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География: (г.) Кассель (ФРГ) -
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Кассель Город в Германии, земля Гессен, на р. Фульда. 190 тыс. жителей (1989). Транспортное машиностроение, химическая, текстильная, пищевая промышленность. Государственные художественные собрания, Музей земли Гессен, Новая галерея. -
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9 Burgi, Jost
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 28 February 1552 Lichtensteig, Switzerlandd. 31 January 1632 Kassel, Germany[br]Swiss clockmaker and mathematician who invented the remontoire and the cross-beat escapement, also responsible for the use of exponential notation and the calculation of tables of anti-logarithms.[br]Burgi entered the service of Duke William IV of Hesse in 1579 as Court Clockmaker, although he also assisted William with his astronomical observations. In 1584 he invented the cross-beat escapement which increased the accuracy of spring-driven clocks by two orders of magnitude. During the last years of the century he also worked on the development of geometrical and astronomical instruments for the Royal Observatory at Kassel.On the death of Duke Wilhelm in 1603, and with news of his skills having reached the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II, in 1604 he went to Prague to become Imperial Watchmaker and to assist in the creation of a centre of scientific activity, subsequently becoming Assistant to the German astronomer, Johannes Kepler. No doubt this association led to an interest in mathematics and he made significant contributions to the concept of decimal fractions and the use of exponential notation, i.e. the use of a raised number to indicate powers of another number. It is likely that he was developing the idea of logarithms at the same time (or possibly even before) Napier, for in 1620 he made his greatest contribution to mathematics, science and, eventually, engineering, namely the publication of tables of anti-logarithms.At Prague he continued the series of accurate clocks and instruments for astronomical measurements that he had begun to produce at Kassel. At that period clocks were very poor timekeepers since the controller, the foliot or balance, had no natural period of oscillation and was consequently dependent on the driving force. Although the force of the driving weight was constant, irregularities occurred during the transmission of the power through the train as a result of the poor shape and quality of the gearing. Burgi attempted to overcome this directly by superb craftsmanship and indirectly by using a remontoire. This device was wound at regular intervals by the main driving force and fed the power directly to the escape wheel, which impulsed the foliot. He also introduced the crossbeat escapement (a variation on the verge), which consisted of two coupled foliots that swung in opposition to each other. According to contemporary evidence his clocks produced a remarkable improvement in timekeeping, being accurate to within a minute a day. This improvement was probably a result of the use of a remontoire and the high quality of the workmanship rather than a result of the cross-beat escapement, which did not have a natural period of oscillation.Burgi or Prague clocks, as they were known, were produced by very few other makers and were supplanted shortly afterwards by the intro-duction of the pendulum clock. Burgi also produced superb clockwork-driven celestial globes.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1611.BibliographyBurgi only published one book, and that was concerned with mathematics.Further ReadingL.von Mackensen, 1979, Die erste Sternwarte Europas mit ihren Instrumenten and Uhren—400 Jahre Jost Burgi in Kassel, Munich.K.Maurice and O.Mayr (eds), 1980, The Clockwork Universe, Washington, DC, pp. 87– 102.H.A.Lloyd, 1958, Some Outstanding Clocks Over 700 Years, 1250–1950, London. E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.See also: Briggs, HenryKF / DV -
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ab mit dir!, ab (geht) die Post!, ab nach Kassel! -
11 Reis, (Johann) Philipp
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 7 January 1834 Geinherusen, Hesse-Kassel, Germanyd. 14 January 1874 Friedrichsdorf, Germany[br]German schoolteacher and inventor who constructed an early form of telephone.[br]Reis entered the Garniers Institute in Friedrichsdorf in 1844 and then the Hassels Institute in Frankfurt. There he developed an interest in science, but on leaving school in 1850 he was apprenticed to the colour trade by his uncle. This involved study at the trade school and Dr Poppe's Institute in Frankfurt; while there he joined the Frankfurt Physical Society. Following military service in 1855 he studied to be a teacher. After his graduation he obtained a post at Garniers, where he began to pursue experiments with electricity and the development of hearing aids. In 1859 he sent a paper on the radiation of electricity to the editor of Annalen der Physik, but this was rejected, as was a later submission. Undeterred, he continued his experiments and by 1861 he had designed several instruments for the transmission of sound. The transmitter consisted of a membrane on which rested a metal strip that made contact with a metal point and completed an electrical circuit under the action of sound. The receiver consisted of an iron needle surrounded by a coil and resting on a sounding box, the operation probably being achieved by magnetostriction. The invention, which he described in a lecture to the Frankfurt Physical Society on 26 October 1861 and in a published paper, could produce tones and probably also speech, but was largely rejected by the scientific fraternity. The claim to produce speech was discounted in subsequent court cases that upheld the patents of Alexander Bell.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOn 8 December 1878 a monument to Reis was erected in the Friedrichsdorf Cemetery by the Physical Society of Frankfurt.Bibliography1860–1, "Über Telephone durch den galvani-schen Strom", Jahresbericht der Physikalische 57.Further ReadingJ.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph.Silvanus P.Thompson, 1883, Philipp Reis. Inventor of the Telephone.B.B.Bauer, 1962, "A century of the microphone", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 720.KF
См. также в других словарях:
KASSEL — KASSEL, city in Germany, former capital of the state of hesse kassel . A record of 1293 maintains that a Jewess had been in possession of some property in Kassel at an earlier date. A Jews street was in existence in 1318. During the black death… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Kassel — Bandera … Wikipedia Español
Kassel — (Cassel, hierzu der Stadtplan, mit Registerblatt), Hauptstadt der preuß. Provinz Hessen Nassau (bis 1866 des ehemaligen Kurfürstentums Hessen) sowie des gleichnamigen Regierungsbezirks (s. unten), des Stadt und Landkreises K., liegt an der Fulda… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Kassel — (Cassel), 1) Haupt u. Residenzstadt des Kurfürstenthums Hessen u. von dessen Provinz Niederhessen, am Einfluß des Ahnebaches in die Fulda, über welche die steinerne Wilhelmsbrücke führt; hat 9 Thore u. 19 öffentliche Plätze, ein Theil der Stadt… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Kassel — Kassel, es la tercer más grande ciudad de la región del Hesse (Hessen), a orillas del río Fulda. Se encuentra al centro de la República Federal Alemana. Tiene 200.000 habitantes aproximadamente, según datos del año 2005. * * * ► C. del centro de… … Enciclopedia Universal
Kassel — Kassel, Stadt, s. Cassel … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Kassel — Kassel, Hauptstadt des Kurfürstenthums Hessen, an der Fulda, in einer reizenden Gegend, rings von Bergen umschlossen, ausgezeichnet durch Prachtpaläste, schön gepflasterte, regelmäßige Straßen, große Plätze etc., eine der imposantesten Städte… … Damen Conversations Lexikon
Kassel — Kassel, Haupt u. Residenzstadt von Kurhessen, besonders in der Neustadt regelmäßig und schön gebaut, mit mehren schönen öffentlichen Plätzen u. Gebäuden, Museum Fridericianum mit einer Bibliothek von 100000 Bänden, Militär und Kunstschule,… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Kassel — ou Cassel v. d Allemagne (Hesse), sur la Fulda; 185 370 hab. Industr. Anc. capitale de la Hesse … Encyclopédie Universelle
Kassel — (izg. kȁsl) m DEFINICIJA grad u sred. Njemačkoj, od 1955. mjesto gdje se održava prestižna svjetska smotra suvremene umjetnosti Documenta … Hrvatski jezični portal
Kassel — [käs′əl] city in central Germany, in the state of Hesse: pop. 201,000 … English World dictionary
