-
21 Napier
n геогр. Нейпир -
22 Napier
-
23 Napier
-
24 Napier's\ bones
-
25 Napier Cloth
A dress fabric, double face, one side wool, the other vicuna, cashmere or goat hair. -
26 Napier Mat
A heavy matting material for use as floor covering and made of jute yarns. -
27 Napier, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 18 June 1791 Dumbarton, Scotlandd. 23 June 1876 Shandon, Dunbartonshire, Scotland[br]Scottish shipbuilder one of the greatest shipbuilders of all time, known as the "father" of Clyde shipbuilding.[br]Educated at Dumbarton Grammar School, Robert Napier had been destined for the Church but persuaded his father to let him serve an apprenticeship as a blacksmith under him. For a while he worked in Edinburgh, but then in 1815 he commenced business in Glasgow, the city that he served for the rest of his life. Initially his workshop was in Camlachie, but it was moved in 1836 to a riverside factory site at Lancefield in the heart of the City and again in 1841 to the Old Shipyard in the Burgh of Govan (then independent of the City of Glasgow). The business expanded through his preparedness to build steam machinery, beginning in 1823 with the engines for the paddle steamer Leven, still to be seen a few hundred metres from Napier's grave in Dumbarton. His name assured owners of quality, and business expanded after two key orders: one in 1836 for the Honourable East India Company; and the second two years later for the Royal Navy, hitherto the preserve of the Royal Dockyards and of the shipbuilders of south-east England. Napier's shipyard and engine shops, then known as Robert Napier and Sons, were to be awarded sixty Admiralty contracts in his lifetime, with a profound influence on ship and engine procurement for the Navy and on foreign governments, which for the first time placed substantial work in the United Kingdom.Having had problems with hull subcontractors and also with the installation of machinery in wooden hulls, in 1843 Napier ventured into shipbuilding with the paddle steamer Vanguard, which was built of iron. The following year the Royal Navy took delivery of the iron-hulled Jackall, enabling Napier to secure the contract for the Black Prince, Britain's second ironclad and sister ship to HMS Warrior now preserved at Portsmouth. With so much work in iron Napier instigated studies into metallurgy, and the published work of David Kirkaldy bears witness to his open-handedness in assisting the industry. This service to industry was even more apparent in 1866 when the company laid out the Skelmorlie Measured Mile on the Firth of Clyde for ship testing, a mile still in use by ships of all nations.The greatest legacy of Robert Napier was his training of young engineers, shipbuilders and naval architects. Almost every major Scottish shipyard, and some English too, was influenced by him and many of his early foremen left to set up rival establishments along the banks of the River Clyde. His close association with Samuel Cunard led to the setting up of the company now known as the Cunard Line. Napier designed and engined the first four ships, subcontracting the hulls of this historic quartet to other shipbuilders on the river. While he contributed only 2 per cent to the equity of the shipping line, they came back to him for many more vessels, including the magnificent paddle ship Persia, of 1855.It is an old tradition on the Clyde that the smokestacks of ships are made by the enginebuilders. The Cunard Line still uses red funnels with black bands, Napier's trademark, in honour of the engineer who set them going.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Commander of the Dannebrog (Denmark). President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1864. Honorary Member of the Glasgow Society of Engineers 1869.Further ReadingJames Napier, 1904, The Life of Robert Napier, Edinburgh, Blackwood.J.M.Halliday, 1980–1, "Robert Napier. The father of Clyde shipbuilding", Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 124.Fred M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.FMW -
28 Napier (Neper), John
