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1 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 9 February 1808 Copperhurst Farm, near Hythe, Kent, Englandd. 12 February 1874 South Kensington, London, England[br]English inventor of the screw propeller.[br]Smith was the only son of Charles Smith, Postmaster at Hythe, and his wife Sarah (née Pettit). After education at a private school in Ashford, Kent, he took to farming, first on Romney Marsh, then at Hendon, Middlesex. As a boy, he showed much skill in the construction of model boats, especially in devising their means of propulsion. He maintained this interest into adult life and in 1835 he made a model propelled by a screw driven by a spring. This worked so well that he became convinced that the screw propeller offered a better method of propulsion than the paddle wheels that were then in general use. This notion so fired his enthusiasm that he virtually gave up farming to devote himself to perfecting his invention. The following year he produced a better model, which he successfully demonstrated to friends on his farm at Hendon and afterwards to the public at the Adelaide Gallery in London. On 31 May 1836 Smith was granted a patent for the propulsion of vessels by means of a screw.The idea of screw propulsion was not new, however, for it had been mooted as early as the seventeenth century and since then several proposals had been advanced, but without successful practical application. Indeed, simultaneously but quite independently of Smith, the Swedish engineer John Ericsson had invented the ship's propeller and obtained a patent on 13 July 1836, just weeks after Smith. But Smith was completely unaware of this and pursued his own device in the belief that he was the sole inventor.With some financial and technical backing, Smith was able to construct a 10 ton boat driven by a screw and powered by a steam engine of about 6 hp (4.5 kW). After showing it off to the public, Smith tried it out at sea, from Ramsgate round to Dover and Hythe, returning in stormy weather. The screw performed well in both calm and rough water. The engineering world seemed opposed to the new method of propulsion, but the Admiralty gave cautious encouragement in 1839 by ordering that the 237 ton Archimedes be equipped with a screw. It showed itself superior to the Vulcan, one of the fastest paddle-driven ships in the Navy. The ship was put through its paces in several ports, including Bristol, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel was constructing his Great Britain, the first large iron ocean-going vessel. Brunel was so impressed that he adapted his ship for screw propulsion.Meanwhile, in spite of favourable reports, the Admiralty were dragging their feet and ordered further trials, fitting Smith's four-bladed propeller to the Rattler, then under construction and completed in 1844. The trials were a complete success and propelled their lordships of the Admiralty to a decision to equip twenty ships with screw propulsion, under Smith's supervision.At last the superiority of screw propulsion was generally accepted and virtually universally adopted. Yet Smith gained little financial reward for his invention and in 1850 he retired to Guernsey to resume his farming life. In 1860 financial pressures compelled him to accept the position of Curator of Patent Models at the Patent Museum in South Kensington, London, a post he held until his death. Belated recognition by the Government, then headed by Lord Palmerston, came in 1855 with the grant of an annual pension of £200. Two years later Smith received unofficial recognition when he was presented with a national testimonial, consisting of a service of plate and nearly £3,000 in cash subscribed largely by the shipbuilding and engineering community. Finally, in 1871 Smith was honoured with a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1871.Further ReadingObituary, 1874, Illustrated London News (7 February).1856, On the Invention and Progress of the Screw Propeller, London (provides biographical details).Smith and his invention are referred to in papers in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 14 (1934): 9; 19 (1939): 145–8, 155–7, 161–4, 237–9.LRDBiographical history of technology > Smith, Sir Francis Pettit
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2 (речная) пристань
Obsolete: hithe, hythe -
3 гавань
