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1 Châlons-en-Champagne
прежн. Châlons-sur-Marne -
2 Châlons-sur-Marne
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3 Chalons-sur-Marne
Шалон-Сюр-Марн Город на севере Франции, административный центр департамента Марна. 54 тыс. жителей (1982). Порт на р. Марна. Машиностроение, текстильная, пищевая промышленность.Англо-русский словарь географических названий > Chalons-sur-Marne
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4 battle line
сущ.The battle line proceeds due east to Sezanne and Vitry-le-Francois, and then swings north-east round the plain of Chalons to the fortress of Verdun. — Линия фронта идёт прямо на восток к Сезанну и Витри-ле-Франсуа, затем поворачивает на северо-запад, вокруг равнины Шалона к крепости Верден ("Таймс" от 8 сентября 1914 года)
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5 Shalloon
AMERICAN TWILL, wrongly called "Shalloon".The name given to the ordinary twill weave 2/2 by the American traders. "Shalloon" applied to this twill is not correct, since a shalloon is a very good quality woollen cloth (see Shalloon), whereas American twills are cotton fabrics. The American cloth varies in weight, such as 38-in., 64 X 60, 36/24, 2 X 2 twill. 36-in., 68 X 66, 40/32, 2 X 2 twill. ———————— A light woollen cloth used as linings for coats, liveries, etc., made from hard-twisted yarns in 2 & 2 twill weave, usually 30-in. to 40-in. wide and 36 yards long. Dyed in browns and blacks principally. It was originally manufactured at Chalons in France, whence it was first imported, and of which its name is a corruption. -
6 Appert, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1749 Châlons-sur-Marne, France d. 1841[br]French confectioner who invented canning as a method of food preservation.[br]As the son of an inn keeper, Nicolas Appert would have learned about pickling and brewing, but he chose to become a chef and confectioner, establishing himself in the rue des Lombards in Paris in 1780. He prospered there until about 1795, and in that year he began experimenting in ways to preserve foodstuffs, succeeding with soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams and syrups. His method was to place food in glass jars, seal the jars with cork and sealing wax, then sterilize them by immersion in boiling water for a predetermined time.In 1810 the French Government offered a 12,000 franc award to anyone succeeding in preserving high-quality foodstuffs for its army and navy. Appert won the award and in 1812 used the money to open the world's first food-bottling factory, La Maison Appert, in the town of Massey, near Paris. He established agents in all the major sea ports, recognizing the marine market as his most likely customer, and supplied products to Napoleon's troops in the field. By 1820 Appert's method was in use all over the United States, in spite of the simultaneous development of other containers of tin or other metals by an English merchant, Peter Durand, and the production of canned food products by the Bermondsey firm of Donkin \& Hall, London. The latter had opened the first canning factory in England in 1811.Initially Appert used glass jars and bottles, but in 1822 he changed to tin-plated metal cans. To heat the cans he used an autoclave, which heated the water to a temperature higher than its boiling point. A hammer and chisel were needed to open cans until the invention of a can opener by an Englishman named Yates in 1855. Despite Appert's successes, he received little financial reward and died in poverty; he was buried in a common grave.[br]Bibliography1810, L'Art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les sustenances animales et végétales (the Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale produced a report in its annual bulletin in 1809).Further ReadingEnglish historians have tended to concentrate on Bryan Donkin, who established tin cans as the primary container for long-term food preservation.J.Potin, 1891, Biographie de Nicolas Appert.1960, Canning and Packing 2–5.AP
См. также в других словарях:
Chalons — may refer to: Places Châlons, in France s Isère département Châlons en Champagne, formerly Châlons sur Marne, in the Marne département Chalon sur Saône, in the Saône et Loire département Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons Chalon (plural Chalons),… … Wikipedia
Châlons — País … Wikipedia Español
Chalons [1] — Chalons (spr. Schalong), 1) Arrondissement im französischen Departement Maine; 237 QM. mit 35,500 Ew.; 2) (Ch. sur Marne, spr. Sch. für Marn), Hauptstadt darin u. des Departements; an der Marne u. der Eisenbahn von Paris u. Straßburg, hat… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Chalons [2] — Chalons (spr. Schalong), Sorte Burgunder Wein … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Chalons — Chalon, Châlon oder Châlons ist der Name folgender Personen: Alfred Edward Chalon (1780−1860), britischer Maler Jean Chalon (1935–), französischer Journalist und Schriftsteller ist der Name mehrerer Orte: Chalon sur Saône, Stadt in der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Châlons — Chalon, Châlon oder Châlons ist der Name folgender Personen: Alfred Edward Chalon (1780−1860), britischer Maler Jean Chalon (1935–), französischer Journalist und Schriftsteller ist der Name mehrerer Orte: Chalon sur Saône, Stadt in der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Chalons — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Chalons ou Châlons est un nom de lieu notamment porté par : Châlons, commune française, située dans le département de l Isère et la région Rhône… … Wikipédia en Français
Châlons — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Chalons. 45° 26′ 55″ N 4° 56′ 24″ E … Wikipédia en Français
Chalons — noun the battle in which Attila the Hun was defeated by the Romans and Visigoths in 451 • Syn: ↑Chalons sur Marne • Regions: ↑France, ↑French Republic • Instance Hypernyms: ↑pitched battle * * * /shann lawonn /, n … Useful english dictionary
Châlons — or Châlons sur Marne geographical name commune NE France on the Marne population 51,533 … New Collegiate Dictionary
Châlons — /shann lawonn /, n. 1. Also called Châlonssur Marne /shann lawn syuurdd mannrddn /. a city in and the capital of Marne, in NE France: defeat of Attila A.D. 451. 55,709. 2. Also called Châlons sur Saône /shann lawonn syuurddsohn /. a city in E… … Universalium
