209

ἐκφάνῃς, ἐκφαίνω

bring to light: aor subj act 2nd sg

ἐκφά̱νῃς, ἐκφαίνω

bring to light: aor subj act 2nd sg (doric)

Αἰνέας leader of the chorus.

N 0-12-29-0-0=41 1 Kgs 6,3.36; 7,43(6)(bis).43(7)

= אולם / אלם / אילם porch Ez 40,9

*Ez 40,25 τοῦ αιλαμ the porch-האלם for MT האלה these; *Ez 40,49 ἐπὶ τὸ αιλαμ by the porch-האילם אל

for MT האילים אל by the doorposts; *Ez 41,1 τοῦ αιλαμ of the porch-האלם? for MT האהל of the tent

αἰθυκτήρ, ῆρος, ὁ,

A rushing violently, of pigs, Opp.C.2.332;

φύσαλοι αἰ. Id.H.1.368

.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `ring' (glosses).

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The connection with Skt. éjati `to move, tremble' (cf. αἰγανέη), e.g. Thumb IF I4, 343f. is rightly rejected by DELG. - The epithets Άπόλλων Άσγελάτας (Anaphe) and Άπόλλων Αἰγλάτας (Anaphe, Thera) are often compared, but I think they are unrelated. It is impossible to explain the form of a `normal' noun from a word showing a variation αἰγλ- \/ ἀσγ(ε)λ-; this variation looks very much like those of Pre-Greek words, and the epithet, of which the meaning is unknown, may well be of Pre-Greek origin; but there is no evidence that the noun is of the same origin. The noun may be of Pre-Greek origin - it has no etymology - but that must not be the same origin as the epithet. For the epithet see with the names.

Page in Frisk: 1,32-33

βλέφαρον, ου, τό (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX; ApcEsdr 4:22 p. 28, 25 Tdf.; SibOr 2, 178; 181) eyelid τὰ β. τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν Papias (3:2); but prob. eyelash in οὔτε θρὶξ οὔτε β. AcPlCor 2:30.—S. DELG and Frisk on etym.

1) cause

2) reason

μηχᾰν-ή, [dialect] Dor. [full] μᾱχᾰνά, ἡ, ([etym.] μῆχος):

I contrivance, esp. machine for lifting weights and the like , crane, Hdt.2.125, IG11(2).161 A69, al. (Delos, iii B. C.); μ. τετράκωλος, δίκωλος, Rev.Phil.44.251 (Didyma, ii B. C.);

μ. λιθαγωγός Poll. 10.148

; ἰχθυβόλῳ μ., of Poseidon's trident, A.Th. 132 (lyr.); λαοπόροις μ., of Xerxes' bridge of boats, Id.Pers. 114 (lyr.), cf. 722; freq. of irrigation machines, POxy. 985 (i A. D.), etc.; also of oil-presses, Wilcken Chr.176.10 (i/ii A. D.), etc.

2 engine of war,

μηχανὰς προσάγειν Th.2.76

, etc.;

ἑλεῖν μηχαναῖς Id.4.13

.

3 theatrical machine by which gods, etc., were made to appear in the air, Pl.Cra. 425d, Clit. 407a;

αἴρειν μ. Antiph.191.15

, Alex.126.19: hence, prov. of anything sudden and unexpected,

ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεὸς ἐπεφάνης Men. 227

;

ὥσπερ ἀπὸ μ. D.40.59

, cf. Arist.Po. 1454b1.

4 area of land irrigated by a machine, POxy.1830.13 (vi A. D.), PLond.5.1765 (vi A. D.), PSI1.77.14 (vi A. D.).

II any artificial means or contrivance for doing a thing,

ἤτοι κλήρῳ.., ἢ ἄλλῃ τινὶ μ. Hdt.3.83

;

εἴ τίς ἐστι μ., ἴθι καὶ πειρῶ Id.8.57

, etc.; esp. in pl. μηχαναί, shifts, devices, wiles, Hes.Th. 146;

πάντα σοφίσματα καὶ πάσας μ. ἐπεποιήκεε ἐς αὐτοὺς Δαρεῖος Hdt. 3.152

; μηχαναῖς Διός by the arts of Zeus, A.Ag. 677; χερὸς.. ἐκτίνοντα μηχανάς acts of violence, ib. 1582;

Ὀρέστην μηχαναῖσι μὲν θανόντα, νῦν δὲ μηχαναῖς σεσωσμένον S.El. 1228

;

