446

adj. very ‘fey,’ i. e. in extravagant spirits, in the frame of mind which betokens speedy death, a. augu, Eg. in a verse.

1) half-past three o’clock, p. m. (var þat nær e. dags);

2) time of three hours (þá er þógn hafði verit nær hálfa e.).

* * *

eykð, f. three or half-past three o’clock P. M.; many commentaries have been written upon this word, as by Pal Vídalín Skýr., Finn Johnson in H. E. i. 153 sqq. note 6, and in Horologium, etc. The time of eykð is clearly defined in K. Þ. K. 92 as the time when the sun has past two parts of the ‘útsuðr’ (q. v.) and has one part left, that is to say, half-past three o’clock P. M.: it thus nearly coincides with the eccl. Lat. nona (three o’clock P. M.); and both eykt and nona are therefore used indiscriminately in some passages. Sunset at the time of ‘eykð’ is opposed to sunrise at the time of ‘dagmál,’ q. v. In Norway ‘ykt’ means a luncheon taken about half-past three o’clock. But the passage in Edda—that autumn ends and winter begins at sunset at the time of eykt—confounded the commentators, who believed it to refer to the conventional Icel. winter, which (in the old style) begins with the middle of October, and lasts six months. In the latitude of Reykholt—the residence of Snorri—the sun at this time sets about half-past four. Upon this statement the commentators have based their reasoning both in regard to dagmál and eykt, placing the eykt at half-past four P. M. and dagmál at half-past seven A. M., although this contradicts the definition of these terms in the law. The passage in Edda probably came from a foreign source, and refers not to the Icel. winter but to the astronomical winter, viz. the winter solstice or the shortest day; for sunset at half-past three is suited not to Icel., but to the latitude of Scotland and the southern parts of Scandinavia. The word is also curious from its bearing upon the discovery of America by the ancients, vide Fb. l. c. This sense ( half-past three) is now obsolete in Icel., but eykt is in freq. use in the sense of trihorium, a time of three hours; whereas in the oldest Sagas no passage has been found bearing this sense,—the Bs. i. 385, 446, and Hem. l. c. are of the 13th and 14th centuries. In Norway ykt is freq. used metaph. of all the four meal times in the day, morning-ykt, midday-ykt, afternoon-ykt (or ykt proper), and even-ykt. In old MSS. (Grág., K. Þ. K., Hem., Heið. S.) this word is always spelt eykð or eykþ, shewing the root to be ‘auk’ with the fem. inflex. added; it probably first meant the eke-meal, answering to Engl. lunch, and thence came to mean the time of day at which this meal was taken. The eccl. law dilates upon the word, as the Sabbath was to begin at ‘hora nona;’ hence the phrase, eykt-helgr dagr (vide below). The word can have no relation to átta, eight, or átt, plaga coeli. At present Icel. say, at eykta-mótum, adv. at great intervals, once an eykt, once in three hours.

I. half-past three; þá er eykð er útsuðrs-átt er deild í þriðjunga, ok hefir sól gengna tvá hluti en einn ógenginn, K. Þ. K. 92; net skal öll upp taka fyrir eykð, 90; helgan dag eptir eykð, 88; ef þeir hafa unnit á eykð, 94; enda skal hann undan honum hafa boðit fyrir miðjan dag en hinn skal hafa kosit at eykþ, Grág. i. 198; ok á maðr kost at stefna fyrir eykþ ef vill, 395; í þat mund dags er tók út eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; eptir eykt dags, rendering of the Lat. ‘vix decima parte diei reliqua,’ Róm. 313; þeir gengu til eyktar, ok höfðu farit árla morguns, en er nón var dags, etc., Fs. 176; at eykð dags þá kómu heim húskarlar Barða. Ísl. ii. 329; nú vættir mik at þar komi þér nær eykð dags, 345; var þat nær eykð dags, 349; var hón at veraldligu verki þangat til er kom eykð, þá fór hón til bænar sinnar at nóni, Hom. (St.) 59.

COMPDS: eykðarhelgr, eyktarstaðr, eykðartíð.

II. trihorium; en er liðin var nær ein eykt dags, Bs. i. 446; at þat mundi verit hafa meir en hálf eykt, er hann vissi ekki til sín, 385; þessi flaug vanst um eina eykð dags, Hem. (Hb.)

