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1 Dordrecht
География: (г.) Дордрехт (Нидерланды) -
2 Dordrecht
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3 Dordrecht
(n) Дордрехт -
4 Dordrecht
Дордрехт Город в Нидерландах. Порт в дельте Рейна. 113 тыс. жителей (1993). Машиностроение, химическая, пищевая промышленность. Готическая церковь Гроте керк (13-15 вв.). -
5 Dordrecht
nდორჩესტი -
6 Dordrecht, Netherlands
s.Dordrecht, Países Bajos. -
7 al-Jazari, Ibn al-Razzaz
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]fl. c.1200 Arabia[br]Arab mechanician who constructed a series of ingenious water clocks with automata.[br]Al-Jazari entered the service of the Artuqid Kings of Diyar Bakir c.1180. In 1206 the then King, Nasir al-Din, instructed him to write a book describing the things he had constructed, among which were six water clocks. The timekeeping mechanism of these clocks was not innovative and was derived from earlier Hellenistic examples. Unlike Chinese and Hellenistic water clocks, al-Jazari's clocks had no astronomical indications and were intended to display the time, in temporal or unequal hours, both audibly and visually in an arresting and entertaining manner. The timekeeping was controlled by the flow of water from a vessel which contained a float to operate the clock mechanism. An ingenious device was used to ensure that the flow of water was constant during the day and could be set to a different constant flow during the night, to allow for the variation in the length of the temporal hours. Al-Jazari's clocks have not survived, but models have been constructed from the description and illustrations in the manuscripts.[br]Bibliography1206, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices (an annotated translation by D.R.Hill was published in Dordrecht in 1974).Further ReadingD.R.Hill, 1979, The Country Life International Dictionary of Clocks, ed. Alan Smith, London, pp. 130, 135 (a very brief but more accessible account).——1981, Arabic Water-Clocks, Aleppo.DVBiographical history of technology > al-Jazari, Ibn al-Razzaz
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8 Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 8 September 1820 Barbadosd. 20 February 1912 Falmouth, Cornwall, England[br]English iron and steel manufacturer, inventor of the reversing rolling mill.[br]Alleyne was the heir to a baronetcy created in 1769, which he succeeded to on the death of his father in 1870. He was educated at Harrow and at Bonn University, and from 1843 to 1851 he was Warden at Dulwich College, to the founder of which the family claimed to be related.Alleyne's business career began with a short spell in the sugar industry at Barbados, but he returned to England to enter Butterley Iron Works Company, where he remained for many years. He was at first concerned with the production of rolled-iron girders for floors, especially for fireproof flooring, and deck beams for iron ships. The demand for large sections exceeded the capacity of the small mills then in use at Butterley, so Alleyne introduced the welding of T-sections to form the required H-sections.In 1861 Alleyne patented a mechanical traverser for moving ingots in front of and behind a rolling mill, enabling one person to manipulate large pieces. In 1870 he introduced his major innovation, the two-high reversing mill, which enabled the metal to be passed back and forth between the rolls until it assumed the required size and shape. The mill had two steam engines, which supplied the motion in opposite directions. These two inventions produced considerable economies in time and effort in handling the metal and enabled much heavier pieces to be processed.During Alleyne's regime, the Butterley Company secured some notable contracts, such as the roof of St Paneras Station, London, in 1868, with the then-unparalleled span of 240 ft (73 m). The manufacture and erection of this awe-inspiring structure was a tribute to Alleyne's abilities. In 1872 he masterminded the design and construction of the large railway bridge over the Old Maas at Dordrecht, Holland. Alleyne also devised a method of determining small quantities of phosphorus in iron and steel by means of the spectroscope. In his spare time he was a skilled astronomical observer and metalworker in his private workshop.[br]Bibliography1875, "The estimation of small quantities of phosphorus in iron and steel by spectrum analysis", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 62.Further ReadingObituary, 1912, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute: 406–8.LRDBiographical history of technology > Alleyne, Sir John Gay Newton
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