Orford

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Mining and extraction technology

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Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.

Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m²) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.

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1) Общая лексика: ИПЦ индекс потребительских цен (consumer price index), ИПЦ (индекс потребительских цен)

2) Компьютерная техника: Clocks Per Instruction, Computer to PABX Interface, Cycle Per Instruction

3) Медицина: cardiac power index

4) Военный термин: Chief of Public Information, Common Part Indicator, Communications Processor and Interface, Competition Performance Index, center of programmed instruction, Communications Processing and Interface (module)

5) Техника: center pressure index, chemical process industry, coherent processing interval, containment performance improvement, crash-position indicator

6) Религия: Church Planting Institute

7) Железнодорожный термин: Canadian Pacific Railway

8) Юридический термин: City Property Involved, Corruption Perception Index

9) Экономика: ИПЦ, ИРЦ, индекс розничных цен, индекс цен на потребительские товары, (consumer price index) индекс цен потребителей

10) Бухгалтерия: Cannot Pinpoint Inflation, Cardholder Payment Interface

11) Автомобильный термин: central port fuel injection

12) Телекоммуникации: Computer-PBX Interface

13) Сокращение: Chemical Processing Industries, Communications Processor & Interface, Communist Party of India, Consumer Price Index (cost of living), Counter Proliferation Initiative, Crash Position Indicator, MS-DOS Codepage File, Cost Per Inquiry

14) Вычислительная техника: Common Programming Interface, Computer Private branch exchange Interface, cycles per instruction, процентное соотношение произведённых затрат, Common Part Indicator (ATM), Common Programming Interface (IBM, SAA), индекс эффективности затрат, стандартный программный интерфейс, число символов на дюйм

15) Нефть: computer-processed interpretation, corrugated plate inrterceptor, corrugated plate interceptor

16) Банковское дело: индекс цен на потребительские товары (consumer price index)

17) Фирменный знак: Cincinnati Precision Instruments, Communications Power Industries, Conservative Press International

18) Экология: carbon preference index

19) Налоги: comparable profit interval, сопоставимый интервал прибыли

20) Деловая лексика: Cumulative Progress Indicators, индекс потребительских цен

21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: избыточность нечётного числа n-алканов по отношению к чётному числу n-алканов (Carbon Preference Index), индекс предпочтительности усвоения углерода (Carbon Preference Index)

22) Менеджмент: Continuous Process Improvement (Continuous Process Improvement)

23) Образование: Certified Personnel Information

24) Инвестиции: consumer price index

25) Сетевые технологии: characters per inch, computer-to-PBX interface

26) Полимеры: Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

27) Сахалин Ю: continuous performance improvement, corrugated plate incline

28) Химическое оружие: Cost performance index

29) Авиационная медицина: Californian personality inventory, Californian psychological inventory

30) Расширение файла: Character Per Inch, Clock Per Instruction, Bitmap graphics (Colorlab Processed Image), Code Page Information file (DOS), Common Programming Interface (IBM), MS-DOS codepage file (MODE. EXE)

31) SAP.тех. интерфейс CPI

32) Собаководство: Canine Parainfluenza

33) Должность: Certified Professional Inspector

34) Аэропорты: Cape Orford, Papua New Guinea

35) НАСА: Commence Primary Ignition

36) Программное обеспечение: Card Processing Integration

37) AMEX. Capital Properties, Inc., of Rhode Island

38) Оргтехника: cost per impression

1) Общая лексика: ИПЦ индекс потребительских цен (consumer price index), ИПЦ (индекс потребительских цен)

2) Компьютерная техника: Clocks Per Instruction, Computer to PABX Interface, Cycle Per Instruction

3) Медицина: cardiac power index

4) Военный термин: Chief of Public Information, Common Part Indicator, Communications Processor and Interface, Competition Performance Index, center of programmed instruction, Communications Processing and Interface (module)

5) Техника: center pressure index, chemical process industry, coherent processing interval, containment performance improvement, crash-position indicator

6) Религия: Church Planting Institute

7) Железнодорожный термин: Canadian Pacific Railway

8) Юридический термин: City Property Involved, Corruption Perception Index

9) Экономика: ИПЦ, ИРЦ, индекс розничных цен, индекс цен на потребительские товары, (consumer price index) индекс цен потребителей

10) Бухгалтерия: Cannot Pinpoint Inflation, Cardholder Payment Interface

11) Автомобильный термин: central port fuel injection

12) Телекоммуникации: Computer-PBX Interface

13) Сокращение: Chemical Processing Industries, Communications Processor & Interface, Communist Party of India, Consumer Price Index (cost of living), Counter Proliferation Initiative, Crash Position Indicator, MS-DOS Codepage File, Cost Per Inquiry

14) Вычислительная техника: Common Programming Interface, Computer Private branch exchange Interface, cycles per instruction, процентное соотношение произведённых затрат, Common Part Indicator (ATM), Common Programming Interface (IBM, SAA), индекс эффективности затрат, стандартный программный интерфейс, число символов на дюйм

15) Нефть: computer-processed interpretation, corrugated plate inrterceptor, corrugated plate interceptor

16) Банковское дело: индекс цен на потребительские товары (consumer price index)

17) Фирменный знак: Cincinnati Precision Instruments, Communications Power Industries, Conservative Press International

18) Экология: carbon preference index

19) Налоги: comparable profit interval, сопоставимый интервал прибыли

20) Деловая лексика: Cumulative Progress Indicators, индекс потребительских цен

21) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: избыточность нечётного числа n-алканов по отношению к чётному числу n-алканов (Carbon Preference Index), индекс предпочтительности усвоения углерода (Carbon Preference Index)

22) Менеджмент: Continuous Process Improvement (Continuous Process Improvement)

23) Образование: Certified Personnel Information

24) Инвестиции: consumer price index

25) Сетевые технологии: characters per inch, computer-to-PBX interface

26) Полимеры: Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

27) Сахалин Ю: continuous performance improvement, corrugated plate incline

28) Химическое оружие: Cost performance index

29) Авиационная медицина: Californian personality inventory, Californian psychological inventory

30) Расширение файла: Character Per Inch, Clock Per Instruction, Bitmap graphics (Colorlab Processed Image), Code Page Information file (DOS), Common Programming Interface (IBM), MS-DOS codepage file (MODE. EXE)

31) SAP.тех. интерфейс CPI

32) Собаководство: Canine Parainfluenza

33) Должность: Certified Professional Inspector

34) Аэропорты: Cape Orford, Papua New Guinea

35) НАСА: Commence Primary Ignition

36) Программное обеспечение: Card Processing Integration

37) AMEX. Capital Properties, Inc., of Rhode Island

38) Оргтехника: cost per impression