(-s, -ir), m. knapsack.

* * *

m., dat. mal, Fb. iii. 446, [Fr. malle, Engl. mail], a knapsack, Grett. 93 A, Þjal. Jóns. 7; hann tók hnjóðhamar ór mal einum, Fb. iii. 446, freq. in mod. usage.

(pl. uxar, older forms yxn, eyxn, øxn), m. ox; yxninir, the oxen; eyxn margir, many oxen; n. pl., þrjú yxn, three oxen.

* * *

a, m., older form oxi; in plur. yxn, öxn (cp. the A. S. oxa, pl. oxan; Engl. ox, oxen); also spelt eyxn, exn, eoxn; the masc. forms ‘yxn’ and ‘yxninir’ being formed like menn, menninir from mann-r; uxar is rare and later; thus fjórir öxn, Edda i. 30, v. l. 7; öxnernir, id., v. l. 12, Cod. U; fjóra öxn, id.; but öxninn (for oxninnir), Cod. Reg. l. c.; tvá gamla arðr-yxn, Stj. 446; vexnum, Fms. x. 404; tveir yxn, Bret. 22; feita eyxn, Sks. 697 B; tvá yxn, þrjá yxn, Eg. 181, 733; marga yxn, 181; korn ok yxn, N. G. L. i. 75; yxninir, Fms. vi. 69; yxnennir, xi. 7; yxnina, Bret. 26; eyxn þrír hvítir, Fms. xi. 6; eyxn marga. Eg. 733; öxn mínir, Greg. 44; eoxkn (sic) fyrir arðri, MS. 1812. 65; öxnunum, Bret. 26; yxn þeir er Þórólfr var ekinn á … tvá sterka yxn, … vóru þá þrotnir yxninir ok teknir aðrir …, þá ærðusk yxninir ok urðu þegar lausir, Eb. 6l, 62 new Ed.

β. it became neuter; eyna ok yxnin með (yxnina?), Ld. 122, Fas. ii. 232; yxinin (sic), Stj. 446 (but v. l. yxnina and yxnin); yxna-flokkr and öxna-flokkr, a herd or drove of oxen, Edda i. 168. 208; yxna-kaup, Rd. 256; öxna-ok, Greg. 28; yxna réttr, an ox-stall, Sturl. ii. 203; yxna tal, Jb. 103, Gþl. 189.

γ. next yxni was used as n. sing.; yxni fimm vetra gamalt, Ísl. ii. 330; þeir hafa drepit yxni mitt, Sd. 158; yxni þrevétt, Sturl. i. 72, v. l.; yxni hans lá í keldu, Landn. 120; yxnis húð, Ísl. ii. 71; yxnis hvarf, id.; yxnis-maðr, an ox-keeper, id.: [Ulf. auhfa = βους; A. S. oxa; Engl. ox; O. H. G. ohso; Germ. ochs; Dan. oxe.]

B. An ox; uxi alsvartr, uxa-höfuð, Hým. 18, 22 (Bugge); uxa gamlan, uxanum, Glúm. 348; uxana, Rd. 257; uxarnir, Dropl. 8; uxar, Dipl. iii. 4; uxa þrévetran, Sturl. i. 72; uxum, Eg. 742; uxann, Edda i. 208, but oxanum, 210, l. 1; uxna (gen.), 484; oxa-húð, Landn. 226; oxa höfuð, Edda i. 168, 169 (Cod. Reg.), but uxa, Hým. l. c.; oxans, Ísl. ii. 331; lær af oxa þrévetrum, Fms. x. 398; oxa líki, Bær. 19; uxa-báss, Sturl. ii. 43; uxa-fótr, a nickname, Fb. i; uxa-gjöf, Glúm. 390; uxa-kjöt, Stj. 91; uxa-knúta, -horn, -húð, Fms. iii. 18, 186, Fas. i. 288, ii. 337; uxa merki, Taurus, in the zodiac, Rb. 100; uxa síða, Dipl. iii. 4: oxa-stútr, m., see stútr.

II. yxna-megn or öxna-megn, a nickname, Grett., Landn.

2. in local names, Öxn-ey, Landn., Eb.: Öxna-brekkur, Öxna-dalr, Öxna-lækr, Öxna-skarð, Landn., Ísl. ii: Öxna-furða, Oxford, Fms. iv. 64 (v. l.), cp. Thom. 544.