1) General subject: bunder (в странах Востока), hithe, hythe, make a port, bunder, harbor, harbour, haven, port, steam into the harbor2) Naval: harborage, water front3) Engineering: terminal4) Fishery: harbourage -
4 порт
3) Military: (морской) port4) Engineering: port terminal, porthole, waterfront5) Railway term: dock6) Law: port facility7) Forestry: dock yard8) Information technology: port (многоразрядный вход или выход в устройстве), port (многоразрядный вход или выход устройства)10) Ecology: water front11) Business: maritime terminal12) Programming: transport endpoint (см. binding information)13) Automation: port (многозарядный вход или выход)14) Robots: port (многоразрядный вход или выход)15) Cables: port (цифровой системы)16) Makarov: port (многоразрядный вход или выход цифровой системы) -
5 пристань
1) General subject: berthing place, bund (в Японии, Китае), bunder, dock, hithe (речная), jetty, landing place, landing stage, landing-place, landing-stage, levee, pier, quay, quayside, stage, wh, wharf3) American: embarcadero5) Construction: pile-planking, slip6) Railway term: jetty head7) Economy: quay berth8) Insurance: wharves9) Forestry: waterside landing10) Sociology: mooring dock11) Business: berth12) Marine science: pier (выступающая в море)13) Makarov: landing14) Logistics: waterway station15) General subject: hard, river harbour -
6 причал
1) General subject: berth, hithe, mooring, pier, quay, ramp (для гидросамолётов), stairs (на Темзе), wh, wharf, wharves3) American: embarcadero4) Obsolete: hythe5) Military: stage6) Engineering: berthage, dock, moorage making fast, mooring hawser, mooring rope, moorings, port terminal7) Chemistry: port8) Construction: landing, landing stage9) Economy: mooring house10) Road works: quayside area11) Forestry: hawser12) Fishery: landing pier13) Business: maritime terminal14) Oilfield: terminal15) Sakhalin R: boat landing16) Makarov: dock (между лесопилкой и складом лесоматериалов), levee17) Yachting: mooring berth18) Caspian: quay side -
7 Vignoles, Charles Blacker
[br]b. 31 May 1793 Woodbrook, Co. Wexford, Irelandd. 17 November 1875 Hythe, Hampshire, England[br]English surveyor and civil engineer, pioneer of railways.[br]Vignoles, who was of Huguenot descent, was orphaned in infancy and brought up in the family of his grandfather, Dr Charles Hutton FRS, Professor of Mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. After service in the Army he travelled to America, arriving in South Carolina in 1817. He was appointed Assistant to the state's Civil Engineer and surveyed much of South Carolina and subsequently Florida. After his return to England in 1823 he established himself as a civil engineer in London, and obtained work from the brothers George and John Rennie.In 1825 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) lost their application for an Act of Parliament, discharged their engineer George Stephenson and appointed the Rennie brothers in his place. They in turn employed Vignoles to resurvey the railway, taking a route that would minimize objections. With Vignoles's route, the company obtained its Act in 1826 and appointed Vignoles to supervise the start of construction. After Stephenson was reappointed Chief Engineer, however, he and Vignoles proved incompatible, with the result that Vignoles left the L \& MR early in 1827.Nevertheless, Vignoles did not sever all connection with the L \& MR. He supported John Braithwaite and John Ericsson in the construction of the locomotive Novelty and was present when it competed in the Rainhill Trials in 1829. He attended the opening of the L \& MR in 1830 and was appointed Engineer to two railways which connected with it, the St Helens \& Runcorn Gap and the Wigan Branch (later extended to Preston as the North Union); he supervised the construction of these.After the death of the Engineer to the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway, Vignoles supervised construction: the railway, the first in Ireland, was opened in 1834. He was subsequently employed in surveying and constructing many railways in the British Isles and on the European continent; these included the Eastern Counties, the Midland Counties, the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyme \& Manchester (which proved for him a financial disaster from which he took many years to recover), and the Waterford \& Limerick. He probably discussed rail of flat-bottom