Deptford

kraj. ime

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

[br]

[br]

[br]

Ferranti, who had taken an interest in electrical and mechanical devices from an early age, was educated at St Augustine's College in Ramsgate and for a short time attended evening classes at University College, London. Rather than pursue an academic career, Ferranti, who had intense practical interests, found employment in 1881 with the Siemens Company (see Werner von Siemens) in their experimental department. There he had the opportunity to superintend the installation of electric-lighting plants in various parts of the country. Becoming acquainted with Alfred Thomson, an engineer, Ferranti entered into a short-lived partnership with him to manufacture the Ferranti alternator. This generator, with a unique zig-zag armature, had an efficiency exceeding that of all its rivals. Finding that Sir William Thomson had invented a similar machine, Ferranti formed a company with him to combine the inventions and produce the Ferranti- Thomson machine. For this the Hammond Electric Light and Power Company obtained the sole selling rights.

In 1885 the Grosvenor Gallery Electricity Supply Corporation was having serious problems with its Gaulard and Gibbs series distribution system. Ferranti, when consulted, reviewed the design and recommended transformers connected across constant-potential mains. In the following year, at the age of 22, he was appointed Engineer to the company and introduced the pattern of electricity supply that was eventually adopted universally. Ambitious plans by Ferranti for London envisaged the location of a generating station of unprecedented size at Deptford, about eight miles (13 km) from the city, a departure from the previous practice of placing stations within the area to be supplied. For this venture the London Electricity Supply Corporation was formed. Ferranti's bold decision to bring the supply from Deptford at the hitherto unheard-of pressure of 10,000 volts required him to design suitable cables, transformers and generators. Ferranti planned generators with 10,000 hp (7,460 kW)engines, but these were abandoned at an advanced stage of construction. Financial difficulties were caused in part when a Board of Trade enquiry in 1889 reduced the area that the company was able to supply. In spite of this adverse situation the enterprise continued on a reduced scale. Leaving the London Electricity Supply Corporation in 1892, Ferranti again started his own business, manufacturing electrical plant. He conceived the use of wax-impregnated paper-insulated cables for high voltages, which formed a landmark in the history of cable development. This method of flexible-cable manufacture was used almost exclusively until synthetic materials became available. In 1892 Ferranti obtained a patent which set out the advantages to be gained by adopting sector-shaped conductors in multi-core cables. This was to be fundamental to the future design and development of such cables.

A total of 176 patents were taken out by S.Z. de Ferranti. His varied and numerous inventions included a successful mercury-motor energy meter and improvements to textile-yarn produc-tion. A transmission-line phenomenon where the open-circuit voltage at the receiving end of a long line is greater than the sending voltage was named the Ferranti Effect after him.

[br]

1) Телевидение: TV-8, DT-22, Iron Mountain, Michigan

2) Школьное выражение: West Deptford High School, Western Dubuque High School

а) с наступлением чего-либо

б) с приходом (чего-либо / кого-либо)

в) с изобретением, с созданием, с разработкой

г) с появлением

а) с наступлением чего-либо

б) с приходом (чего-либо / кого-либо)

в) с изобретением, с созданием, с разработкой

г) с появлением

1) см. bearded pink

2) см. Deptford pink

* * *

• гвоздика армериевидная

• лимодорум клубневой

1) гвоздика ( Dianthus)

2) бот. кастиллея шарлаховокрасная ( Castilleja coccinea)

3) горбуша ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)

•

- bearded pink

* * *

• гвоздика

• горбуша

• кастиллея шарлаховокрасная

• розовый

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Lawes's education at Eton and Oxford did little to inform his early taste for chemistry, which he developed largely on his own. By the age of 20 he had fitted up the best bedroom in his house as a fully equipped chemical laboratory. His first interest was in the making of drugs; it was said that he knew the Pharmacopoeia, by heart. He did, however, receive some instruction from Anthony Todd Thomson of University College, London. His father having died in 1822, Lawes entered into possession of the Rothamsted estate when he came of age in 1834. He began experiments with plants with uses as drugs, but following an observation by a neighbouring farmer of the effect of bones on the growth of certain crops Lawes turned to experiments with bones dissolved in sulphuric acid on his turnip crop. The results were so promising that he took out a patent in 1842 for converting mineral and fossil phosphates into a powerful manure by the action of sulphuric acid. The manufacture of these superphosphates became a major industry of tremendous benefit to agriculture. Lawes himself set up a factory at Deptford in 1842 and a larger one in 1857 at Barking Creek, both near London. The profits from these and other chemical manufacturing concerns earned Lawes profits which funded his experimental work at Rothamsted. In 1843, Lawes set up the world's first agricultural experiment station. Later in the same year he was joined by Joseph Henry Gilbert, and together they carried out a considerable number of experiments of great benefit to agriculture, many of the results of which were published in the leading scientific journals of the day, including the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. In all, 132 papers were published, most of them jointly with Gilbert. A main theme of the work on plants was the effect of various chemical fertilizers on the growth of different crops, compared with the effects of farm manure and of no treatment at all. On animal rearing, they studied particularly the economical feeding of animals.

The work at Rothamsted soon brought Lawes into prominence; he joined the Royal Agricultural Society in 1846 and became a member of its governing body two years later, a position he retained for over fifty years. Numerous distinctions followed and Rothamsted became a place of pilgrimage for people from many parts of the world who were concerned with the application of science to agriculture. Rothamsted's jubilee in 1893 was marked by a public commemoration headed by the Prince of Wales.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

[br]

[br]

[br]

Palmer was an assistant to Thomas Telford for ten years from 1816. In 1818 he arranged a meeting of young engineers from which the Institution of Civil Engineers originated. In the early 1820s he invented a monorail system, the first of its kind, in which a single rail of wood, with an iron strip spiked on top to form a running surface, was supported on posts. Wagon bodies were supported pannier fashion from a frame attached to grooved wheels and were propelled by men or horses. An important object was to minimize friction, and short lines were built on this principle at Deptford and Cheshunt. In 1826 Palmer was appointed Resident Engineer to the London Docks and was responsible for the construction of many of them. He was subsequently consulted about many important engineering works.

[br]

See also: Lartigue, Charles François Marie-Thérèse

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

Peter the Great was a man with a single-minded approach to problems and with passionate and lifelong interests in matters scientific, military and above all maritime. The unusual and dominating rule of his vast lands brought about the age of Russian enlightenment, and ensured that his country became one of the most powerful states in Europe.

Peter's interest in ships and shipbuilding started in his childhood; c. 1687 he had an old English-built day sailing boat repaired and launched, and on it he learned the rudiments of sailing and navigation. This craft (still preserved in St Petersburg) became known as the "Grandfather of the Russian Navy". In the years 1688 to 1693 he established a shipyard on Lake Plestsheev and then began his lifelong study of shipbuilding by visiting and giving encouragement to the industry at Archangelsk on the White Sea and Voronezh in the Sea of Azov. In October 1696, Peter took Azov from the Turks, and the Russian Fleet ever since has regarded that date as their birthday. Setting an example to the young aristocracy, Peter travelled to Western Europe to widen his experience and contacts and also to learn the trade of shipbuilding. He worked in the shipyards of Amsterdam and then at the Naval Base of Deptford on the Thames.

The war with Sweden concentrated his attention on the Baltic and, to establish a base for trading and for the Navy, the City of St Petersburg was constructed on marshland. The Admiralty was built in the city and many new shipyards in the surrounding countryside, one being the Olonez yard which in 1703 built the frigate Standart, the first for the Baltic Fleet, which Peter himself commanded on its first voyage. The military defence of St Petersburg was effected by the construction of Kronstadt, seawards of the city.

Throughout his life Peter was involved in ship design and it is estimated that one thousand ships were built during his reign. He introduced the building of standard ship types and also, centuries ahead of its time, the concept of prefabrication, unit assembly and the building of part hulls in different places. Officially he was the designer of the ninety-gun ship Lesnoe of 1718, and this may have influenced him in instituting Rules for Shipbuilders and for Seamen. In 1716 he commanded the joint fleets of the four naval powers: Denmark, Britain, Holland and Russia.

He established the Marine Academy, organized and encouraged exploration and scientific research, and on his edict the St Petersburg Academy of Science was opened. He was not averse to the recruitment of foreigners to key posts in the nation's service. Peter the Great was a remarkable man, with the unusual quality of being a theorist and an innovator, in addition to the endowments of practicality and common sense.

[br]

AK / FMW

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

[br]

[br]

For a man who contributed much to the history of shipbuilding in Britain, surprisingly little is known of his life and times. The family are reputedly descendants of Danish or Norwegian shipbuilders who emigrated to England around the late seventeenth century. It is known, however, that Marmaduke was the fourth child of his father, Hugh Stalkartt, but the second child of Hugh's second wife.

Stalkartt is believed to have served an apprenticeship at the Naval Yard at Deptford on the Thames. He had advanced sufficiently by 1796 for the Admiralty to send him to India to establish shipyards dedicated to the construction of men-of-war in teak. The worsening supply of oak from England, and to a lesser extent Scotland, coupled with the war with France was making ship procurement one of the great concerns of the time. The ready supply of hardwoods from the subcontinent was a serious attempt to overcome this problem. For some years one of the shipyards in Calcutta was known as Stalkartt's Yard and this gives some credence to the belief that Stalkartt left the Navy while overseas and started his own shipbuilding organization.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Horology

[br]

[br]

[br]

Warren studied electrical engineering at the Boston Institute of Technology (later to become the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and graduated in 1894. In 1912 he formed the Warren Electric Clock Company to make a battery-powered clock that he had patented a few years earlier. The name was changed to the Warren Telechron (time at a distance) Company after he had started to produce synchronous clocks.

In 1840 Charles Wheatstone had produced an electric master clock that produced an alternating current with a frequency of one cycle per second and which was used to drive slave dials. This system was not successful, but when Ferranti introduced the first alternating current power generator at Deptford in 1895 Hope-Jones saw in it a means of distributing time. This did not materialize immediately because the power generators did not control the frequency of the current with sufficient accuracy, and a reliable motor whose speed was related to this frequency was not available. In 1916 Warren solved both problems: he produced a reliable self-starting synchronous electric motor and he also made a master clock which could be used at the power station to control accurately the frequency of the supply. Initially the power-generating companies were reluctant to support the synchronous clock because it imposed a liability to control the frequency of the supply and the gain was likely to be small because it was very frugal in its use of power. However, with the advent of the grid system, when several generators were connected together, it became imperative to control the frequency; it was realized that although the power consumption of individual clocks was small, collectively it could be significant as they ran continuously. By the end of the 1930s more than half the clocks sold in the USA were of the synchronous type. The Warren synchronous clock was introduced into Great Britain in 1927, following the setting up of a grid system by the Electricity Commission.

[br]

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Public utilities

[br]

[br]

[br]

Arthur Wright, educated at Maryborough College, attended a course of training at the School of Submarine Telegraphy, Telephony and Electric Light in London. In 1882 he joined the Hammond Company in Brighton, the first company to afford a regular electricity supply in Britain on a commercial basis for street and private lighting. He invented a recording ammeter and also a thermal-demand indicator used in conjunction with a tariff based on maximum demand in addition to energy consumption. This indicator was to remain in use for almost half a century.

Resigning his position in Brighton in 1889, he joined the staff of S.Z.de Ferranti and served with him during developments at the Grosvenor Gallery and Deptford stations in London. In 1891 he returned to Brighton as its first Borough Electrical Engineer. From 1900 onwards he had an extensive consulting practice designing early power stations, and was approached by many municipalities and companies in Britain, the United States, South America and Australia, primarily on finance and tariffs. Associated with the founding of the Municipal Electrical Association in 1905, the following year he became its first President.

[br]

pink 1. гвоздика, Dianthus ; 2. (бот) кастиллея шарлаховокрасная, Castilleja coccinea ; 3. (ихт) горбуша, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

bearded pink лимодорум клубневой, Limodorum tuberosum

Boston pink мыльнянка лекарственная, Saponaria officinalis

bunch pink гвоздика бородатая, Dianthus barbatus

button pink гвоздика широколистная, Dianthus latifolia

Carolina pink жимолость приморская, Lonicera marilandica

childing pink гвоздика укореняющаяся, Dianthus prolifera

clove pink гвоздика садовая, гвоздика голландская, Dianthus caryophyllus

common pink гвоздика перистая, Dianthus plumarius

corn pink куколь посевной, Agrostemma githago

cottage pink гвоздика перистая, Dianthus plumarius

cushion pink смолёвка бесстебельная, Silene acaulis

Deptford pink гвоздика армериевидная, Dianthus armeria

Dutch pink резеда желтоватая, Reseda luteola

election pink рододендрон голоцветковый, Rhododendron nudiflorum

fire pink смолёвка виргинская, Silene virginica

flover-bunds pink мичелла волнистая, Mitchella undulata

French pink гвоздика бородатая, Dianthus barbatus

grass pink 1. лимодорум клубневой, Limodorum tuberosum; 2. гвоздика армериевидная, Dianthus armeria

hedge pink мыльнянка лекарственная, Saponaria officinalis

Indian pink 1. истод малолистный, Polygala paucifolia; 2. жимолость приморская, Lonicera marilandica

maiden pink гвоздика травянка, Dianthus deltoides

marsh pink саббатия звёздная, Sabbatia stellaris

meadow pink гвоздика травянка, Dianthus deltoides

moss pink 1. флокс игловатый, Phlox subulata ; 2. портулак крупноцветковый, Portulaca grandiflora

mountain pink портулак крупноцветковый, Portulaca grandiflora

mullein pink 1. лихнис кожистый, Lychnis coronaria; 2. куколь посевной, Agrostemma githago

needle pink аистник цикутовый, Erodium cicutarium

old-maid's pink 1. мыльнянка лекарственная, Saponaria officinalis; 2. куколь посевной, Agrostemma githago

proliferous pink гвоздика укореняющаяся, Dianthus prolifera

ragged pink гвоздика луговая, Dianthus pratensis

rainbow pink гвоздика китайская, Dianthus chinensis

rose pink саббатия угловатая, Sabbatia angularis

sea pink 1. смолёвка широколистная, Silene latifolia ; 2. армерия обыкновенная, Armeria vulgaris; 3. саббатия звёздная, Sabbatia stellaris

sheriff pink нивяник обыкновенный, Leucanthemum vulgare

slender marsh pink саббатия колокольчатовидная, Sabbatia campanulata

superb pink гвоздика пышная, Dianthus superbus

swamp pink 1. рододендрон голоцветковый, Rhododendron nudiflorum; 2. хелониас, Helonias

western pink гвоздика французская, Dianthus gallicus

wild pink 1. смолёвка каролинская, Silene caroliniana; смолёвка царская, Silene regia ; 2. гвоздика картузианская, Dianthus carthusianorum; 3.. флокс игловатый, Phlox subulata

wood pink гвоздика лесная, Dianthus silvestris