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 1550 Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 4 April 1617 Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish mathematician and theological writer noted for his discovery of logarithms, a powerful aid to mathematical calculations.[br]Born into a family of Scottish landowners, at the early age of 13 years Napier went to the University of St Andrews in Fife, but he apparently left before taking his degree. An extreme Protestant, he was active in the struggles with the Roman Catholic Church and in 1594 he dedicated to James VI of Scotland his Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St John, an attempt to promote the Protestant case in the guise of a learned study. About this time, as well as being involved in the development of military equipment, he devoted much of his time to finding methods of simplifying the tedious calculations involved in astronomy. Eventually he realized that by representing numbers in terms of the power to which a "base" number needed to be raised to produce them, it was possible to perform multiplication and division and to find roots, by the simpler processes of addition, substraction and integer division, respectively.A description of the principle of his "logarithms" (from the Gk. logos, reckoning, and arithmos, number), how he arrived at the idea and how they could be used was published in 1614 under the title Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio. Two years after his death his Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio appeared, in which he explained how to calculate the logarithms of numbers and gave tables of them to eight significant figures, a novel feature being the use of the decimal point to distinguish the integral and fractional parts of the logarithm. As originally conceived, Napier's tables of logarithms were calculated using the natural number e(=2.71828…) as the base, not directly, but in effect according to the formula: Naperian logx= 107(log e 107-log e x) so that the original Naperian logarithm of a number decreased as the number increased. However, prior to his death he had readily acceded to a suggestion by Henry Briggs that it would greatly facilitate their use if logarithms were simply defined as the value to which the decimal base 10 needed to be raised to realize the number in question. He was almost certainly also aware of the work of Joost Burgi.No doubt as an extension of his ideas of logarithms, Napier also devised a means of manually performing multiplication and division by means of a system of rods known as Napier's Bones, a forerunner of the modern slide-rule, which evolved as a result of successive developments by Edmund Gunther, William Oughtred and others. Other contributions to mathematics by Napier include important simplifying discoveries in spherical trigonometry. However, his discovery of logarithms was undoubtedly his greatest achievement.[br]BibliographyNapier's "Descriptio" and his "Constructio" were published in English translation as Description of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (1857) and W.R.MacDonald's Construction of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (1889), which also catalogues all his works. His Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis per Virgulas Libri Duo (1617) was published in English as Divining Rods, or Two Books of Numbering by Means of Rods (1667).Further ReadingD.Stewart and W.Minto, 1787, An Account of the Life Writings and Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston (an early account of Napier's work).C.G.Knott (ed.), 1915, Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume (the fullest account of Napier's work).KF -
29 Napier, David
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 1785 Scotlandd. 1873[br]Scottish engineer who devised printing machinery incorporating important improvements.[br]Born in Scotland, Napier moved to London to set up an engineering workshop in St Giles. In 1824 he was commissioned by Thomas Curson Hansard (1776–1833), who from 1803 began printing the debates in the Houses of Parliament, to make a perfecting press, i.e. one that printed on both sides of the paper. Known as the NayPeer, it was the first to incorporate grippers in order to improve register (the correct positioning of the paper on the inked type); the grippers took hold of a sheet of paper as it was fed on to the impression cylinder. Napier made several machines for Hansard, hand-powered at first but steam-powered from 1832. Napier did not patent the Nay-Peer, but in 1828 he took out a patent for a four-feeder press with a single impression cylinder, which had the then-usual "stop and start" action while the bed carrying the inked type passed to and fro beneath it. To speed output, two years later Napier patented a press with two cylinders revolving in the same direction in place of the single-stop cylinder. Also in 1830, the firm of Napier and Son introduced an improved form of bed and platen press, which became the most popular of its kind; one remained in use at Oxford University Press into the twentieth century. Another invention of Napier's, in 1825, was an automatic inking device, with which turning the rounce or mechanism for moving the type bed under the platen activated inking rollers working on the type. Napier is credited with being the first to introduce the printing machine to Ireland, for the Dublin Evening Post. His cylinder machine was the first of its kind in North America, where it was seen by Hoe and others.[br]Further ReadingJ.Moran, 1973, PrintingPresses, London: Faber \& Faber (contains details of Napier's printing machines).LRD -
