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География: (мыс) Акций, мыс Акций (Греция) -
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География: (мыс) Акций, мыс Акций (Греция) -
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ист. мыс Акций (Греция) -
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Ἄκτιον, τό.Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Actium
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7 Vitruvius Pollio
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. early first century BCd. c. 25 BC[br]Roman writer on architecture and engineering subjects.[br]Nothing is known of Vitruvius apart from what can be gleaned from his only known work, the treatise De architectura. He seems to have been employed in some capacity by Julius Caesar and continued to serve under his heir, Octavianus, later Emperor Augustus, to whom he dedicated his book. It was written towards the end of his life, after Octavianus became undisputed ruler of the Empire by his victory at Actium in 31 BC, and was based partly on his own experience and partly on earlier, Hellenistic, writers.The De architectura is divided into ten books. The first seven books expound the general principles of architecture and the planning, design and construction of various types of building, public and domestic, including a consideration of techniques and materials. Book 7 deals with interior decoration, including stucco work and painting, while Book 8 treats water supply, from the location of sources to the transport of water by aqueducts, tunnels and pipes. Book 9, after a long and somewhat confused account of the astronomical theories of the day, describes various forms of clock and sundial. Finally, Book 10 deals with mechanical devices for handling building materials and raising and pumping water, for which Vitruvius draws on the earlier Greek authors Ctesibius and Hero.Although this may seem a motley assembly of subjects, to the Roman architect and builder it was a logical compendium of the subjects he was expected to know about. At the time, Vitruvius' rigid rules for the design of buildings such as temples seem to have had little influence, but his accounts of more practical matters of building materials and techniques were widely used. His illustrations to the original work were lost in antiquity, for no later manuscript includes them. Through the Middle Ages, manuscript copies were made in monastic scriptoria, although the architectural style in vogue had little relevance to those in Vitruvius: these came into their own with the Italian Renaissance. Alberti, writing the first great Renaissance treatise on architecture from 1452 to 1467, drew heavily on De architectura; those who sought to revive the styles of antiquity were bound to regard the only surviving text on the subject as authoritative. The appearance of the first printed edition in 1486 only served to extend its influence.During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Vitruvius was used as a handbook for constructing machines and instruments. For the modern historian of technology and architecture the work is a source of prime importance, although it must be remembered that the illustrations in the early printed editions are of contemporary reproductions of ancient devices using the techniques of the time, rather than authentic representations of ancient technology.[br]BibliographyOf the several critical editions of De architectura there are the Teubner edition, 1899. ed. V.Rose, Leipzig; the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1962, ed. F.Granger, London: Heinemann, (with English trans. and notes); and the Collection Guillaume Budé with French trans. and full commentary, 10 vols, Paris (in progress).Further ReadingApart from the notes to the printed editions, see also: H.Plommer, 1973, Vitruvius and Later Roman Building Manuals, London. A.G.Drachmann, 1963, The Mechanical Technology of Greek and Roman Antiquity Copenhagen and London.S.L.Gibbs, 1976, Greek and Roman Sundials, New Haven and London.LRD
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Actium — (modern name: Punta) was the ancient name of a promontory of western Greece in northwestern Acarnania, at the mouth of the Sinus Ambracius (Gulf of Arta) opposite Nicopolis, built by Augustus on the north side of the strait. On the promontory was … Wikipedia
Actium — n. 1. naval battle where Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian s fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC. [WordNet 1.5] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Actium — [ak′tē əm, ak′shē əm] cape on the NW coast of Acarnania (in ancient Greece): the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by those of Octavian in a naval battle near Actium (31 B.C.) … English World dictionary
Actium — (a. Geogr.), Vorgebirge (jetzt Cap Punta) u. Flecken (jetzt Azio) am Ambrakischen Meerbusen in Akarnanien. Hier am 2. Sept. 31 v. Chr. Seesieg Octavians über Antonius, s. Rom (Gesch.). Auf dem Vorgebirge ein Apollotempel, welchen Octavian… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Actium — Actium, lat. Name von Aktion (s. d.) … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Actium — Actĭum, grch. Aktion, jetzt La Punta, Vorgebirge an der Westküste Griechenlands, südl. am Eingang des Ambrakischen Golfs (jetzt Golf von Arta), mit Tempel des Apollon und Festspielen (Aktia) zu seinen Ehren, berühmt durch den Seesieg des… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Actium — Actium, Vorgebirge und Stadt am ambracischen Meerbusen (heute Meerbusen von Arta), berühmt durch den Sieg, den Cäsar Octavianus den 2. Sept. 31 v. Chr. über Antonius gewann, der ihn zum Alleinherrn des römischen Reiches machte. Als Augustus… … Herders Conversations-Lexikon
Actium — v. anc. et promontoire de la Grèce, à l entrée du golfe d Ambracie. Victoire navale d Octavien sur Antoine et Cléopâtre (31 av. J. C.) … Encyclopédie Universelle
ACTIUM — Epiri oppid. et promontor. ubi Augustus, devictis navali praeliô Antoniô et Cleopatrâ, an. Urb. Cond. 724. A. M. 4024. A. C. 30. unde illustris Epocha orta, et Actraci anni originem ceperunt, urbem condidit, et Nicopolin, a Victoria nominavit… … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale
Actium — Schlacht bei Actium 31 v. Chr. Actium (griechisch: Ἄκτιον, Aktion) war in der Antike der Name einer flachen Halbinsel gegenüber dem heutigen Preveza, rechter Hand der Einfahrt zum Ambrakischen Golf.[1] Im Mittelalter hieß die Halbinsel Punta.… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Actium — 38° 57′ 11″ N 20° 46′ 05″ E / 38.953, 20.768 Actium (aujourd hui Punta) est le nom … Wikipédia en Français