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1 Letchworth
Лечуорт (Великобритания, Англия) -
2 Letchworth
nლეჩუორტი -
3 Howard, Ebenezer
перс.соц. Говард, Эбенезер (1850-1928; британский клерк, который сформулировал концепцию города-сада; начал работать клерком, но в возрасте 21 г. эмигрировал в США для начала фермерской деятельности, которая не удалась и некоторое время он снова работал клерком; в 1871 г. он наблюдал восстановление Чикаго после пожара и видел мастер-план восстановления города, в котором было предусмотрено обширные зеленые массивы; в 1876 г. он вернулся в Великобританию и работал в журналистской фирме, которая работала с Парламентом, где стал свидетелем больших трудностей в решении вопроса разрастающихся городов; в 1888 г. испытал влияние футуристической книги американского писателя Э. Беллами "Оглядываясь назад", посвященной Бостону в 2000 г.; в 1889 г. он предложил свой первый план "Tomorrow a Peaceful Path to Real Reform"; некоторое время он пропагандировал эту концепцию в различных кругах и в 1901 г. возникла Garden City Association, а его книга была переиздана под названием "Garden Cities of Tomorrow"; в 1903 г. была осуществлена попытка устройства первого города-сада в местечке Letchworth; через 15 лет стартовал второй проект Welwyn Garden City; в дальнейшем эти идеи постепенной становились более популярными и в 1920-х гг. Э. Говард стал членом международной Town Planning Federation$ в 1921 г. Э. Говард переехал уже во второй город Welwn Garden City)See: -
4 Лечуорт
(Великобритания, Англия) Letchworth -
5 ლეჩუორტი
nLetchworth -
6 Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 April 1890 Kediri, Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)d. 23 December 1939 New York, USA[br]Dutch designer of German fighter aircraft during the First World War and of many successful airliners during the 1920s and 1930s.[br]Anthony Fokker was born in Java, where his Dutch father had a coffee plantation. The family returned to the Netherlands and, after schooling, young Anthony went to Germany to study aeronautics. With the aid of a friend he built his first aeroplane, the Spin, in 1910: this was a monoplane capable of short hops. By 1911 Fokker had improved the Spin and gained a pilot's licence. In 1912 he set up a company called Fokker Aeroplanbau at Johannistal, outside Berlin, and a series of monoplanes followed.When war broke out in 1914 Fokker offered his designs to both sides, and the Germans accepted them. His E I monoplane of 1915 caused a sensation with its manoeuvrability and forward-firing machine gun. Fokker and his collaborators improved on the French deflector system introduced by Raymond Saulnier by fitting an interrupter gear which synchronized the machine gun to fire between the blades of the rotating propeller. The Fokker Dr I triplane and D VII biplane were also outstanding German fighters of the First World War. Fokker's designs were often the work of an employee who received little credit: nevertheless, Fokker was a gifted pilot and a great organizer. After the war, Fokker moved back to the Netherlands and set up the Fokker Aircraft Works in Amsterdam. In 1922, however, he emigrated to the USA and established the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation in New Jersey. His first significant success there came the following year when one of his T-2 monoplanes became the first aircraft to fly non-stop across the USA, from New York to San Diego. He developed a series of civil aircraft using the well-proven method of construction he used for his fighters: fuselages made from steel tubes and thick, robust wooden wings. Of these, probably the most famous was the F VII/3m, a high-wing monoplane with three engines and capable of carrying about ten passengers. From 1925 the F VII/3m airliner was used worldwide and made many record-breaking flights, such as Lieutenant-Commander Richard Byrd's first flight over the North Pole in 1926 and Charles Kingsford-Smith's first transpacific flight in 1928. By this time Fokker had lost interest in military aircraft and had begun to see flight as a means of speeding up global communications and bringing people together. His last years were spent in realizing this dream, and this was reflected in his concentration on the design and production of passenger aircraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Netherlands Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1932.Bibliography1931, The Flying Dutchman: The Life of Anthony Fokker, London: Routledge \& Sons (an interesting, if rather biased, autobiography).Further ReadingA.R.Weyl, 1965, Fokker: The Creative Years, London; reprinted 1988 (a very detailed account of Fokker's early work).Thijs Postma, 1979, Fokker: Aircraft Builders to the World, Holland; 1980, English edn, London (a well-illustrated history of Fokker and the company).Henri Hegener, 1961, Fokker: The Man and His Aircraft, Letchworth, Herts.JDS / CMBiographical history of technology > Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
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7 Railton, Reid Anthony
[br]b. 24 June 1895 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, Englandd. 1 September 1977 Berkeley, California, USA.[br]English designer of record-breaking automobiles and motor boats.[br]Railton was educated at Rugby School and Manchester University. From 1915 to 1917 he served an apprenticeship with Leyland Motors, after which he served in the Motor Boat Section of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR). Having obtained his Royal Aeronautical Club (RAeC) pilot's certificate in 1918, he went to the United States to study factory layout. He was Assistant to the Chief Engineer of Leyland Motors from 1921 to 1923, when he became Managing Director of Arab Motors Limited of Letchworth, Hertfordshire.Railton was engineering consultant to Sir Malcolm Campbell, and was responsible for Campbell's Bluebird II boat which set a water speed record of 228.1 km/h (141.7 mph) in 1939. He was the designer of John R.Cobb's Napier Railton car which broke the speed record for automobiles on 16 September 1947 with an average speed of 634.3 km/h (394.2 mph); this record stood until 1964, when it was broken by Sir Malcolm Campbell's son Donald. Railton was also responsible for Cobb's boat, Crusader, which was the first to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h).Railton presented many papers to the Institution of Automobile Engineers, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and the Society of Automotive Engineers in the United States. In his later years, he lived in Berkeley, California.[br]Further Reading1971–80, Who Was Who, London: A. \& C.Black.IMcN
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