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1 Bakewell
(Surnames) Bakewell /ˈbeɪkwl/ -
2 Bakewell tart
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3 Bakewell tart
Bakewell tart ['beɪkwel-]British = fond de tarte fourré au biscuit de Savoie, à la confiture et à la pâte d'amandesUn panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > Bakewell tart
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4 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
5 Bakewell, Frederick C.
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]fl. 1850s[br]British inventor of the "copying telegraph", the basis of facsimile transmission.[br]Although little appears to be known about his life, Bakewell deserves a place in this dictionary for a single invention that was to have a significant impact upon communication. The invention of photography early in the nineteenth century soon led to a desire to transmit images over a distance. Although telegraphy was still very much in its infancy, Bakewell realized that the key to a viable system of facsimile, as it came to be known, was to dissect the image to be transmitted sequentially by scanning it in a series of parallel lines with some sort of sensor and to synchronously reconstruct it at the receiving end—a process that anticipated the way in which modern television works. To this end the line image was drawn with varnish on a sheet of tin foil, which was then wrapped around a cylinder. As the cylinder was rotated, presumably by some kind of regulated clockwork mechanism similar to that used later in the early phonographs of Edison, an electrical contact driven by a screw thread caused the image to be scanned along a spiral path, giving a series of on-off signals. At the receiving end, instead of the tin foil, a sheet of paper wetted with a suitable chemical was darkened by the current pulses as they arrived.A practicable system did not become possible until a dry form of receiving-paper that was insensitive to light became available in the 1930s; once established, however, the technique remained the basis of commercial machines into the 1980s.[br]Bibliography1853, Electric Science.1857, A Manual of Electricity.Further ReadingJ.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 46:55.See also: Bain, AlexanderKF -
6 Bakewell-Törtchen
nBakewell tart Br. -
7 Bakewell-Torte
fBakewell tart Br. -
8 Bakewell tart
[ˌbeɪkwǝl'tɑːt]N tarta hecha a base de almendras, mermelada y azúcar en polvo -
9 Bakewell tart
subst. \/ˌbeɪkwelˈtɑːt\/forklaring: åpen kake av tertedeig med syltetøy og mandelmasse -
10 Bakewell tart
Bake·well tart[ˌbeɪkwelˈtɑ:t]* * *['beɪkwel'tAːt]n (Brit)Törtchen mit Mandel- und Marmeladenfüllung -
11 Bakewell tart
Bake·well tart [ʼbeɪkweltɑ:t] n -
12 Bakewell tart
[,beɪkwel'tɑːt]бейкуэ́лльский сла́дкий пиро́г (закрытый; с клубничным вареньем)по названию г. Бейкуэлла, графство ДербиширEnglish-Russian Great Britain dictionary (Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь) > Bakewell tart
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13 mazarin
subst. Bakewell tart -
14 sure as a gun
разг.((as) sure as a gun (тж. (as) sure as death, as eggs is eggs, as fate, as I'm alive, as I'm sitting here, as I stand here, as you're born; амер. (as) sure as God made little (green) apples или as sure as shooting))наверняка, дело верное; неотвратимо как судьба, как смерть; ≈ даю голову на отсечение, верно как дважды два - четыре; как пить дать [выражение as sure as eggs is eggs, вероятно, искажённое, as sure as x is x; as sure as God made little (green) apples первонач. диал.]I'll transport Tom Bakewell, sure as a gun. (G. Meredith, ‘The Ordeal of Richard Feverel’, ch. IX) — Я упеку Тома Бейкуэлла в колонию, можете быть в этом уверены.
...if we go tearing up our sheets to make Jim a rope-ladder, we're going to get into trouble with Aunt Sally, just as sure as you're born. (M. Twain, ‘Huckleberry Finn’, ch. XXXV) —...если мы разорвем простыни, чтобы сделать Джиму лестницу, тетя Салли устроит нам головомойку, - это уж точно.
Captain Jan Pearse, as sure as I stand here, you and your breed will get your punishment of God. (J. Galsworthy, ‘Caravan’, ‘A Man of Devon’) — Бог вас накажет, капитан Ян Пирс, вас и весь род ваш, - это так же верно, как то, что я стою здесь.
If only we could get hold of the papers... But they'll have been destroyed, as sure as eggs is eggs. (D. L. Sayers, ‘Have His Carcase’, ch. 32) — Если бы нам удалось достать эти бумаги... Но ведь их наверняка уничтожат.
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15 Agricultural and food technology
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Jia SixieLi BingSong YingxingTownshend, CharlesWang ZhenXu GuangqiBiographical history of technology > Agricultural and food technology
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16 Bain, Alexander
[br]b. October 1810 Watten, Scotlandd. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).[br]Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.[br]Bibliography1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles andMechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).Further ReadingThe best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).See also: Bakewell, Frederick C.DV / KF -
17 Telecommunications
См. также в других словарях:
Bakewell — ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Charles Montague Bakewell (1867–1957), US amerikanischer Politiker Claude I. Bakewell (1912–1987), US amerikanischer Politiker Frederick Collier Bakewell (1800–1869), schottischer Erfinder Robert Bakewell… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Bakewell [1] — Bakewell (spr. Behkwell), Marktflecken am Zusammenfluß des Wye mit dem Derwent in der englischen Grafschaft Derby, hat Baumwollenfabriken; 30,000 Ew. In der Nähe Blei , Zink u. Steinkohlenminen, u. das Schloß Chatsworth, worin Maria Stuart 13… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Bakewell [2] — Bakewell (spr. Behkwell), Robert, geb. 1726 zu Dishley; berühmter englischer Landwirth u. Veredler der Zuchtthiere. Die Beobachtung, daß junges Vieh die hauptsächlichsten Eigenthümlichkeiten des Elternpaares an sich trug, führte ihn auf die Idee … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Bakewell [1] — Bakewell (spr. bēk ŭell), Stadt und Badeort in Derbyshire (England), am Wye, 16 km unterhalb Buxton, hat eine alte Kirche (z. T. 13. Jahrh.), Mineralquellen (wirksam gegen Rheumatismus), Lateinschule, Marmorschleiferei und (1901) 2850 Einw. 3 km… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Bakewell [2] — Bakewell (spr. bēk ūell), Robert, Landwirt und Viehzüchter, geb. 1725 zu Dishley in Leicester, gest. 1795. Er begann 1755 seine Versuche, durch Paarung der ausgezeichnetsten Individuen einer und derselben oder verschiedener Rassen und sorgfältige … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Bakewell — (spr. behkwell), Stadt in der engl. Grafsch. Derby, am Wye, (1901) 2850 E.; Marmorschleiferei; Mineralquelle. 3 km nordöstl. am Derwent Chatsworth House, Schloß des Herzogs von Devonshire, Kerker Maria Stuarts, mit großem Park … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Bakewell — Infobox UK place official name= Bakewell country= England region= East Midlands population= 3,979 (Parish) os grid reference= SK2168 latitude= 53.213 longitude= 1.678 post town= BAKEWELL postcode area= DE postcode district= DE45 dial code= 01629… … Wikipedia
Bakewell — This is an English locational surname. It originates from the town of Bakewell in the county of Derbyshire, a place first recorded in the year 924 a.d. in the famous rolls known as the Anglo Saxon Chronicles , perhaps the first newpaper ever… … Surnames reference
Bakewell — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Cette page d’homonymie répertorie des personnes (réelles ou fictives) partageant un même patronyme. Bakewell peut désigner : Personnes Robert… … Wikipédia en Français
Bakewell — Original name in latin Bakewell Name in other language State code GB Continent/City Europe/London longitude 53.21338 latitude 1.67481 altitude 126 Population 3758 Date 2010 05 24 … Cities with a population over 1000 database
Bakewell tart — A Cherry Bakewell with fondant Origin Alternative name(s) Bakewell Pudding Place of origin England … Wikipedia