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1 Dessau
География: (г.) Дессау (ФРГ) -
2 Dessau
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3 Dessau
(n) Дессау -
4 Dessau
Дессау Город в Германии, земля Саксония-Анхальт. 95.8 тыс. жителей (1991). Порт на р. Мульда, при ее впадении в Эльбу. Железнодорожный узел. Машиностроение, легкая, пищевкусовая промышленность. -
5 Dessau
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6 Breuer, Marcel Lajos
[br]b. 22 May 1902 Pécs, Hungaryd. 1 July 1981 New York (?), USA[br]Hungarian member of the European Bauhaus generation in the 1920s, who went on to become a leader in the modern school of architectural and furniture design in Europe and the United States.[br]Breuer began his student days following an art course in Vienna, but joined the Bauhaus at Weimar, where he later graduated, in 1920. When Gropius re-established the school in purpose-built structures at Dessau, Breuer became a member of the teaching staff in charge of the carpentry and furniture workshops. Much of his time there was spent in design and research into new materials being applied to furniture and interior decoration. The essence of his contribution was to relate the design of furniture to industrial production; in this field he developed the tubular-steel structure, especially in chair design, and experimented with aluminium as a furniture material as well as pieces of furniture made up from modular units. His furniture style was characterized by an elegance of line and a careful avoidance of superfluous detail. By 1926 he had furnished the Bauhaus with such furniture in chromium-plated steel, and two years later had developed a cantilevered chair.Breuer left the Bauhaus in 1928 and set up an architectural practice in Berlin. In the early 1930s he also spent some time in Switzerland. Notable from these years was his Harnischmacher Haus in Wiesbaden and his apartment buildings in the Dolderthal area of Zurich. His architectural work was at first influenced by constructivism, and then by that of Le Corbusier (see Charles-Edouard Jeanneret). In 1935 he moved to England, where in partnership with F.R.S. Yorke he built some houses and continued to practise furniture design. The Isokon Furniture Co. commissioned him to develop ideas that took advantage of the new bending and moulding processes in laminated wood, one result being his much-copied reclining chair.In 1937, like so many of the European architectural refugees from Nazism, he found himself under-occupied due to the reluctance of English clients to embrace the modern architectural movement. He went to the United States at Gropius's invitation to join him as a professor at Harvard. Breuer and Gropius were influential in training a new generation of American architects, and in particular they built a number of houses. This partnership ended in 1941 and Breuer set up practice in New York. His style of work from this time on was still modern, but became more varied. In housing, he adapted his style to American needs and used local materials in a functional manner. In the Whitney Museum (1966) he worked in a sculptural, granite-clad style. Often he utilized a bold reinforced-concrete form, as in his collaboration with Pier Luigi Nervi and Bernard Zehrfuss in the Paris UNESCO Building (1953–8) and the US Embassy in the Hague (1954–8). He displayed his masterly handling of poured concrete used in a strikingly expressionistic, sculptural manner in his St John's Abbey (1953–61) in Collegeville, Minnesota, and in 1973 his Church of St Francis de Sale in Michigan won him the top award of the American Institute of Architects.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Architects Medal of Honour 1964, Gold Medal 1968. Jefferson Foundation Medal 1968.Bibliography1955, Sun and Shadow, the Philosophy of an Architect, New York: Dodd Read (autobiography).Further ReadingC.Jones (ed.), 1963, Marcel Breuer: Buildings and Projects 1921–1961, New York: Praeger.T.Papachristou (ed.), 1970, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects 1960–1970, New York: Praeger.DY -
7 Gropius, Walter Adolf
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 18 May 1883 Berlin, Germanyd. 5 July 1969 Boston, USA[br]German co-founder of the modern movement of architecture.[br]A year after he began practice as an architect, Gropius was responsible for the pace-setting Fagus shoe-last factory at Alfeld-an-der-Leine in Germany, one of the few of his buildings to survive the Second World War. Today the building does not appear unusual, but in 1911 it was a revolutionary prototype, heralding the glass curtain walled method of non-load-bearing cladding that later became ubiquitous. Made from glass, steel and reinforced concrete, this factory initiated a new concept, that of the International school of modern architecture.In 1919 Gropius was appointed to head the new School of Art and Design at Weimar, the Staatliches Bauhaus. The school had been formed by an amalgamation of the Grand Ducal schools of fine and applied arts founded in 1906. Here Gropius put into practice his strongly held views and he was so successful that this small college, which trained only a few hundred students in the limited years of its existence, became world famous, attracting artists, architects and students of quality from all over Europe.Gropius's idea was to set up an institution where students of all the arts and crafts could work together and learn from one another. He abhorred the artificial barriers that had come to exist between artists and craftsmen and saw them all as interdependent. He felt that manual dexterity was as essential as creative design. Every Bauhaus student, whatever the individual's field of work or talent, took the same original workshop training. When qualified they were able to understand and supervise all the aesthetic and constructional processes that made up the scope of their work.In 1924, because