neuengland (Nordamerika), bildet theilweis die Grenze zwischen den Staaten Massachusetts u. Rhode Island u. fällt in die Narragansett Bai des Atlantischen Oceans. In der Nähe von P. City bildet er einen 50… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Pawtucket [1] — Pawtucket (spr. paotöcket), kleiner Fluß des nordamerikan. Staates Rhode Island, entspringt als Blackstone in Massachusetts, ist reich an Schnellen und Wasserkräften und mündet als breiter, 3,6 m tiefen Seeschiffen zugänglicher Trichter unterhalb … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Pawtucket [2] — Pawtucket (spr. paotöcket), Stadt im nordamerikan. Staat Rhode Island, an den 15 m hohen Fällen des P. Flusses, hat bedeutende Fabriken von Baumwoll und Strumpfwaren, Papier, Gießerei und Maschinenbau, Zeugdruckerei (1900 Gesamtwert der… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Pawtucket — (spr. pahtöckĕt), Stadt im nordamerik. Staate Rhode Island, am Fluß P. (Zufluß des Providence), (1900) 39.231 E … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Pawtucket — [pə tuk′it] [< Narragansett, at the falls] city in R.I.: pop. 73,000 … English World dictionary
Pawtucket — 41° 52′ 32″ N 71° 22′ 34″ W / 41.875556, 71.376111 … Wikipédia en Français
