Mulhouse

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Mulhouse, Francia.

1) Спорт: Men's Left Handed

2) Военный термин: medium lift helicopter

3) Религия: Martin Luther Home Society, Inc.

4) Университет: MacLean Hall

5) Имена и фамилии: Martin Lamar Hanson

6) Аэропорты: Mulhouse, France

7) AMEX. Merrill Lynch & Company, Inc.

1902-1971

   Nacido en la ciudad de Mulhouse, entonces alemana, hoy francesa, de padres judios de origen suizo, William Wyler sufrio los efectos de la Primera Guerra Mundial en su ciudad, que paso definitivamente a manos francesas como consecuencia del Tratado de Versalles. Estudio en Lausanne, en el Instituto de Segunda Ensenanza y en la Escuela Superior de Comercio. Tras ser expulsado de esta institucion, trabajo en Paris algun tiempo antes de volver a la casa familiar. Recomendado a su tio Carl Laemmle, magnate de la Universal, marcha a los Estados Unidos, donde desde chico de los recados llego, a los 23 anos, a dirigir su primera pelicula, Crook Buster, cortometraje de dos bobinas. Su primer largometraje data de 1926, y su primera pelicula sonora, de 1930, es precisamente un western, Hell’s Heroes. Su etapa mas fecunda, hasta su encuentro providencial con la actriz Bette Davis, fue en la productora de Samuel Goldwyn, para la que rodo algunos filmes que le hicieron destacar como director, en particular Calle sin salida (Dead End, 1937), cuyo evidente origen teatral ponia de manifiesto mas si cabe la maestria de Wyler en la direccion de actores y en la creacion de ambientes. Desde Jezabel (Jezebel, 1938) en adelante, Wyler se iria consolidando como uno de los grandes directores del cine americano. Algunas de sus peliculas, como Cumbres borras cosas (Wuthering Heights, 1937), La senora Miniver (Mrs. Mini ver, 1941) o Vacaciones en Roma (Roman Holiday, 1953), son clasicos de todos los tiempos. Olvidado a raiz de su mastodontico Ben-Hur (1959), ha sido reivindicado en los ultimos anos como un modelo a seguir en lo relativo a la gramatica del relato cinematografico. En el terreno que nos ocupa, Wil liam Wyler ha dirigido un gran western, El fo rastero, con una pareja protagonista dificil de mejorar. Tambien, dentro del genero, La gran prueba, western atipico, alegato pacifista con todas las reservas, y Horizontes de grandeza, ejemplo de pelicula de gran presupuesto, simbolo de una epoca, los anos 50, en que el cine de Hollywood trataba por todos los medios de contrarrestar la creciente competencia de la television; ambas son de menor interes que la primera, aunque en ningun caso desdenables.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    Hell’s Heroes (Santos del infierno). 1929. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Charles Bickford, Raymond Hatton, Maria Alba.

    The Storm. 1930. 80 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Lupe Velez, William Boyd.

    The Westerner (El forastero). 1940. 99 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Samuel Goldwyn Productions (UA). Gary Cooper, Walter Brennan, Doris Davenport.

    Friendly Persuasion (La gran prueba). 1956. 137 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Allied (MGM). Gary Cooper, Dorothy McGuire, Anthony Perkins.

    The Big Country (Horizontes de grandeza). 1958. 166 minutos. Techni color. Technirama. Anthony Productions/World Wide Pictures (UA). Gregory Peck, Jean Simmons, Charlton Heston, Carroll Baker, Burl Ives, Charles Bickford.

Occasionally the gender of a town is clear because the name includes the definite article, e.g. Le Havre or La Rochelle. In most other cases, there is some hesitation, and it is always safer to avoid the problem by using la ville de:

= la ville de Toulouse est belle

For in and to with the name of a town, use à in French ; if the French name includes the definite article, à will become au, à la, à l’ or aux:

= vivre à Toulouse

= aller à Toulouse

= vivre au Havre

= aller au Havre

= vivre à La Rochelle

= aller à La Rochelle

= vivre aux Arcs

= aller aux Arcs

Similarly, from is de, becoming du, de la, de l’ or des when it combines with the definite article in town names:

= venir de Toulouse

= venir du Havre

= venir de La Rochelle

= venir des Arcs

English sometimes has specific words for people of a certain city or town, such as Londoners, New Yorkers or Parisians, but mostly we talk of the people of Leeds or the inhabitants of San Francisco. On the other hand, most towns in French-speaking countries have a corresponding adjective and noun, and a list of the best-known of these is given at the end of this note.

The noun forms, spelt with a capital letter, mean a person from X:

= les Bordelais mpl

= les Strasbourgeois mpl

= les magasins parisiens

However, some of these French words are fairly rare, and it is always safe to say les habitants de X, or, for the adjective, simply de X. Here are examples of this, using some of the nouns that commonly combine with the names of towns:

= un accent de Bordeaux

= l’aéroport de Toulouse

= la région de La Rochelle

= les autobus de Limoges

= le conseil municipal du Havre

= les représentants de Lille

= les restaurants des Arcs

= la route de Genève

= les rues de Bruxelles

= l’équipe d’Angers

= le train d’Avignon

= la circulation à Orléans

Remember that when these adjectives are used as nouns, meaning a person from X or the people of X, they are spelt with capital letters.

