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1 Châlons-sur-Marne
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2 Chalons-sur-Marne
Шалон-Сюр-Марн Город на севере Франции, административный центр департамента Марна. 54 тыс. жителей (1982). Порт на р. Марна. Машиностроение, текстильная, пищевая промышленность.Англо-русский словарь географических названий > Chalons-sur-Marne
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3 Châlons-en-Champagne
прежн. Châlons-sur-Marne -
4 Appert, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1749 Châlons-sur-Marne, France d. 1841[br]French confectioner who invented canning as a method of food preservation.[br]As the son of an inn keeper, Nicolas Appert would have learned about pickling and brewing, but he chose to become a chef and confectioner, establishing himself in the rue des Lombards in Paris in 1780. He prospered there until about 1795, and in that year he began experimenting in ways to preserve foodstuffs, succeeding with soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams and syrups. His method was to place food in glass jars, seal the jars with cork and sealing wax, then sterilize them by immersion in boiling water for a predetermined time.In 1810 the French Government offered a 12,000 franc award to anyone succeeding in preserving high-quality foodstuffs for its army and navy. Appert won the award and in 1812 used the money to open the world's first food-bottling factory, La Maison Appert, in the town of Massey, near Paris. He established agents in all the major sea ports, recognizing the marine market as his most likely customer, and supplied products to Napoleon's troops in the field. By 1820 Appert's method was in use all over the United States, in spite of the simultaneous development of other containers of tin or other metals by an English merchant, Peter Durand, and the production of canned food products by the Bermondsey firm of Donkin \& Hall, London. The latter had opened the first canning factory in England in 1811.Initially Appert used glass jars and bottles, but in 1822 he changed to tin-plated metal cans. To heat the cans he used an autoclave, which heated the water to a temperature higher than its boiling point. A hammer and chisel were needed to open cans until the invention of a can opener by an Englishman named Yates in 1855. Despite Appert's successes, he received little financial reward and died in poverty; he was buried in a common grave.[br]Bibliography1810, L'Art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les sustenances animales et végétales (the Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale produced a report in its annual bulletin in 1809).Further ReadingEnglish historians have tended to concentrate on Bryan Donkin, who established tin cans as the primary container for long-term food preservation.J.Potin, 1891, Biographie de Nicolas Appert.1960, Canning and Packing 2–5.AP
См. также в других словарях:
Chalons-sur-Marne — Châlons en Champagne Pour les articles homonymes, voir Chalons. Châlons en Champagne Hôtel de ville de Châlons en Champagne … Wikipédia en Français
Châlons-sur-Marne — Châlons en Champagne Pour les articles homonymes, voir Chalons. Châlons en Champagne Hôtel de ville de Châlons en Champagne … Wikipédia en Français
Châlons-sur-Marne — • The Diocese comprises the department of Marne, exclusive of the arrondissement of Reims Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Chalons Sur Marne Châlons sur Marne … Catholic encyclopedia
Chalons-sur-Marne — Châlons en Champagne … Deutsch Wikipedia
Châlons-sur-Marne — Châlons en Champagne … Deutsch Wikipedia
CHÂLONS-SUR-MARNE — CHÂLONS SUR MARNE, capital of the department of Marne, northern France. The Rue de la Petite Juiverie and the Rue des Juifs still exist in the town. The medieval community possessed a cemetery, which was disposed of by Philip IV after the… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Châlons-sur-Marne — [shä lōn sür mȧrn′] city in NE France, on the Marne River: scene of defeat (A.D. 451) of Attila by the Romans: pop. 50,000: also Châlons * * * Châ·lons sur Marne (shä lôɴ sûrʹmärnʹ, sür ) A city of northeast France east of Paris. The Huns under… … Universalium
Châlons-sur-Marne — (spr. schalóng ßür marn ), Hauptstadt des franz. Depart. Marne, an der Marne und dem Marne Rheinkanal, Knotenpunkt der Ostbahn, in einer anmutigen Ebene der Champagne, hat gerade und reinliche Straßen, hübsche Anlagen (Jard), eine schöne… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Châlons-sur-Marne — [shä lōn sür mȧrn′] city in NE France, on the Marne River: scene of defeat (A.D. 451) of Attila by the Romans: pop. 50,000: also Châlons … English World dictionary
Châlons-sur-Marne — (spr. schalóng ßür marn), das alte Catalaunum, Hauptstadt des franz. Dep. Marne, an der Marne und dem Rhein Marne Kanal, (1901) 26.737 E.; Handel mit Champagner. 24 km im NO. Übungslager der franz. Armee … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Châlons sur Marne — (Schalong für Marn), Hauptstadt des Departements Marne, an der Eisenbahn von Straßburg nach Paris und der schiffbaren Marne, 16000 E.; Bischofsitz, Sitz der Departementalbehörden; bedeutende Industrie in Leder, Wollen und Baumwollenwaaren; Handel … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
