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1 Erfurt
geography• Erfurt -
2 Erfurt
География: (г.) Эрфурт (ФРГ) -
3 Erfurt
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4 erfurt
(n) эрфурт -
5 Erfurt
Эрфурт Город в Германии, на р. Гера, административный центр земли Тюрингия. 205 тыс. жителей (1992). Международный аэропорт. Машиностроение, химическая, мебельная, обувная, полиграфическая промышленность. Международная выставка цветов. Медицинская академия. Готический ансамбль собора (12-15 вв.) и церковь Северикирхе (13-14 вв.); доминиканская церковь (14-15 вв.), готические, ренессансные и барочные дома 15-18 вв. -
6 Erfurt
nერფურტი -
7 Erfurt, Germany
s.Erfurt, Alemania. -
8 ERF
1) Военный термин: Eccm Remote Fill, Electronic Repair Facility, Emergency Reserve Force, Extraordinary Repair Fund, emergency recovery force, Early Reinforcing Force (follow-on 3 1/3 divs to CRF)3) Метеорология: Earthquake Rupture Forecast4) Сокращение: Energy Rejection Filter, условный коэффициент ремонта (http://www.acronymfinder.com/Estimated-Repair-Factor-%28ERF%29.html), Expanded Humanitarian Response Fund5) Физиология: External rotation in flexion6) Деловая лексика: Engineering Research Facility7) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Emergency Response Facility (ТОН)9) Общая лексика: European Union Road Federation -
9 ErF
1) Военный термин: Eccm Remote Fill, Electronic Repair Facility, Emergency Reserve Force, Extraordinary Repair Fund, emergency recovery force, Early Reinforcing Force (follow-on 3 1/3 divs to CRF)3) Метеорология: Earthquake Rupture Forecast4) Сокращение: Energy Rejection Filter, условный коэффициент ремонта (http://www.acronymfinder.com/Estimated-Repair-Factor-%28ERF%29.html), Expanded Humanitarian Response Fund5) Физиология: External rotation in flexion6) Деловая лексика: Engineering Research Facility7) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Emergency Response Facility (ТОН)9) Общая лексика: European Union Road Federation -
10 erf
1) Военный термин: Eccm Remote Fill, Electronic Repair Facility, Emergency Reserve Force, Extraordinary Repair Fund, emergency recovery force, Early Reinforcing Force (follow-on 3 1/3 divs to CRF)3) Метеорология: Earthquake Rupture Forecast4) Сокращение: Energy Rejection Filter, условный коэффициент ремонта (http://www.acronymfinder.com/Estimated-Repair-Factor-%28ERF%29.html), Expanded Humanitarian Response Fund5) Физиология: External rotation in flexion6) Деловая лексика: Engineering Research Facility7) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Emergency Response Facility (ТОН)9) Общая лексика: European Union Road Federation -
11 Guericke, Otto von
[br]b. 20 November 1602 Magdeburg, Saxony, Germanyd. 11 May 1686 Hamburg, Germany[br]German engineer and physicist, inventor of the air pump and investigator of the properties of a vacuum.[br]Guericke was born into a patrician family in Magdeburg. He was educated at the University of Leipzig in 1617–20 and at the University of Helmstedt in 1620. He then spent two years studying law at Jena, and in 1622 went to Leiden to study law, mathematics, engineering and especially fortification. He spent most of his life in politics, for he was elected an alderman of Magdeburg in 1626. After the destruction of Magdeburg in 1631, he worked in Brunswick and Erfurt as an engineer for the Swedish government, and then in 1635 for the Electorate of Saxony. He was Mayor of Magdeburg for thirty years, between 1646 and 1676. He was ennobled in 1666 and retired from public office in 168land went to Hamburg. It was through his attendances at international congresses and at princely courts that he took part in the exchange of scientific ideas.From his student days he was concerned with the definition of space and posed three questions: can empty space exist or is space always filled? How can heavenly bodies affect each other across space and how are they moved? Is space, and so also the heavenly bodies, bounded or unbounded? In c. 1647 Guericke made a suction pump for air and tried to exhaust a beer barrel, but he could not stop the leaks. He then tried a copper sphere, which imploded. He developed a series of spectacular demonstrations with his air pump. In 1654 at Rattisbon he used a vertical cylinder with a well-fitting piston connected over pulleys by a rope to fifty men, who could not stop the piston descending when the cylinder was exhausted. More famous were his copper hemispheres which, when exhausted, could not be drawn apart by two teams of eight horses. They were first demonstrated at Magdeburg in 1657 and at the court in Berlin in 1663. Through these experiments he discovered the elasticity of air and began to investigate its density at different heights. He heard of the work of Torricelli in 1653 and by 1660 had succeeded in making barometric forecasts. He published his famous work New Experiments Concerning Empty Space in 1672. Between 1660 and 1663 Guericke constructed a large ball of sulphur that could be rotated on a spindle. He found that, when he pressed his hand on it and it was rotated, it became strongly electrified; he thus unintentionally became the inventor of the first machine to generate static electricity. He attempted to reach a complete physical explanation of the world and the heavens with magnetism as a primary force and evolved an explanation for the rotation of the heavenly bodies.[br]Bibliography1672, Experimenta nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio (New Experiments Concerning Empty Space).Further ReadingF.W.Hoffmann, 1874, Otto von Guericke (a full biography).T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black (contains a short account of his life).Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York.C.Singer (ed.), 1957, A History of Technology, Vols. III and IV, Oxford University Press (includes references to Guericke's inventions).RLH -
12 Roebling, John Augustus
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 12 July 1806 Muhlhausen, Prussiad. 22 July 1869 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]German/American bridge engineer and builder.[br]The son of Polycarp Roebling, a tobacconist, he studied mathematics at Dr Unger's Pedagogium in Erfurt and went on to the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1826 with honours in civil engineering. He spent the next three years working for the Prussian government on the construction of roads and bridges. With his brother and a group of friends, he emigrated to the United States, sailing from Bremen on 23 May 1831 and docking in Philadelphia eleven weeks later. They bought 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) in Butler County, western Pennsylvania, and established a village, at first called Germania but later known as Saxonburg. Roebling gave up trying to establish himself as a farmer and found work for the state of Pennsylvania as Assistant Engineer on the Beaver River canal and others, then surveying a railroad route across the Allegheny Mountains. During his canal work, he noted the failings of the hemp ropes that were in use at that time, and recalled having read of wire ropes in a German journal; he built a rope-walk at his Saxonburg farm, bought a supply of iron wire and trained local labour in the method of wire twisting.At this time, many canals crossed rivers by means of aqueducts. In 1844, the Pennsylvania Canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River was due to be renewed, having become unsafe. Roebling made proposals which were accepted by the canal company: seven wooden spans of 162 ft (49 m) each were supported on either side by a 7 in. (18 cm) diameter cable, Roebling himself having to devise all the machinery required for the erection. He subsequently built four more suspension aqueducts, one of which was converted to a toll bridge and was still in use a century later.In 1849 he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he set up a new wire rope plant. In 1851 he started the construction (completed in 1855) of an 821 ft (250 m) long suspension railroad bridge across the Niagara River, 245 ft (75 m) above the rapids; each cable consisted of 3,640 wrought iron wires. A lower deck carried road traffic. He also constructed a bridge across the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, a task which was much protracted due to the Civil War; this bridge was finally completed in 1866.Roebling's crowning achievement was to have been the design and construction of the bridge over the Hudson River between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, but he did not live to see its completion. It had a span of 1,595 ft (486 m), designed to bear a load of 18,700 tons (19,000 tonnes) with a headroom of 135 ft (41 m). The work of building had barely started when, at the Brooklyn wharf, a boat crushed Roebling's foot against the timbering and he died of tetanus three weeks later. His son, Washington Augustus Roebling, then took charge of this great work.[br]Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Books.D.McCullough, 1982, The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge, New York: Simon \& Schuster.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Roebling, John Augustus
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