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geography• Mainz -
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География: (г.) Майнц (ФРГ) -
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геогр. Майнц (город в Германии)Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Mainz
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◙ n. מיינז, שם משפחה; עיר היסטורית ועיר-נמל במערב-מרכז גרמניה* * *◙ הינמרג זכרמ-ברעמב למנ-ריעו תירוטסיה ריע ;החפשמ םש,זניימ◄ -
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[maɪnts]N Maguncia f -
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n. familienaam; historische stad en rivierhaven in West- en Midden-Duitsland -
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n. top. мајнц -
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(n) Майнц -
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Майнц Город в Германии, на р. Рейн, административный центр земли Рейнланд-Пфальц. 175 тыс. жителей (1991). Транспортное машиностроение, химических стройматериалов, полиграфическая, легкая, пищевкусовая промышленность. Университет. Музеи: римско-германский, И. Гутенберга. Известен с древности, центр курфюршества Майнцского (до нач. 19 в.). В Майнце жил И. Гутенберг. Романский "имперский" собор (кон. 10-18 вв.) и капелла (12 в.) готической церкви (13-14 вв.), барочные цейхгауз (18 в.), замок курфюрстов (17-18 вв.). -
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Христианство: Бардо Майнцский (святой), Бардо из Майнца -
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Христианство: Виллигис Майнцский (христианский святой, епископ) -
18 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germanyd. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany[br]German inventor of printing with movable type.[br]Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.[br]Further ReadingA.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).LRDBiographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
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1) Оптика: four-wave mixing2) Сокращение: Feinmechanische Werke Mainz GmbH (Germany)3) Аэропорты: Fort William, Scotland -
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Вычислительная техника: Speech Pronounciation Analysis Training (Uni Mainz)
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См. также в других словарях:
Mainz — • German town and bishopric in Hesse; formerly the seat of an archbishop and elector Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Mainz Mainz … Catholic encyclopedia
MAINZ — (Mayence; Heb. מענץ, מגנץ, מגנצא), city on the Rhine in Germany. The Medieval Settlements Mainz is one of the oldest Jewish communities in Germany. It is presumed that Jews came to the city as merchants in the Roman era and may even have founded… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Mainz [1] — Mainz, sonst Erzbisthum im Niederrheinkreise, lag zum größten Theile auf der rechten Rheinseite in drei getrennten Gebietstheilen mit 150 QM. u. 350,000 Ew.; das Gebiet um M. umfaßte den nördlichen Theil von dem heutigen Hessen Dsrmstadt, den… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Mainz [2] — Mainz (hierzu der Stadtplan), Hauptstadt der Provinz Rheinhessen und deutsche Reichsfestung, liegt links am Rhein und an der Mainmündung schräg gegenüber in einer der schönsten und fruchtbarsten Gegenden Deutschlands, an einer durch die… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Mainz [1] — Mainz, ehemaliges deutsches Erzstift und Kurfürstentum, im nieder oder kurrheinischen Kreis, am Rhein und Main zwischen der Wetterau, Franken, der Grafschaft Sponheim und Württemberg gelegen. Zum ersten Bischof von M. macht die Legende einen… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Mainz [2] — Mainz, 1) Kreis in der großherzoglich hessischen Provinz Rheinhessen; 65,000 Ew.; 2) Canton hier; 3) (Moguntia, Moguntiacum), Hauptstadt darin u. der Provinz, am linken Rheinufer, etwa 800 Schritt unterhalb der Mainmündung an einem Hügel hinauf… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Mainz — Mainz … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Mainz — Mainz, Hauptstadt der hess. Prov. Rheinhessen und Festung, ehemals Residenz der Erzbischöfe und Kurfürsten von M., l. am Rhein, (1900) 84.251 (1905: 91.124) E., Garnison, Bischofssitz, Land , Amtsgericht, preuß. hess. Eisenbahndirektion,… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Mainz [2] — Mainz, ehemal. Erzstift im Niederrhein. Kreise, dessen Erzbischof der erste der drei geistl. Kurfürsten und des Reichs Erzkanzler in Deutschland war, um 750 durch Bonifatius gestiftet, umfaßte 8260 qkm, wurde, nach dem Tode des letzten Kurfürsten … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Mainz — Mainz. Am linken Ufer des Rheins, der Mündung des Mains gegenüber, erhebt sich, von Weinbergen und lachenden Fluren umgeben, die alterthümliche Stadt des Großherzogthums Hessen, hat 3 St. im Umfange, 9 Thore, 130 Straßen und 27 öffentliche Plätze … Damen Conversations Lexikon
Mainz [1] — Mainz, ehemaliges Erzbisthum in dem niederrhein. Kreise auf beiden Rheinufern; die Stiftslande hatten auf □ 150 M. ungefähr 209000 E. – Im 4. Jahrh. war bereits ein christliches Bisthum zu M., das 748 zu einem Erzbisthum erhoben u. dem hl.… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon