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1 Darmstadt
География: (г.) Дармштадт (ФРГ) -
2 Darmstadt
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3 Darmstadt
(n) Дармштадт -
4 Darmstadt
Дармштадт Город в Германии, земля Гессен. 140 тыс. жителей (1992). Машиностроение (производство полиграфических машин, двигателей, радио- и телеаппаратуры; электротехники), химическая, бумажная, кожевенно-обувная, полиграфическая промышленность; производство мебели, обоев и др. Впервые упоминается в 11 в. Архитектурный памятник 14-17 вв. -
5 Darmstadt
nდარმშტატი -
6 Darmstadt, Germany
s.Darmstadt, Alemania. -
7 European Space Operations Centre (Darmstadt, Germany)
Космонавтика: Европейский центр космических операций (Дармштадт)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > European Space Operations Centre (Darmstadt, Germany)
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8 Mission Management and Control Centre (Darmstadt)
Космонавтика: Центр руководства и управления полётамиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Mission Management and Control Centre (Darmstadt)
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9 Darm.
Сокращение: Darmstadt -
10 EMD
1) Общая лексика: Estimated Maximum Demand2) Военный термин: Electric Mobility Demonstrator, Electronic Map Data, effective miss distance, electric-motor-driven, electronic map display, engine management display, Engineering and Manufacturing Design3) Техника: enhancement mode device, entry monitor display5) Автомобильный термин: Engine Manufacturer Diagnostics6) Биржевой термин: Extended Maturity Date7) Сокращение: Electro-Muscular Disruption (e.g., from a NONLETHAL WEAPON (NLW)), Engine Model Derivative, Engineering & Manufacturing Development, Engineering Manufacturing Development, Engineering and Manufacturing Development, electromechanical dissociation8) Университет: Executive Management Development9) Физиология: Emergency Medical Dispatch, Emergency Medical Doctor, Electromechanical dissociation (now PEA)10) Нефть: electromagnetic method of orientation, электромагнитный метод ориентирования (перфоратора; electromagnetic method of orientation)11) Фирменный знак: Electro Motive Division12) СМИ: Electronic Music Distribution13) Химическое оружие: Environmental and Monitoring Division14) Военно-воздушные силы: конкурсное обеспечение (earnest money deposit)15) Имена и фамилии: Emanuel Merck Darmstadt16) NYSE. Emerging Markets Income Fund, Inc.17) Аэропорты: Emerald, Queensland, Australia -
11 ESOC
1) Компьютерная техника: Earth Station Owners Consortium2) Военный термин: Emergency Supply Operations Center3) Сокращение: European Space Operations Center4) Космонавтика: European Space Operations Centre (Darmstadt, Germany)5) НАСА: European Space Operations Centre -
12 European Space Operations Centre
1) Дипломатический термин: Европейский центр космических операций2) Космонавтика: (Darmstadt, Germany) Европейский центр космических операций (Дармштадт)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > European Space Operations Centre
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13 MMCC
1) Военный термин: mobilization manning control center2) Вычислительная техника: Malicious Mobile Code Consortium3) Космонавтика: Mission Management and Control Centre (Darmstadt) -
14 Mission Management and Control Centre
Космонавтика: (Darmstadt) Центр руководства и управления полётамиУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Mission Management and Control Centre
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15 Liebig, Justus von
[br]b. 12 May 1803 Darmstadt, Germanyd. 18 April 1873 Munich, Germany[br]German chemist, pioneer in the training of chemists and in agricultural chemistry.[br]As the son of a pharmacist, Lei big early acquired an interest in chemistry. In 1822 he pursued his chemical studies in Paris under Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850), one of the leading chemists of the time. Three years later he became Professor of Chemistry in the small university of Giessen, near Frankfurt, where he remained for over thirty years. It was there that he established his celebrated laboratory for training in practical chemistry. The laboratory itself and the instruction given by Liebig were a model for the training of chemists throughout Europe and a steady stream of well-qualified chemists issued forth from Giessen. It was the supply of well-trained chemists that proved to be the basis for Germany's later success in industrial chemistry. The university now bears Liebig's name, and the laboratory has been preserved as a museum in the same state that it was in after the extensions of 1839. Liebig's many and important researches into chemical theory and organic chemistry lie outside the scope of this Dictionary. From 1840 he turned to the chemistry of living things. In agriculture, he stressed the importance of fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus, although he underrated the role of nitrogen. Liebig thereby exerted a powerful influence on the movement to provide agriculture with a scientific basis.[br]Further ReadingC.Paoloni, 1968, Justus von Liebig: eine Bibliographie sämtlicher Veröffentlichungen, Heidelberg: Carl Winter (includes a complete list of Liebig's papers and books, published collections of his letters and a list of secondary works about him).A.W.Hofmann, 1876, The Life Work of Liebig (Faraday Lecture), London (a valuable reference).J.R.Partington, 1964, A History of Chemistry, Vol. 4, London (a well-documented account of his work).F.R.Moulton, 1942, Liebig and After Liebig: A Century of Progress in Agricultural Chemistry, Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, publication 18 (for Liebig's work in agricultural chemistry).J.B.Morrell, 1972, "The chemist breeders", Ambix 19:1–47 (for information about Liebig's laboratory).LRD -
16 Messel, Rudolf