of political changes, the Weimar Bauhaus was closed, but Gropius was invited to go to Dessau to re-establish it in a new purpose-built school which he designed. This group of buildings became a prototype that designers of the new architectural form emulated. Gropius left the Bauhaus in 1928, only a few years before it was finally closed due to the growth of National Socialism. He moved to England in 1934, but because of a lack of architectural opportunities and encouragement he continued on his way to the USA, where he headed the Department of Architecture at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design from 1937 to 1952. After his retirement from there Gropius formed the Architect's Collaborative and, working with other architects such as Marcel Breuer and Pietro Belluschi, designed a number of buildings (for example, the US Embassy in Athens (1960) and the Pan Am Building in New York (1963)).[br]Bibliography1984, Scope of Total Architecture, Allen \& Unwin.Further ReadingN.Pevsner, 1936, Pioneers of the Modern Movement: From William Morris to Walter Gropius, Penguin.C.Jenck, 1973, Modern Movements in Architecture, Penguin.H.Probst and C.Shädlich, 1988, Walter Gropius, Berlin: Ernst \& Son.DY -
8 Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 14 December 1911 Dessau, Germany[br]German engineer who designed the first jet engine to power an aeroplane successfully.[br]Von Ohain studied engineering at the University of Göttingen, where he carried out research on gas-turbine engines, and centrifugal compressors in particular. In 1935 he patented a design for a jet engine (in Britain, Frank Whittle patented his jet-engine design in 1930). Von Ohain was recruited by the Heinkel company in 1936 to develop an engine for a jet aircraft. Ernst Heinkel was impressed by von Ohain's ideas and gave the project a high priority. The first engine was bench tested in September 1937. A more powerful version was developed and tested in air, suspended beneath a Heinkel dive-bomber, during the spring of 1939. A new airframe was designed to house the revolutionary power plant and designated the Heinkel He 178. A short flight was made on 24 August 1939 and the first recognized flight on 27 August. This important achievement received only a lukewarm response from the German authorities. Von Ohain's turbojet engine had a centrifugal compressor and developed a thrust of 380 kg (837 lb). An improved, more powerful, engine was developed and installed in a new twin-engined fighter design, the He 280. This flew on 2 April 1941 but never progressed beyond the prototype stage. By this time two other German companies, BMW and Junkers, were constructing successful turbojets with axial compressors: luckily for the Allies, Hitler was reluctant to pour his hard-pressed resources into this new breed of jet fighters. After the war, von Ohain emigrated to the United States and worked for the Air Force there.[br]Bibliography1929, "The evolution and future of aeropropulsion system", The Jet Age. 40 Years of Jet Aviation, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.Further ReadingVon Ohain's work is described in many books covering the history of aviation, and aero engines in particular, for example: R.Schlaifer and S.D.Heron, 1950, Development of Aircraft Engines and fuels, Boston. G.G.Smith, 1955, Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion.Grover Heiman, 1963, Jet Pioneers.JDSBiographical history of technology > Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
См. также в других словарях:
Dessau — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Armas Mapa Datos básicos … Wikipedia Español
Dessau — Dessau, Haupt und Residenzstadt des Herzogtums Anhalt, liegt am linken Ufer der Mulde, die 3 km unterhalb der Stadt in die Elbe mündet, in einer gartenähnlichen Ebene. Außer dem ältesten Stadtteil an der Mulde enthält es breite und regelmäßig… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Dessau — Dessau, 1) Herzogthum, s. Anhalt Dessau; 2) Amt im Herzogthum Anhalt Dessau, 16,500 Ew.; 3) Hauptstadt des Herzogthums und des Amts, an der Mulde, 3/4 Stunde von der Elbe; theilte sich sonst in die Alt , Neu u. Vorstadt auf dem Sande (jetzt… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
DESSAU (P.) — DESSAU PAUL (1894 1979) Compositeur allemand né à Hambourg, Paul Dessau occupe, après la Première Guerre mondiale, divers postes à Hambourg, à Cologne, à Mayence et à Berlin. En 1933, il émigre à Paris puis aux États Unis, et revient après 1945… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Dessau — Dessau, Haupt und Residenzstadt des Hzgt. Anhalt, an der Mulde, (1900) 50.849 E., Garnison, Land , Amtsgericht, Handelskammer, Gymnasium, Realgymnasium, höhere Handels , höhere Mädchenschule mit Lehrerinnenseminar, Stadt und Schloßkirche (1554),… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Dessau — Dessau, Haupt u. Residenzst. des Herzogth. Anhalt D., an der Mulde und der Eisenbahn nach Berlin, in einer durch Anlagen freundlichen Umgebung, hat 13500 E., ziemlichen Gewerb und Handelsverkehr. D. hat ein herzogl. Schloß; ist Sitz der… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Dessau — es una ciudad alemana situada en la confluencia de los ríos Mulde y Elba, en el estado federado de Sajonia Anhalt. Su población en diciembre de 2004 era de 77.557 habitantes. * * * ► C. de Alemania, en el estado de Sajonia Anhalt; 103 200 h. Fue… … Enciclopedia Universal
Dessau — [des′ou] city in EC Germany, in the state of Saxony Anhalt: pop. 95,000 … English World dictionary
Dessau — For other uses, see Dessau (disambiguation). Dessau Stadtteil of Dessau Roßlau Market square with fountain … Wikipedia
Dessau — Blick auf Dessau von der Aussichtsplattform „Alter Räucherturm“ (bearbeitetes HDR Bild) … Deutsch Wikipedia
Dessau — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Dessau (homonymie). Logo de Dessau Création 1957 … Wikipédia en Français