30 Napier number
bilangan Napier -
31 Napier's rule
kaidah Napier -
32 Napier's equation
уравнение Напье
(для истечения насыщенного пара)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Napier's equation
-
33 Napier's bones
карманный калькулятор НепераБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Napier's bones
-
34 Napier's equation
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Napier's equation
-
35 Napier's equation
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > Napier's equation
-
36 Napier University
Образование: Университет имени Непера (в Эдинбурге; назван в честь математика Джона Непера (1550-1617), который вошёл в историю как составитель таблицы логарифмов) -
37 Napier analogy
Математика: формулы Непера (в сферической тригонометрии) -
38 Napier cloth
Текстиль: плательная двухсторонняя ткань "непир" -
39 Napier diagram
Морской термин: диаграмма Непера -
40 Napier grass
Сельское хозяйство: пеннисетум красный (Pennisetum purpureum)
См. также в других словарях:
Napier — may refer to: Contents 1 People 2 Places 2.1 Antarctica 2.2 … Wikipedia
Napier — steht für: Napier Son, britischer Hersteller von Autos und Flugzeugmotoren Robert Napier Sons, eine britische Werft Napier University in Edinburgh Napier 7096, Komet Orte in Neuseeland: Napier (Neuseeland) in Südafrika: Napier (Südafrika) in den… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Napier [2] — Napier (spr. nēpĭ ĕr), 1) John (meist Neper, Nepper, Nepair), Gutsherr von Merchiston, Mathematiker, Haupterfinder der Logarithmen, geb. 1550 in Merchiston Castle bei Edinburg, gest. daselbst 4. April 1617, studierte im College von St. Andrews… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Napier — (spr. Nehpihr od. Nehpjer), 1) John N. (gewöhnlich Neper, auch Nepper), Baron von Merchiston, geb. 1550 zu Merchiston in Schottland u. st. daselbst 1617; er ist bes. als einer der Erfinder der Logarithmen bekannt, auch wegen seiner Angabe der… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Napier [2] — Napier (spr. nehpĭer), Sir Charles, brit. Admiral, geb. 6. März 1786 zu Falkirk, 1832 im Dienste Dom Pedros, erfocht 5. Juli 1833 den Seesieg beim Kap St. Vincent über Dom Miguel, 1846 Konteradmiral im engl. Seedienst, 1854 Oberbefehlshaber der… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Napier [1] — Napier (spr. nēpĭ ĕr), Hauptstadt der Provinz Hawkesbai auf der Nordinsel der britisch austral. Kolonie Neuseeland, an der Südküste der Hawkesbai, durch Eisenbahn mit Wellington verbunden, mit dem Hafen Port Ahuriri, für Schiffe von 3000 Ton.… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Napier — (spr. nehpĭer), Seestadt auf der Nordinsel Neuseelands, an der Hawkebai, (1901) 8775 E … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Napier [3] — Napier (spr. nehpĭer), Sir Charles James, brit. General, geb. 10. Aug. 1782 zu London, 1841 47 siegreicher Oberbefehlshaber über die Armee in Sindh und Belutschistan, 1849 51 wieder Oberbefehlshaber in Ostindien; gest. 29. Aug. 1853 zu Oaklands… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Napier [4] — Napier (spr. nehpĭer), John, auch Neper, Mathematiker, geb. 1550, gest. 4. April 1617 zu Merchiston; erfand die Logarithmen und die Napierschen (Neperschen) Rechenstäbchen (für Multiplikation und Division) … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Napier [1] — Napier (Nehpier), John, auch Nepper genannt. geb. 1550, gest. 1617, schott. Lord und Pair, der meistens auf seinen Gütern theologischen und mathematischen Studien lebte, die Logarithmen u. mehre trigonometrische Formeln entdeckte. (Memoirs of… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Napier [2] — Napier, Sir Charles James, geb. 1782 zu London, zeichnete sich als Offizier im Halbinselkriege aus, wurde im Dienste der ostind. Compagnie General, erhielt 1841 den Befehl über das Corps gegen Sind u. Beludschistan u. eroberte von 1842–45 durch… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon