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1 Cambrai
География: Камбре (город на севере Франции) -
2 Cambrai
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3 Cambrai
Камбре Город на севере Франции, в районе которого во время 1-й мировой войны, в сражении 20.11-6.12.1917, английское командование впервые применило массированную атаку танков (476 машин) для прорыва германской позиционной обороны. -
4 cambric
cam·bric[ˈkæmbrɪk]* * *['keImbrɪk]n (TEX)Kambrik m, Cambrai m, Kammertuch nt* * ** * *n.Batist -en m. -
5 Villard de Honnecourt
[br]b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, Franced. mid-13th century (?) France[br]French architect-engineer.[br]Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.[br]BibliographyOf several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Further ReadingJ.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.KM / LRD -
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7 Linomple
A fabric used by wealthy women in France in the 15th century, for dress purposes. It is similar to lawn, being a very fine plain weave all-linen fabric. Later, bed curtains and drapery were made of it. It was made at Arras, Cambrai, Valenciennes, etc. The cloth was latterly called linon. -
8 Blériot, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1 July 1872 Cambrai, Franced. 2 August 1936 Paris, France[br]French aircraft manufacturer and pilot who in 1909 made the first flight across the English Channel in an aeroplane.[br]Having made a fortune with his patented automobile lamp, Blériot started experimenting with model aircraft in about 1900. He tried a flapping-wing layout which, surprisingly, did fly, but a full-size version was a failure. Blériot tried out a wide variety of designs: a biplane float-glider built with Gabriel Voisin; a powered float-plane with ellipsoidal biplane wings; a canard (tail-first) monoplane; a tandem monoplane; and in 1907 a monoplane of conventional layout. This last was not an immediate success, but it led to the Type XI in which Blériot made history by flying from France to England on 25 July 1909.Without a doubt, Blériot was an accomplished pilot and a successful manufacturer of aircraft, but he sometimes employed others as designers (a fact not made known at the time). It is now accepted that much of the credit for the design of the Type XI should go to Raymond Saulnier, who later made his name with the Morane-Saulnier Company.Blériot-Aéronautique became one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft and by the outbreak of war in 1914 some eight hundred aircraft had been produced. By 1918, aircraft were being built at the rate of eighteen per day. The Blériot company continued to produce aircraft until it was nationalized in 1937.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCommandeur de la Légion d'honneur. Daily Mail £1,000 prize for the first cross-Channel aeroplane flight.Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (contains a list of all Blériot's early aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Transport Aircraft since 1920, London (for information about Blériot's later aircraft).For information relating to the cross-Channel flight, see: C.Fontaine, 1913, Comment Blériota traversé la, Manche, Paris.T.D.Crouch, 1982, Blériot XI, the Story of a Classic Aircraft, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum.JDS
См. также в других словарях:
Cambrai — Cambrai … Deutsch Wikipedia
Cambrai — Kamerijk Escudo … Wikipedia Español
cambrai — v. de France, ch. l. d arr. du Nord, sur l Escaut; 34 210 hab. Centre comm. Industr. Archevêché. Beffroi (XVe XVIIIe s.). La paix de Cambrai ou paix des Dames y fut signée, en 1529, entre Louise de Savoie, au nom du roi de France François Ier, et … Encyclopédie Universelle
Cambrai — [kã brɛ], Stadt im Département Nord, an der Schelde und am Kanal von Saint Quentin, Frankreich, 33 000 Einwohner; Verkehrsknotenpunkt und bedeutendes wirtschaftliches Zentrum im Ostteil des Artois, dem Cambrésis, einer der fruchtbarsten… … Universal-Lexikon
Cambrai — Cambrai, Liga de Cambrai, Paz de Cambrai, batalla de ► C. del N de Francia, en el departamento y región del Norte, a orillas del Escalda; 37 290 h … Enciclopedia Universal
Cambrai [2] — Cambrai (spr. kangbrä, deutsch Kambryk), Arrondissementshauptstadt und Festung erster Klasse im franz. Depart. Nord, an der Schelde und am Kanal von St. Quentin, Knotenpunkt an der Nordbahn, ist durch eine bastionierte Umwallung, eine starke… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Cambrai [1] — Cambrai (spr. kangbrä), ehemals reichsunmittelbares Bistum im burgundischen Kreis, wurde um 600 durch Verlegung des Bischofsitzes von Arras nach C. begründet. Sein geistlicher Sprengel gehörte zum Erzbistum Reims. Sein fürstliches Gebiet bestand… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Cambrai — (Cambray, spr. kangbräh), Stadt im franz. Dep. Nord, an der Schelde, (1901) 26.586 E.; Fabrikation von Linon und Batist (Cambricstoffe). C., das Cameracum der Römer, war im Mittelalter Hauptort der zum Deutschen Reich, später dem Bischof von C.… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Cambrai — 50° 10′ 36″ N 3° 14′ 08″ E / 50.1766666667, 3.23555555556 … Wikipédia en Français
Cambrai — French commune nomcommune=Cambrai caption=The coat of arms of Cambrai bearing the two headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire x = 157 y = 35 région=Nord Pas de Calais département=Nord ( sous préfecture ) arrondissement=Cambrai canton=Cambrai Est,… … Wikipedia
Cambrai — /kahonn brdde /, n. a city in N France: battles 1917, 1918. 41,109. * * * ▪ France town, Nord département, Nord Pas de Calais région, northern France. It lies along the Escaut River, south of Roubaix. The town was called Camaracum under the … Universalium