(pl. þröngvar), f.

1) throng crowd (varð þröng mikil);

2) narrow place (sumir vörðust í þröngunum);

3) fig. straits (alla þá þröng ok nauð, er hann þoldi);

4) short breath and cough (þá setti at honum þröng mikla).

* * *

f., pl. þröngvar, Stj. 446; [A. S. geþrong; Engl. throng]:—a throng, crowd; vér viljum önga þröng hafa af yðr meðan vér ryðjum skipit, Ó. H. 115; einn byggi ek stöð steina … er-at þröng á þiljum, Landn. (in a verse); reiðir þröngina ýmsa vega eptir vellinum, Vápn. 16; varð þröng mikil, Nj. 92; þat sumar var þröng mikil at dómum, Bs. i. 31; mann-þröng, q. v.; en ef fé tröðz í kvínni í sauri eðr í þröng, Grág. ii. 328.

II. narrows, straits, Lat. angustias; sumir vórðusk í þröngunum ok vóru þar drepnir, Róm. 278.

2. metaph. straits, distress; alla þá þröng ok nauð er hann boldi, Barl. 195; láta Gyðinga vita í hverjar þröngvar þeir eru komnir, Stj. 446.

3. short breathing, a cough; þá setti at honum hósta ok þröng mikla, Fb. i. 285, 330.

að, [for. word], to accord, Rb. 446.

n. [önd, anima; lát, damnum], ‘loss of breath,’ death; þá er þú fregn a. mitt, 623. 43; a. Magnúss konungs, Gizurar biskups, etc., Bs. i. 65, 70, Eg. 119, 367.

β. the last gasp, the very moment of death; þá var konungr nær andláti, Hkr. i. 160; var hann þá beint í andláti, Fms. vi. 230; ok er hann fann at nær dró at andláti hans, his last moments drew near, viii. 446: andlát has the notion of a quiet, easy death; líflát, a violent death; but both are only used in a dignified sense.

COMPDS: andlátsdagr, andlátsdægr, andlátssorg, andlátstíð.

f. [athugall], beedfulness, attention; með a., Sks. 1, 445 B, 564, Fms. vi. 446, (now used as neut.)

f. thanks, gratitude, satisfaction, pleasure;

kunna e-m aufúsu fyrir e-t, to be thankful, obliged to one, for a thing;

gefa e-m aufúsu, to thank;

e-m er aufusa á e-u, one is pleased, gratified, with;

ef yðr er þar nökkur aufusa á, if it be any pleasure to you;

var mönnum mikil aufusa á því, were much pleased by it.

* * *

u, f., in Norse MSS. spelt afusa, Dipl. i. 3; avusa, Str. 27, 54, Sks. 775 B; afuusa, N. G. L. i. 446. In Icel. always spelt with au, av, or ö, by changing the vowel, öfusa, aufusa, Ó. H. 155, where, however, some MSS. have aufussa, avfusa, Fms. viii. 39, 250; öfusa, Fs. 123; ofusa, 677. 3, Band. 6; öfussa, Bs. i. 481: the change of vowel is caused by the following f (v). The word is now quite obsolete, and its etymology is somewhat uncertain; it may be qs. á-fúss, or af-fúss, an ‘af-’ intens. and ‘fúss,’ willing, this last suggestion would best suit the Norse form. Its sense is thanks, gratitude, satisfaction, pleasure, and is almost exclusively used either as a supplement to ‘þökk’ or in such phrases as, kunna e-m au., or e-m er au. á e-u, to be pleased, gratified with; þakka með mikilli a., to thank heartily, Str. 27; ef yðr er þar nokkur a. á, if it be any pleasure to you, Fms. ix. 495; kunna e-m au. e-s, or with ‘at,’ to be thankful, Fb. ii. 257, Eg. 111, Ó. H. 56, Fms. viii. 1. c., Bs. i. 481, H. E. i. 432, Eg. 522, Sturl. iii. 125, Fær. 209, 677. 3; leggja at móti þökk ok au., Ó. H. 155; viljum vér au. gefa þeim góðum mönnum, we will thank them, Fms. viii. 250; var mönnum mikil ö. á því, much pleased by it, Fs. 123; hafa í móti þökk ok ö., Band. 19 new Ed.

COMPDS: aufusugestr, aufusuorð, aufvisusvipr.

a, and -hugr, ar, m. love, affection, Bs. i. 446, Fms. i. 34, Stj. 126.

m. ‘buck’, fellow; Höttr heiti ek, bokki sæll, my dear fellow!; stœrri bokkar, bigger men.

* * *

a, m., means probably a he-goat, [cp. Germ. bock; Dan. bukk; Engl. buck], a familiar mode of address; Höttr heiti ek, bokki sæll, and, skaltu nú bana mér, bokki, my good fellow, ‘old buck,’ Fas. i. 66; muntú festa, bokki, tindinn í kambi mínum (the old woman addressing the bishop), Fb. iii. 446: stærri bokkar, bigger men, 352, vide stór-bokki.

* * *

adj. stout, thick, fat, Skýr. 446.

(-ða, -t), v.

1) to make one give way, to fish, with dat.; bægja skipi ór lægi, to push the ship from her moorings; bægja heraðsvist, to remove from the district; honum bægði veðr ok bar hann til eyja þeirra er Syllingar heita, the weather drove him out of his course and he was carried to the Scilly Islands;

2) to hinder (ef eigi bægja nauðsyniar þeirra);

3) refl., bægjast við en, to quarrel or strive with one (þá vill hann eigi við þá bægjast).

* * *

ð, (an old pret. bagði, Haustl. 18), [bágr], with dat. to make one give way, push one back; tröll-konan bægir honum til fjallsins, Bs. i. 464; b. skipi ór lægi, to push the ship from her moorings, Fms. vii. 114; b. vist sinni, to change one’s abode, remove, Eb. 252; þeim bægði veðr, of foul wind, Eg. 245; honum bægði veðr, ok bar hann til eyja þeirra er Syllingar heita, the weather drove him from his course, and he was carried to the islands called Scilly, Fms. i. 145.

β. absol. to binder; ef eigi b. nauðsynjar, Grág. i. 446.

2. metaph. to treat harshly, oppress one, Bs. i. 550. 3. reflex. with the prep. við; b. við e-n, to quarrel; þá vill hann eigi við þá bægjask, Ld. 56; þá var við enga at bægjask ( none to dispute against) nema í móti Guðs vilja væri, Bs. i. 128.

β. bægjask til e-s, to contend about a thing, but with the notion of unfair play; betra er at vægjask til virðingar en b. til stór-vandræða, Fms. vii. 25.

γ. impers., bægðisk honum svá við, at …, things went so crookedly for him, that…, Grett. MS.

(gen. dags, dat. degi; pl. dagar), m.

1) day;

at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised;

dagr kemr upp í austri, sezt í vestri, the day rises in the east, sets in the west;

öndverðr dagr, the early day, forenoon;

miðr dagr, midday;

hallandi dagr, declining day;

at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day;

sannr sem dagr, true as day;

í dag, today;

á (or um) daginn, during the day;

sama dags, the same day;

annan dag, the next day;

annars dag, another day;

hindra dags, the day after, tomorrow;

dag frá degi, hvern dag frá öðrum, from day to day;

dag eptir dag, day after day;

nótt ok dag, night and day;

dögunum optar, more times than there are days, over and over again;

á deyjanda degi, on one’s death-day;

2) pl., days, times;

ef aðrir dagar (better days) koma;

góðir dagar, happy days;

3) esp. pl., lifetime;

á dögum e-s, um daga e-s, in the days of, during or in the reign of;

eptir minn dag, when I am dead (gaf honum alla sína eign eptir sinn dag);

mátti hann eigi lengr gefa en um sína dagi, than for his lifetime;

ráða (taka) e-n af dögum, to put to death.

* * *

m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word dœgr with a vowel change from ó (dóg) indicates a lost root verb analogous to ala, ól, cp. dalr and dælir; this word is common to all Teutonic dialects; Goth. dags; A. S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Germ. tag; the Lat. dies seems to be identical, although no interchange has taken place]

I. a day; in different senses:

1. the natural day:—sayings referring to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised, Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um síðir; mörg eru dags augu, vide auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr, no day can be trusted till its end; allr dagr til stefnu, Grág. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase,—for summoning was lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = ‘plenty of time’ or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are many—dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr upp, the day rises, Bm. 1; dagr í austri, day in the east, where the daylight first appears; dagsbrún, ‘day’s brow,’ is the first streak of daylight, the metaphor taken from the human face; lysir af degi, it brightens from the day, i. e. daylight is appearing; dagr ljómar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before day; móti degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komið at degi, id., Fms. viii. 398; dagr á lopti, day in the sky; árla, snemma dags, early in the morning, Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr, hábjartr d., full day, broad daylight; hæstr dagr, high day; önd-verðr d., the early day = forenoon, Am. 50; miðr dagr, midday, Grág. i. 413, 446, Sks. 217, 219; áliðinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i. 313; hallandi dagr, declining day; at kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the evening the day is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghosts and spirits come out with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry songs after nightfall is not safe, það kallast ekki Kristnum leyft að kveða þegar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er í fólginn, ok eigi er lofat at kveða eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7, 8: the daylight is symbolical of what is true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or satt sem dagr, q. v.

2. of different days; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; í gær-dag, yesterday; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í hinni-fyrra dag, the third day; annars dags, Vígl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags, the hinder day, the day after to-morrow, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag frá degi, from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, id., Fms. viii. 182; annan dag frá öðrum. id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during the day; á dögunum. the other day; nótt ok dag, night and day; liðlangan dag, the ‘life-long’ day; dögunum optar, more times than there are days, i. e. over and over again, Fms. x. 433; á deyjanda degi, on one’s day of death, Grág. i. 402.

β. regu-dagr, a rainy day: sólskins-dagr, a sunny day; sumar-dagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; hátíðis-dagr, a feast day; fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dóms-dagr, the day of doom, judgment day, Gl. 82, Fms. viii. 98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; gleði-dagr, id.; brúðkaups-dagr, bridal-day; burðar-dagr, a birthday.

3. in pl. days in the sense of times; aðrir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek ætlaða ekki at þessir dagar mundu verða, sem nú eru orðnir, Nj. 171; góðir dagar, happy days, Fms. xi. 286, 270; sjá aldrei glaðan dag (sing.), never to see glad days.

β. á e-s dögum, um e-s daga eptir e-s daga, esp. of the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lögsögumaðr, Jb. repeatedly; vera á dögum, to be alive; eptir minn dag, ‘after my day,’ i. e. when I am dead.

γ. calendar days, e. g. Hvíta-dagar, the White days, i. e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog days; Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Höfuð-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr, Epiphany; Imbru-dagar, Ember days; Gang-dagar, ‘Ganging days,’ Rogation days; Dýri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc.

4. of the week-days; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mána-d., Týs-d., Öðins-d., Þórs-d., Frjá-d., Laugar-d. or Þvátt-d. It is hard to understand how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that have disused the old names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jóns S. ch. 24; fyrir bauð hann at eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, svá sem at kalla Týrsdag Óðinsdag, eðr Þórsdag, ok svá um alla vikudaga, etc., Bs. i. 237, cp. 165. Thus bishop John (died A. D. 1121) caused them to name the days as the church does (Feria sccunda, etc.); viz. Þriði-d. or Þriðju-d., Third-day = Tuesday, Rb. 44, K. Þ. K. 100, Ísl. ii. 345; Fimti-d., Fifth-day—Thursday, Rb. 42, Grág. i. 146, 464, 372, ii. 248, Nj. 274; Föstu-d., Fast-day = Friday; Miðviku-d., Midweek-day = Wednesday, was borrowed from the Germ. Mittwoch; throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, however, the old and new names were used indiscriminately. The question arises whether even the old names were not imported from abroad (England); certainly the Icel. of heathen times did not reckon by weeks; even the word week (vika) is probably of eccl. Latin origin (vices, recurrences). It is curious that the Scandinavian form of Friday, old Icel. Frjádagr, mod. Swed.-Dan. Fredag, is A. S. in form; ‘Frjá-,’ ‘Fre-,’ can hardly be explained but from A. S. Freâ-, and would be an irregular transition from the Norse form Frey. The transition of ja into mod. Swed.-Dan. e is quite regular, whereas Icel. ey (in Frey) would require the mod. Swed.-Dan. ö or u sound. Names of weekdays are only mentioned in Icel. poems of the 11th century (Arnór, Sighvat); but at the time of bishop John the reckoning by weeks was probably not fully established, and the names of the days were still new to the people. 5. the day is in Icel. divided according to the position of the sun above the horizon; these fixed traditional marks are called dags-mörk, day-marks, and are substitutes for the hours of modern times, viz. ris-mál or miðr-morgun, dag-mál, há-degi, mið-degi or mið-mundi, nón, miðr-aptan, nátt-mál, vide these words. The middle point of two day-marks is called jafn-nærri-báðum, in modern pronunciation jöfnu-báðu, equally-near-both, the day-marks following in the genitive; thus in Icel. a man asks, hvað er fram orðið, what is the time? and the reply is, jöfnubáðu miðsmorguns og dagmála, half-way between mid-morning and day-meal, or stund til (to) dagmála; hallandi dagmál, or stund af ( past) dagmálum; jöfnu-báðu hádegis og dagmúla, about ten or half-past ten o’clock, etc. Those day-marks are traditional in every farm, and many of them no doubt date from the earliest settling of the country. Respecting the division of the day, vide Pál Vídal. s. v. Allr dagr til stefnu, Finnus Johann., Horologium Island., Eyktamörk Íslenzk (published at the end of the Rb.), and a recent essay of Finn Magnusson.

II. denoting a term, but only in compounds, dagi, a, m., where the weak form is used, cp. ein-dagi, mál-dagi, bar-dagi, skil-dagi.

III. jis a pr. name, Dagr, (freq.); in this sense the dat. is Dag, not Degi, cp. Óðinn léði Dag (dat.) geirs síns, Sæm. 114.

COMPDS: dagatal, dagsbrun, dagshelgi, dagsljós, dagsmark, dagsmegin, dagsmunr.

f., pl. stóar, a ‘fire-stove,’ hearth, Bárð. 2 new Ed., Nj. 236, Fb. iii. 446, Fas. ii. 115, Mork. 91; sitja við eldstó móður sinnar, Fs. 6.

1) grasp, hold;

fá fang á e-m or af e-m, to get hold of one (fekk engi þeirra fang á mér);

sá þeir, at þeir fengu ekki fang at Erlingi, they saw that they could not catch H.;

2) wrestling, grappling (taka fang við e-n, ganga til fangs);

ganga á fang við e-n, ganga í fang e-m, to grapple with one, provoke one;

fangs er ván at frekum úlfi, it is hard to deal with a hungry wolf;

3) the space between the arms, the breast and arms;

kom spjótit í fang honum, the spear pierced his breast;

reka í fang e-m, to throw in one’s face;

hafa e-t í fangi sér, to hold in one’s arms, to have in one’s power;

taka í fang sér, to take into one’s arms (tók manninn í fang sér ok bar út);

fœrast e-t í fang, to undertake a thing, take upon oneself;

fœrast e-t ór fangi, to throw off, refuse;

4) catching fish, fishing;

halda (fara) til fangs, to go a-fishing; take, catch, draught (fang þat, er þeir áttu báðir);

5) fœtus in sheep and cows (ef graðungr eltir fang ór kú);

6) pl., föng, baggage, luggage;

föng ok fargögn, luggage and carriage, provisions (öll vóru föng hin beztu);

borð með hinum beztum föngum, a table with the best of cheer;

7) pl. means, opportunily;

engi föng eru önnur á, there is no other choice;

hafa föng á e-u, to be enabled to do a thing (höfðu eigi föng á at reka langt flóttann);

af (eptir) föngum, to the best of one’s power, according to one’s means.

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n. [for the root vide fá]

I. a catching, fetching:

1. catching fish, fishing, Eb. 26, Ám. 32; halda til fangs, to go a-fishing, Ld. 38: a take of fish, stores of fish, hann bað þá láta laust fangit allt, þat er þeir höfðu fangit, Fms. iv. 331; af öllu því fangi er þeir hljóta af dauðum hvölum, Ám. 36; f. þat er þeir áttu báðir, cp. veiði-fang, her-fang, prey.

2. in plur.,

α. baggage, luggage, Nj. 112; föng ok fargögn, luggage and carriage, 266; ok er þeir höfðu upp borit föngin, carriage, Orkn. 324: stores, forn korn ok önnur föng, Fms. iv. 254.

