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1 Achard, Franz
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1753 Germanyd. 1821 Germany[br]German scientist of French descent who built the world's first factory to extract sugar from beet.[br]The descendant of a French refugee, Achard began the systematic study of beet on his estate at Caulsdorf in 1786. The work had been stimulated by the discovery in 1747 of the presence of sugar in fodder beet. This research had been carried out by Andreas Marggraf, under whom Franz Achard trained. After a fire destroyed his laboratories Achard established himself on the domain of Französisch in Buchholtz near Berlin.After thirteen years of study he felt sufficiently confident to apply for an interview with Frederick William III, King of Prussia, which took place on 11 January 1799. Achard presented the King with a loaf of sugar made from raw beet by his Sugar Boiling House method. He requested a ten-year monopoly on his idea, as well as the grant of land on which to carry out his work. The King was sufficiently impressed to establish a committee to supervise further trials, and asked Achard to make a public statement on his work. The King ordered a factory to be built at his own expense, and paid Achard a salary to manage it. In 1801 he was granted the domain of Cunern in Silesia; he built his first sugar factory there and began production in 1802. Unfortunately Achard's business skills were negligible, and he was bankrupt within the year. In 1810 the State relieved him of his debt and gave him a pension, and in 1812 the first sugar factory was turned into a school of sugar technology.[br]BibliographyAchard's public response to the King's request was his paper Abhandlungen über die Kultur der Runkelrube.Further ReadingNoel Deerr, 1950, The History of Sugar, Vol. II, London (deals with the development of sugar extraction from beet, and therefore the story of both Marggraf and Achard).AP -
2 Born, Ignaz Edler von
[br]b. 26 December 1742 Karlsburg, Transylvania (now Alba lulia, Romania)d. 24 July 1791 Vienna, Austria[br]Austrian metallurgical and mining expert, inventor of the modern amalgamation process.[br]At the University of Prague he studied law, but thereafter turned to mineralogy, physics and different aspects of mining. In 1769–70 he worked with the mining administration in Schemnitz (now Banská Stiavnica, Slovakia) and Prague and later continued travelling to many parts of Europe, with special interests in the mining districts. In 1776, he was charged to enlarge and systematically to reshape the natural-history collection in Vienna. Three years later he was appointed Wirklicher Hofrat at the mining and monetary administration of the Austrian court.Born, who had been at a Jesuit college in his youth, was an active freemason in Vienna and exercised remarkable social communication. The intensity of his academic exchange was outstanding, and he was a member of more than a dozen learned societies throughout Europe. When with the construction of a new metallurgic plant at Joachimsthal (now Jáchymov, Czech Republic) the methods of extracting silver and gold from ores by the means of quicksilver demanded acute consideration, it was this form of scientific intercourse that induced him in 1786 to invite many of his colleagues from several countries to meet in Schemnitz in order to discuss his ideas. Since the beginnings of the 1780s Born had developed the amalgamation process as had first been applied in Mexico in 1557, by mixing the roasted and chlorinated ores with water, ingredients of iron and quicksilver in drums and having the quicksilver refined from the amalgam in the next step. The meeting led to the founding of the Societät der Bergbaukunde, the first internationally structured society of scientists in the world. He died as the result of severe injuries suffered in an accident while he was studying fire-setting in a Slovakian mine in 1770.[br]Bibliography1772–5, Lithophylacium Borniarum seu Index fossilium, 2 vols, Prague.1774 (ed.), Briefe an J.J.Ferber über mineralogische Gegenstände, Frankfurt and Leipzig.1775–84, Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Böhmen, zur Aufnahme derMathematik, der vaterländischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, 6 vols, Prague. 1786, Über das Anquicken der gold-und silberhaltigen Erze, Rohsteine, Schwarzkupferund Hüttenspeise, Vienna.1789–90, co-edited with F.W.H.von Trebra, Bergbaukunde, 2 vols, Leipzig.Further ReadingC.von Wurzbach, 1857, Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich, Vol. II, pp. 71–4.L.Molnár and A Weiß, 1986, Ignaz Edler von Born und die Societät der Bergbaukunde 1786, Vienna: Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie (provides a very detailed description of his life, the amalgamation process and the society of 1786). G.B.Fettweis, and G.Hamann (eds), 1989, Über Ignaz von Born und die Societät derBergbaukunde, Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaft (provides a very detailed description).WK -
3 generic term
родовой дескриптор
Вышестоящий дескриптор, обозначающий родовое понятие.
[ГОСТ 7.74-96]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
3.9 общий термин (generic term): Термин общенаучного или общетехнического значения в заглавии, который указывает на вид и/или частоту публикации.
Примеры: Abhandlungen, annals, Berichte, bulletin, cahier, annual report, compte rendu, proceedings, yearbook, журнал, ежегодник, бюллетень.
Источник: ГОСТ 7.88-2003: Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Правила сокращения заглавий и слов в заглавиях публикаций оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > generic term
См. также в других словарях:
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