-
41 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
42 education
[ˌedʒʊ'keɪʃn] 1.1) (training) educazione f., istruzione f.; (in health, road safety) informazione f.2) (formal schooling) studi m.pl., istruzione f.to have had a university o college education avere ricevuto un'istruzione superiore; he has had little education — non è molto colto
3) (national system) istruzione f., insegnamento m.primary, secondary education — scuola primaria, secondaria
4) univ. pedagogia f., scienze f.pl. della formazione2.modificatore [budget, spending] per l'istruzione; [ crisis] dell'insegnamento; [ method] di insegnamento; [Minister, Ministry] della pubblica istruzione* * *noun (instruction and teaching, especially of children and young people in schools, universities etc: His lack of education prevented him from getting a good job.) istruzione* * *[ˌedʒʊ'keɪʃn] 1.1) (training) educazione f., istruzione f.; (in health, road safety) informazione f.2) (formal schooling) studi m.pl., istruzione f.to have had a university o college education avere ricevuto un'istruzione superiore; he has had little education — non è molto colto
3) (national system) istruzione f., insegnamento m.primary, secondary education — scuola primaria, secondaria
4) univ. pedagogia f., scienze f.pl. della formazione2.modificatore [budget, spending] per l'istruzione; [ crisis] dell'insegnamento; [ method] di insegnamento; [Minister, Ministry] della pubblica istruzione -
43 education
§ განათლება, აღზრდა, აღმზრდელობითი§1 განათლებაfree / elementary / primary / higher / general / music / all-round education უფასო / დაწყებითი / უმაღლესი / ზოგადი / მუსიკალური / ყოველმხრივი განათლებაto receive / get an education განათლების მიღებაa system of education, an education system განათლების სისტემა2 აღზრდაproper / correct education სათანადო, მართებული / სწორი აღზრდაthe system of education must be improved განათლების სისტემა უნდა გაუმჯობესდესeducation is the groundwork of success განათლება წარმატების საწინდარია / -
44 education
nобразование; просвещение; обучение; воспитание -
45 education
n1. образование, просвещение; воспитание; процесс целенаправленного развития способностей;2. образованность, культура.* * *сущ.1) образование, просвещение; воспитание; процесс целенаправленного развития способностей;2) образованность, культура. -
46 education **** edu·ca·tion n
[ˌɛdjʊ'keɪʃ(ə)n](schooling) istruzione f, (teaching) insegnamento, (knowledge, culture) cultura, (studies) studi mpl, (training) formazione f, (Univ : subject etc) pedagogiaprimary education Am; elementary education — scuola elementare or primaria
physical education — educazione f fisica
See: -
47 education
n1) освіта; навчанняall-round education — всебічна (широка) освіта
2) виховання3) освіченість; культура4) дресирування (тварин)* * *n1) освітаcompulsory education — обов'язкове навчання; виховання
2) освіченість, культура3) дресирування ( тварин) -
48 education
noun (instruction and teaching, especially of children and young people in schools, universities etc: His lack of education prevented him from getting a good job.) izobrazba* * *[edjukéišən]nounvzgoja, izobrazba, šolanje, pouk -
49 education
n1. освіта, навчання2. виховання3. освіченість; культура- all-round education всебічна/ широка освіта- compulsory education обов'язкове навчання- elementary education початкова освіта- free education безкоштовне навчання- higher education вища освіта- secondary education середня освіта- trade education професійна освіта- universal education загальна освіта- philosophy of education філософія освіти -
50 education
[ˌedjʊ'keɪʃ(ə)n]nвихова́ння; осві́та; навча́нняelementary education — початко́ва осві́та
free education — безпла́тна осві́та
higher education — ви́ща осві́та
secondary education — сере́дня осві́та
universal education — зага́льна осві́та
trade education — професі́йна осві́та
all-round education — всебі́чна (широ́ка) осві́та
compulsory education — обов'язко́ве навча́ння
-
51 education
образование имя существительное: -
52 education
[ˌedju΄keiʃn] n կրթություն, ու սուցում. դաստիարակություն. primary/secondary/ higher education տարրա կան/միջ նա կարգ/ բարձ րագույն կրթություն. compulsory education պար տադիր ուսուցում. allround education բազմ ակող մանի կրթություն. trade education արհես տա գիտա կան կրթություն. vocational education մասն ա գիտա կան կրթություն. institute of higher education բուհ՝ բարձրագույն ուսումնական հաստատություն. university education համալ սա րա նա կան կրթություն. a man of education կրթված/զար գա ցած մարդ -
53 education
образование; подготовка кадров- engineering education - environmental education - in-service education - safety education - vocational education* * *- distributive education -
54 education
noun (instruction and teaching, especially of children and young people in schools, universities etc: His lack of education prevented him from getting a good job.) utdanning, undervisning, opplæringpedagogikk--------undervisning--------utdanningsubst. \/ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n\/, \/ˌedʒʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)n\/1) utdannelse, opplæring, dannelse2) oppdragelse, oppfostring3) pedagogikkeducation act skolelov -
55 education
I1) образование; обучение2) просвещение3) тренировка; развитие способностей•- distant education
- engineering education
- occupational education
- professional education
- technical education II = edu -
56 education
1) образование; обучение2) просвещение3) тренировка; развитие способностей•- distant education
- engineering education
- occupational education
- professional education
- technical educationThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > education
-
57 education
воспитание; обучение; образование- equal education
- judicial education
- legal education
- prison education
- vocational education -
58 education
виховання, перевиховання; освіта- education for citizenship
- education law
- Education Ministry
- education qualification -
59 education
[,edju:'keɪʃən] nобразование, воспитаниеelementary/ primary education — начальное образование
college/university education — университетское образование
trade education — специальное (профессиональное) образование
-
60 education
noun1) образование; просвещение, обучение; all-round education разностороннее образование; trade education специальное образование; classical (commercial, art) education классическое (коммерческое, художественное) образование; vocational education профессионально-техническое образование; higher education высшее образование2) воспитание, развитие (характера, способностей)3) культура, образованность4) дрессировка, обучение (животных)* * *(n) культура; образование; образованность; просвещение* * ** * *[ed·u·ca·tion || ‚edjuː'keɪʃn] n. образование, просвещение, обучение, воспитание, развитие, образованность, культура, дрессировка* * *воспитаниедрессировкакультураобразованиеобразованностьобучениепросвещениеразвитие* * *1) а) образование; обучение, подготовка, просвещение (о человеке) б) дрессировка, обучение (о животных, птицах) 2) воспитание, развитие (характера, способностей) 3) культура
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