β. provisions, esp. at a feast; öll vóru föng hin beztu, Fms. iv. 102; kostnaðar-mikit ok þurfti föng mikil, Eg. 39; Þórólfr sópask mjök um föng, 42; veizla var hin prúðlegsta ok öll föng hin beztu, 44; hann leitaði alls-konar fanga til bús síns, 68, Fs. 19, 218; hence, borð með hinum beztum föngum, board with good cheer, Fms. i. 66; búa ferð hennar sæmiliga með hinum beztum föngum, x. 102.

γ. metaph. means, opportunity; því at eins at engi sé önnur föng, Fms. iv. 176; meðan svá góð föng eru á sem nú, 209; hafa föng á e-u, or til e-s, to be enabled to do a thing, viii. 143, x. 388, Eb. 114, Gullþ. 30, Eg. 81, Ld. 150, Odd. 18; urðu þá engi föng önnur, there was no help ( issue) for it (but that …), Fms. vii. 311; af (eptir) föngum, to the best of one’s power, x. 355; af beztu föngum býr hón rúmið, Bb. 3. 24; at-föng, q. v.; bú-föng (bú-fang), q. v.; öl-föng, vín-föng, store of ale, wine.

3. the phrase, fá konu fangi, to wed a woman, N. G. L. i. 350: fangs-tíð, n. wedding season, 343; hence kván-fang, ver-fang, marriage.

II. an embryo, fetus, in sheep or kine; ef graðungr eltir fang ór kú, Jb. 303: the phrase, láta fangi, to ‘go back,’ of a cow.

β. a metric. fault, opp. to fall, Fb. iii. 426 (in a verse).

III. that with which one clasps or embraces, the breast and arms; kom spjótið í fang honum, the spear pierced his breast, Gullþ. 23, Fms. ii. 111; reka í fang e-m, to throw in one’s face, Nj. 176; hafa e-t í fangi sér, to hold in one’s arms, Bdl. 344; hné hón aptr í f. honum, Ísl. ii. 275; taka sér í fang, to take into one’s arms, Mark x. 16; cp. hals-fang, embraces.

2. an apron, Edda (Gl.)

3. færask e-t í fang, to have in one’s grip, metaph. to undertake a thing, Fms. vii. 136; færask e-t ór fangi, to throw off, refuse, Sturl. iii. 254: the phrase, hafa fullt í fangi, to have one’s hands full.

4. wrestling, grappling with, Ísl. ii. 445, 446, 457; taka fang við e-n, Edda 33; ganga til fangs, Gþl. 163: the saying, fangs er ván at frekum úlfi, there will be a grapple with a greedy wolf, Eb. 250, Ld. 66, Fms. v. 294, Skv. 2. 13.

β. the phrases, ganga á fang við e-n, to grapple with one, provoke one, Ld. 206; ganga í fang e-m, id., Band. 31; slíka menn sem hann hefir í fangi, such men as he has to grapple with, Háv. 36; fá fang á e-m, or fá fang af e-m, to get hold of one; fékk engi þeirra fang á mér, Nj. 185, Fms. x. 159; sá þeir, at þeir fengu ekki f. af Erlingi, they saw that they could not catch E., vii. 300, xi. 96.

5. an armful; skíða-fang, viðar-fang, an armful of fuel: Icel. call small hay-cocks fang or föng, hence fanga hey upp, to put the hay into cocks: fanga-hnappr, m. a bundle of hay, armful.

IV. in the compds vet-fangr, hjör-fangr, etc. the f is = v, qs. vet-vangr, hjör-vangr, vide vangr.

COMPDS: fangabrekka, fangafátt, fangahella, fangakviðr, fangalauss, fangaleysi, fangalítill, fangamark, fangaráð, fangastakkr, fangaváttr.

u, f. a stone set on edge in the arena, Ísl. ii. 446.

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(flýg; flaug, flugum; floginn), v.

1) to fly (fór svá hart sem fugl flygi);

2) fig. of weapons, sparks, rumours, etc. (spjótit flaug yfir hann; gneistarnir flugu);

3) f. á e-n, to fly at or on one.