Aix-en-Provence = aixois(e)

Alger = algérois(e)

Angers = angevin(e)

Arles = arlésien(ne)

Auxerre = auxerrois(e)

Avignon = avignonnais(e)

Bastia = bastiais(e)

Bayonne = bayonnais(e)

Belfort = belfortain(e)

Berne = bernois(e)

Besançon = bisontin(e)

Béziers = biterrois(e)

Biarritz = biarrot(e)

Bordeaux = bordelais(e)

Boulogne-sur-Mer = boulonnais(e)

Bourges = berruyer(-ère)

Brest = brestois(e)

Bruges = brugeois(e)

Bruxelles = bruxellois(e)

Calais = calaisien(ne)

Cannes = cannais(e)

Carcassonne = carcassonnais(e)

Chambéry = chambérien(ne)

Chamonix = chamoniard(e)

Clermont-Ferrand = clermontois(e)

Die = diois(e)

Dieppe = dieppois(e)

Dijon = dijonnais(e)

Dunkerque = dunkerquois(e)

Fontainebleau = bellifontain(e)

Gap = gapençais(e)

Genève = genevois(e)

Grenoble = grenoblois(e)

Havre, Le = havrais(e)

Lens = lensois(e)

Liège = liégeois(e)

Lille = lillois(e)

Lourdes = lourdais(e)

Luxembourg = luxembourgeois(e)

Lyon = lyonnais(e)

Mâcon = mâconnais(e)

Marseille = marseillais(e) or phocéen(ne)

Metz = messin(e)

Modane = modanais(e)

Montpellier = montpelliérain(e)

Montréal = montréalais(e)

Moulins = moulinois(e)

Mulhouse = mulhousien(ne)

Nancy = nancéien(ne)

Nantes = nantais(e)

Narbonne = narbonnais(e)

Nevers = nivernais(e)

Nice = niçois(e)

Nîmes = nîmois(e)

Orléans = orléanais(e)

Paris = parisien(ne)

Pau = palois(e)

Périgueux = périgourdin(e)

Perpignan = perpignanais(e)

Poitiers = poitevin(e)

Pont-à-Mousson = mussipontain(e)

Québec = québécois(e)

Reims = rémois(e)

Rennes = rennais(e)

Roanne = roannais(e)

Rouen = rouennais(e)

Saint-Étienne = stéphanois(e)

Saint-Malo = malouin(e)

Saint-Tropez = tropézien(ne)

Sancerre = sancerrois(e)

Sète = sétois(e)

Sochaux = sochalien(ne)

Strasbourg = strasbourgeois(e)

Tarascon = tarasconnais(e)

Tarbes = tarbais(e)

Toulon = toulonnais(e)

Toulouse = toulousain(e)

Tours = tourangeau(-elle)

Tunis = tunisois(e)

Valence = valentinois(e)

Valenciennes = valenciennois(e)

Versailles = versaillais(e)

Vichy = vichyssois(e)

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Bryan Donkin was the eldest son of John Donkin (1802–54) and grandson of Bryan Donkin I (1768–1855). He was educated at University College, London, and at the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Métiers in Paris, and then served an apprenticeship in the firm established by his grandfather. He assisted his uncle, Bryan Donkin II (1809–93), in setting up paper mills at St Petersburg. He became a partner in the Donkin firm in 1868 and Chairman in 1889, and retained this position after the amalgamation with Clench \& Co. of Chesterfield in 1900. Bryan Donkin was one of the first engineers to carry out scientific tests on steam engines and boilers, the results of his experiments being reported in many papers to the engineering institutions. In the 1890s his interests extended to the internal-combustion engine and he translated Rudolf Diesel's book Theory and Construction of a Rational Heat Motor. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly journal The Engineer. He was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, as well as of many other societies, including the Royal Institution, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Société Industrielle de Mulhouse and the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. In his experimental work he often collaborated with others, notably Professor A.B.W.Kennedy (1847–1928), with whom he was also associated in the consulting engineering firm of Kennedy \& Donkin.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Josué Heilmann, of Mulhouse, was awarded 5,000 francs offered by the cotton spinners of Alsace for a machine that would comb cotton. It was a process not hitherto applied to this fibre and, when perfected, enabled finer, smoother and more lustrous yarns to be spun. The important feature of Heilmann's method was to use a grip or nip to hold the end of the sliver that was being combed. Two or more combs passed through the protruding fibres to comb them thoroughly, and a brush cylinder and knife cleared away the noils. The combed section was passed forward so that the part held in the nip could then be combed. The combed fibres were joined up with the length already finished. Heilmann obtained a British patent in 1846, but no machines were put to work until 1851. Six firms of cotton spinners in Lancashire paid £30,000 for the cotton-combing rights and Marshall's of Leeds paid £20,000 for the rights to comb flax. Heilmann's machine was used on the European continent for combing silk as well as flax, wool and cotton, so it proved to be very versatile. Priority of his patent was challenged in England because Lister had patented a combing machine with a gripper or nip in 1843; in 1852 the parties went to litigation and cross-suits were instituted. While Heilmann obtained a verdict of infringement against Lister for certain things, Lister also obtained one against Heilmann for other matters. After this outcome, Heilmann's patent was bought on speculation by Messrs Akroyd and Titus Salt for £30,000, but was afterwards resold to Lister for the same amount. In this way Lister was able to exploit his own patent through suppressing Heilmann's.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Textiles

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Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.

One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.

During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.

In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.

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