section with R.L. Stevens during the winter of 1830–1 and brought it into use in the UK for the first time in 1836 on the London \& Croydon Railway: subsequently rail of this section became known as "Vignoles rail". He considered that a broader gauge than 4 ft 8½ in. (1.44 m) was desirable for railways, although most of those he built were to this gauge so that they might connect with others. He supported the atmospheric system of propulsion during the 1840s and was instrumental in its early installation on the Dublin \& Kingstown Railway's Dalkey extension. Between 1847 and 1853 he designed and built the noted multi-span suspension bridge at Kiev, Russia, over the River Dnieper, which is more than half a mile (800 m) wide at that point.Between 1857 and 1863 he surveyed and then supervised the construction of the 155- mile (250 km) Tudela \& Bilbao Railway, which crosses the Cantabrian Pyrenees at an altitude of 2,163 ft (659 m) above sea level. Vignoles outlived his most famous contemporaries to become the grand old man of his profession.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Royal Astronomical Society 1829. FRS 1855. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1869–70.Bibliography1830, jointly with John Ericsson, British patent no. 5,995 (a device to increase the capability of steam locomotives on grades, in which rollers gripped a third rail).1823, Observations upon the Floridas, New York: Bliss \& White.1870, Address on His Election as President of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Further ReadingK.H.Vignoles, 1982, Charles Blacker Vignoles: Romantic Engineer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (good modern biography by his great-grandson).See also: Samuda, Joseph d'AguilarPJGRBiographical history of technology > Vignoles, Charles Blacker
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8 Cinque Ports
pl[südengl. Städtebund: Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover und Sandwich]Cinque Ports pl
См. также в других словарях:
Hythe — Hythe, n. A small haven. See {Hithe}. [Obs.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hythe — Hythe, Hafenstadt der Südostküste der englischen Grafschaft Kent an der Straße von Dover (Pas de Calais) u. der Eisenbahn von London nach Dover; früher wichtiger Seeplatz (Überfahrt nach Frankreich), Hafen durch Forts geschützt, in neuerer Zeit… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Hythe — (spr. haidh), alte Stadt (municipal borough) in der engl. Grafschaft Kent, am östlichen Ende der Marsch von Romney (s. d.), einer der sogen. Cinque Ports (s. d.), aber jetzt durch einen Kieselstrand vom Meer abgeschnitten, hat eine alte Kirche im … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Hythe — (spr. heith), Stadt in der engl. Grafsch. Kent, einer der Cinque Ports, (1901) 5557 E.; Hauptschießschule des engl. Heers; Hafen versandet … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hythe — 51.0721722222221.0881166666667 Koordinaten: 51° 4′ N, 1° 5′ O … Deutsch Wikipedia
Hythe — There are several places named Hythe: *In England: **Hythe, Kent (a town near Folkestone) **Hythe, Hampshire (a village near Southampton) **Hythe, Essex (part of Colchester) **Hythe End (a village, now part of Staines)*In Canada: **Hythe, Alberta … Wikipedia
Hythe — /huydh/, n. a town in E Kent, in SE England: one of the Cinque Ports. 11,949. * * * ▪ England, United Kingdom town (parish), Shepway district, administrative and historic county of Kent, England, on the English Channel coast at the eastern… … Universalium
Hythe — 1 Original name in latin Hythe Name in other language Hythe, Hythe i Kent, Khajt, Khit, Хайт, Хит State code GB Continent/City Europe/London longitude 51.0715 latitude 1.08421 altitude 8 Population 14170 Date 2013 07 11 2 Original name in latin… … Cities with a population over 1000 database
Hythe — /huydh/, n. a town in E Kent, in SE England: one of the Cinque Ports. 11,949. * * * hythe same as ↑hithe * * * hythe variant spelling of hithe, harbour … Useful english dictionary
Hythe — A port, or little haven (Egham Hythe, Queenhithe) … Medieval glossary
Hythe Pier, Railway and Ferry — Hythe Pier, the Hythe Pier Railway and the Hythe Ferry together provide a transport link between the English port city of Southampton and the Hampshire village of Hythe on the opposite side of Southampton Water. This link is heavily used by… … Wikipedia