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pres. flýg, pl. fljúgum; pret. flaug, 2nd pers. flaugt, mod. flaugst, pl. flugum; another old pret. fló, Haustl. 2, 8, Þkv. 5, 9, Gh. 17, Ýt. 14, and prose passim; the form flaug is very rare, in old poets; fló is now quite obsolete, flaug, pl. flugu, being the current form: part. floginn; sup. flogit; pret. subj. 1st pers. flygja, 3rd pers. flygi; with the neg. suf. flýgrat, Hm. 151: [not on record in Goth., as the Apocal. is lost in Ulf.; A. S. fleôgan; Engl. fly; O. H. G. fliôgan; Germ. fliegen; Dutch vliegen; Swed. flyge; Dan. flyve: cp. flug]:—to fly, Lat. volare, of birds; in the allit. phrase, fuglinn fljúgandi; valr flýgr, Grág. ii. 170; fló sá hrafn aptr um stafn, Landn. 29; fló hann þangat til, Niðrst. 4; at fljúga eigi upp fyrr, Edda 60; Johannes flaug upp til himins, Hom. 47.

2. metaph., fljúga á e-n (á-flog, q. v.), to fly at one another, in a fight, Nj. 32: recipr., fljúgask á, to join in a fight, N. G. L. i. 46, Nj. 56.

β. of weapons, sparks, rumour, and the like; spjótið fló yfir hann fram, Nj. 58: kesjan flaug í völlinn, Eg. 379; gneistarnir ( the sparks) flugu, Fms. viii. 8; at vápn skyli falla at manni eðr f. at honum, Grág. Kb. 108; fljúgandi fleinn, Hm. 85, 151; fleinn floginn, Höfuðl. 12: um konu þá fló út ferlegt úorðan, Hom. 115; sá kvittr fló í bygðinni, Fms. ix. 237: flaug þat sem sinu-eldr, i. 21.

γ. of shooting pains (vide flog); þaðan af fló á hann mein þat, Bs. i. 446.

II. in old poetry and on Runic stones, used = flýja (q. v.), to flee, Lat. fugere; sá er eigi fló at Uppsölum, who fled not at Upsala, Baut. 1169; en þínir fjándr flugu, Hkm. 12; fló ór landi, fled from the land, Ýt. 14.

n. delay, respite; á viku fresti, at the end of a week; also pl., þótt frestin væri löng, although the delay was long; ljá e-m fresta, to give one respite; selja á f., to sell on credit.

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usually n. pl., but also f. sing. (in mod. usage frestr, m.), delay; löng frest, Fms. ii. 216: ok væri þar lögð frest á, Hkr. i. 292; þessi frest, Stj. 446; þó at frestin væri löng, Fms. v. 72; biðja sér fresta, ii. 114, Rb. 364; ljá e-m fresta um e-t, Fms. iv. 225, Hom. 33; Uni kvað sér ílla líka öll frestin, Fs. 32: the saying, frest eru ílls bezt, Fms. v. 294,—mod., frestr er á illu bestr: the phrase, selja á frest, to sell on credit, Vápn. 7, Sturl. 91, Gísl. 12; hence frest-skuld, f. credit, Snót 62.

(gái, gáða, gát), v. to heed, with infin. (gá at gøra e-t) or gen.; guðs hann gáði, he gave heed to God; gá sín, to take care of oneself; gá til e-s, to mark; glýja þú né gáðir, thou hadst no mind for joy.

f. barking (in goðgá, blasphemy; hundgá).

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ð, pres. gái, part. gáð; pret. subj. gæði, Am. 70: [cp. Lat. caveo]:—to heed, mark, with infin. or gen., Landn. 30, Fb. i. 210; jarl gáði varla at lúka málum sínum fyrir tali þeirra, Orkn. 300: with gen., er miklu meiri hans ofsi, en hann muni nú þess gá eðr geyma, Ísl. ii. 239, Sks. 446, Hm. 115; Guðs hann gáði, he gave heed to God, Sl. 4; gá sín, to take heed to oneself:—gá til e-s, to mark, Fb. ii. 193:—in mod. usage, gá að e-u, to heed, observe; gef mér Jesu að gá að því, Pass. 1. 27; freq. in phrases such as, gáðu að þér, take heed! beware! gáðu að Guði, take heed to God! take care what thou art doing! with infin., eigi mun gáð hafa verit at setja fyrir lokurnar, they have not taken care to lock the door, Lv. 60, Fms. vi. 368: without the mark of infin., glýja þú né gáðir, thou didst not care to be gleeful, thou wast sorrowful, Hðm. 7.

f. barking; hund-gá, Lv. 60; goð-gá (q. v.), blasphemy.