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 14 January 1848 Darmstadt, Germanyd. 18 April 1920 London, England[br]German industrial chemist.[br]Messel served three years as an apprentice to the chemical manufacturers E.Lucius of Frankfurt before studying chemistry at Zürich, Heidelberg and Tübingen. In 1870 he travelled to England to assist the distinguished chemist Sir Henry Roscoe, but was soon recalled to Germany on the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. After hostilities ceased, Messel returned to London to join the firm of manufacturers of sulphuric acid Dunn, Squire \& Company of Stratford, London. The firm amalgamated with Spencer Chapman, and after Messel became its Managing Director in 1878 it was known as Spencer, Chapman \& Messel Ltd.Messel's principal contribution to chemical technology was the invention of the contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Earlier processes for making this essential product, now needed in ever-increasing quantities by the new processes for making dyestuffs, fertilizers and explosives, were based on the oxidation of sulphur dioxide by oxides of nitrogen, developed by Joshua Ward and John Roebuck. Attempts to oxidize the dioxide to the trioxide with the oxygen in the air in the presence of a suitable catalyst had so far failed because the catalyst had become "poisoned" and ineffective; Messel avoided this by using highly purified gases. The contact process produced a concentrated form of sulphuric acid called oleum. Until the outbreak of the First World War, Messel's firm was the principal manufacturer, but then the demand rose sharply, so that other firms had to engage in its manufacture. Production thereby increased from 20,000 to 450,000 tons per year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1912. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1911–12, 1914.Further Reading1931, Special jubilee issue, Journal of the Society of the Chemical Industry (July). G.T.Morgan and D.D.Pratt, 1938, The British Chemical Industry, London.LRD -
17 Staudinger, Hermann
[br]b. 23 March 1881 Worms, Germanyd. 8 September 1965 Freiberg im Breisgau, Germany[br]German chemist, founder of polymer chemistry.[br]Staudinger studied chemistry at the universities of Halle, Darmstadt and Munich, originally as a preparation for botanical studies, but chemistry claimed his full attention. He followed an academic career, with professorships at Karlsruhe in 1908, Zurich in 1912 and Freiberg from 1926 until his retirement in 1951. Staudinger began his work as an organic chemist by following well-established lines of research, but from 1920 he struck out in a new direction. Until that time, rubber and other apparently non-crystalline materials with high molecular weight were supposed to consist of a disordered collection of small molecules. Staudinger investigated the structure of rubber and realized that it was made up of very large molecules with many basic groups of atoms held together by normal chemical bonds. Substances formed in this way are known as "polymers". Staudinger's views first met with opposition, but he developed methods of determining the molecular weights of these "high polymers". Finally, the introduction of X-ray crystallographic investigation of chemical structure confirmed his views. This discovery has proved to be the basis of a new branch of chemistry with momentous consequences for industry. From it stemmed the synthetic rubber, plastics, fibres, adhesives and other industries, with all their multifarious applications in everyday life. The Staudinger equation, linking viscosity with molecular weight, is still widely used, albeit with some reservations, in the polymer industry.During the 1930s, Staudinger turned his attention to biopolymers and foresaw the discovery some twenty years later that these macromolecules were the building blocks of life. In 1953 he belatedly received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1953.Bibliography1961, Arbeitserinnerungen, Heidelberg; pub. in English, 1970 as From Organic Chemistry to Macromolecules, New York (includes a comprehensive bibliography of 644 items).Further ReadingE.Farber, 1963, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, New York.R.C.Olby, 1970, "The macromolecular concept and the origins of molecular biology", J. Chem. Ed. 47:168–74.LRD -
18 Zeiss, Carl
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 11 September 1816 Weimar, Thuringia, Germanyd. 3 December 1888 Jena, Saxony, Germany[br]German lens manufacturer who introduced scientific method to the production of compound microscopes and made possible the production of the first anastigmatic photographic objectives.[br]After completing his early education in Weimar, Zeiss became an apprentice to the engineer Dr Frederick Koerner. As part of his training, Zeiss was required to travel widely and he visited Vienna, Berlin, Stuttgart and Darmstadt to study his trade. In 1846 he set up a business of his own, an optical workshop in Jena, where he began manufacturing magnifying glasses and microscopes. Much of his work was naturally for the university there and he had the co-operation of some of the University staff in the development of precision instruments. By 1858 he was seeking to make more expensive compound microscopes, but he found the current techniques primitive and laborious. He decided that it was necessary to introduce scientific method to the design of the optics, and in 1866 he sought the advice of a professor of physics at the University of Jena, Ernst Abbe (1840–1905). It took Zeiss until 1869 to persuade Abbe to join his company, and two difficult years were spent working on the calculations before success was achieved. Within a few more years the Zeiss microscope had earned a worldwide reputation for quality. Abbe became a full partner in the Zeiss business in 1875. In 1880 Abbe began an association with Friedrich Otte Schott that was to lead to the establishment of the famous Jena glass works in 1884. With the support of the German government, Jena was to become the centre of world production of new optical glasses for photographic objectives.In 1886 the distinguished mathematician and optician Paul Rudolph joined Zeiss at Jena. After Zeiss's death, Rudolph went on to use the characteristics of the new glass to calculate the first anastigmatic lenses. Immediately successful and widely imitated, the anastigmats were also the first of a long series of Zeiss photographic objectives that were to be at the forefront of lens design for years to come. Abbe took over the management of the company and developed it into an internationally famous organization.[br]Further ReadingL.W.Sipley, 1965, Photography's Great Inventors, Philadelphia (a brief biography). J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 122–32 (includes a short account of Carl Zeiss and his company).JW / RTS
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