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1 Nièvre
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2 Vauban, Sébastien de
[br]b. 15 May 1633 St-Léger-de-Fougeret, Château Chinon, Nièvre, Franced. 20 March 1707 Paris, France[br]French civil and military engineer.[br]Born of impecunious parents, Vauban joined Condé's regiment as a cadet in 1651, at the age of 17, although he had apparently acquired some knowledge of mathematics and fortifications in the Carmelite College of Semur-en-Auxois. In the war of the Fronde he was captured by the Royal troops in 1653 and was converted to the king's service. He was soon recognized as having engineering ability and was given the task of repairing the fortifications of Sainte-Menehould. During the next few years he was engaged on fortification repairs and assisting at sieges, including Ypres, Gravelines and Oudenarde in 1658. Vauban found favour with the king, Louis XIV, and was responsible for the fortifications of Lille, which had been captured in 1667; he commenced the defensive structures of the citadel and the town in 1668. These were completed in 1674 and consisted of a vast pentagonal fort with bastions and further detached works surrounded by water defences. In 1692 he was present at the siege of Namur and was responsible for its capture. He was then put in charge of re-establishing and improving the defences. He next developed a line of fortresses along the French border. He later was abandoned by the king, whom he had served so well, and, with his advice being ignored by the French forces, they suffered defeat after defeat in Marlborough's wars.Meanwhile he had been called in to inspect the recently completed Canal du Midi and subsequently made recommendations for its improvement. These included the extension of the Montagne Noire feeder, and the construction of the Cesse and Orbiel aqueducts which were carried out to his design and under his supervision in 1686–7. In 1700 he was consulted on and produced a plan for a canal across France from north to south, providing a barge waterway from Nîmes to Dunkirk, but this was not carried out.In 1703 he was created maréchal de France, and two years later he devised vast schemes for the development of the canal system in Flanders. Owing to determined opposition from the local people, these schemes were abandoned and not revived until 1770, by which time the locals were prepared to accept them.[br]Further ReadingSir Reginald Blomfield, 1938, Sébastien lePrestre de Vauban, 1633–1707, Methuen. D.Halevy, 1924, Vauban. Builder of Fortresses, trans. C.J.C.Street, Geoffrey Bles.JHB
См. также в других словарях:
Nievre — Nièvre (département) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Nièvre. Nièvre … Wikipédia en Français
Nièvre — Department … Wikipedia
Nievre — Nièvre (58) Region Burgun … Deutsch Wikipedia
Nièvre — Region Burgund Prä … Deutsch Wikipedia
Nievre — (spr. Niähw r), 1) Departement im innern Frankreich, zwischen den Departements Loiret, Yonne, Côte d or, Saône Loire, Allier u. Cher; das sonstige Nivernois; 124,83 QM.; hüge liges Land (Berge von Morvan), viel Wald, unbedeutende Fruchtbarkeit;… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Nièvre [1] — Nièvre (spr. niǟwr ), rechter Nebenfluß der Loire im mittlern Frankreich, mündet, 48 km lang, bei Nevers … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Nièvre [2] — Nièvre (spr njǟwr ), Departement im Innern Frankreichs, ist aus der Provinz Nivernais nebst einem Teil von Gâtinais gebildet, grenzt im Norden an die Departements Loiret und Yonne, im O. an Côte d Or und Saône et Loire, im S. an Allier und im W.… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Nièvre — (spr. nĭähwr), Departement im innern Frankreich, benannt nach dem Flusse N. (r. Zufluß der Loire, 53 km lg.), 6888 qkm, (1901) 323.783 E.; Hauptort Nevers … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Nièvre — (Niähwr), Nebenfluß der Loire u. nach ihm benanntes Depart. in Frankreich zwischen Saône Loire, Côtes dʼ Or, Yonne, Cher, Allier, 1252/3 M. groß mit 327000 E. und der Hauptstadt Nevers. Das Depart. ist reich an Wein u. Obst, baut hinlänglich… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Nièvre — (la) riv. de France (53 km), affl. de la Loire (r. dr.), avec laquelle elle conflue à Nevers. Dép.: 6 837 km²; 233 278 hab.; ch. l. Nevers (43 889 hab.). V. Bourgogne (Rég.) … Encyclopédie Universelle
Nièvre — [ njɛːvr; nach dem gleichnamigen Zufluss der Loire], Département in Mittelfrankreich, Region Burgund, 6 817 km2, 225 000 Einwohner; umfasst das Nivernais und teilweise den Morvan; Verwaltungssitz: Nevers. … Universal-Lexikon