κρατεῖ μαχαναῖς.. θηρός Id.Ant. 349

(lyr.);

σοφιστῶν μ. Pl.Lg. 908d

: prov.,

μηχαναὶ Σισύφου Ar.Ach. 391

:—Phrases:

πάσας προσφέροντε μ. E.IT 112

;

μηχανὴν προσοιστέον Ar.Th. 1132

;

πᾶσαν σπουδὴν καὶ μ. προσφερόμενος Plb.1.18.11

;

ἐπεισήγαγον μ. Id.29.25.1

;

μηχανὰς εὑρήσομεν, ὥστε ἀπαλλάξαι A.Eu.82

;

πλέκειν E.Andr.66

;

πορίζεσθαι Pl.Smp. 191b

;

ἐκπορίζειν Ar.V. 365

; ζητεῖν ib. 149; ἀντλεῖν μαχανάν exhaust one's resources, Pi.P.3.62; κατ' ἐμὰν μ. ib. 109: c. gen. objecti, ἔξευρε μ. τιν' Ἀδμήτῳ κακῶν contrivance against ills, E.Alc. 221 (lyr.); but μ. σωτηρίας a way, means of procuring or providing safety, A. Th. 209;

μυρίων οὐσῶν μ. ἀπαλλαγῆς X.Cyr.5.1.12

; οὐδεμία μ. [ ἐστι] ὅκως οὐ c. [tense] fut. ind., Hdt.2.160; μὴ οὐ c. inf., ib. 181, 3.51; τὸ μὴ οὐ (prob.) Id.1.209; τίς μ. μὴ οὐχὶ .. ; Pl.Phd. 72d.

2 freq. in adverb. phrases, μηδεμιῇ μ. by no means whatsoever, by no contrivance, Hdt. 7.51, etc.;

οὓς οὐδεμιῇ μ. δεῖ τιτρώσκειν Hp.Art.11

; so μήτε τέχνῃ μήτε μ. μηδεμιᾷ Foed. ap. Th.5.18, cf. IG12.39.23; opp.

πάσῃ τέχνῃ καὶ μ. Lys. 19.53

;

πάσῃ μ. Ar.Lys. 300

(lyr.); τρόπῳ ἢ μ. ᾑτινιοῦν Lex ap.D.21.113.

προδείκνῡμι ([suff] προδᾰν-ύω Hdt.1.209, 7.37), [ per.] 3sg. προδίκνυτι [pron. full] [δῐ] Epigr. in GDI5112 ([place name] Crete): [dialect] Ion.[tense] aor. - έδεξα (v. infr.):—

A show by example, by doing something first,

προδέξαντες σχῆμα, οἷόν τι ἔμελλε εὐπρεπέστατον φανέεσθαι ἔχουσα Hdt.1.60

; τὸν ζωστῆρα προδέξας having shown [the way of] the girdle, Id.4.10.

2 abs., tell first, A.Pr. 779, S.OT 624.

II foreshow what is about to happen,

πάντα τὰ ἐπιφερόμενα Hdt.1.209

;

Ἕλλησι π. ὁ θεὸς ἔκλειψιν τῶν πολίων Id.7.37

, cf. 6.27;

προφαίνει καρπὸν.. μέχρι τοῦ προδεῖξαι μόνον Thphr.CP1.13.10

: c. acc. et inf., make known beforehand that.., Th.3.47;

π. ὅτι.. Plu.Phoc.28

; προδεδειγμένου it having been already shown, A.D Synt. 336.16.

III point before one, σκήπτρῳ π. γαῖαν, of a blind man, S.OT 456; π. τὸ τόξον put it out before one, Luc.Herc.1, cf.Herm.68; π. δελεάσματα hold out baits, Them.Or.22.271c; π. χρεῶν ἀποκοπάς ib.7.91c.

2 as a technical term of pugilists, χερσὶ π. make feints with the hands, Theoc.22.102; also in war, X.Eq.Mag.8.24;

π. τινὰς ἐπιβολάς Plb.2.66.2

; of the cuttle-fish,

π. εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν Arist. HA 621b34

.

προστᾰτ-ης, ου, ὁ, ([etym.] προΐστημι)

A one who stands before, front-rank man, f.l. for πρωτοστάτης in X.Cyr. 3.3.41, Eq.Mag.2.2,6:—but elsewh.,

II leader, chief, esp. of a democracy,

προστάτεω ἐπιλαβέσθαι Hdt.1.127

, 5.23;

οἱ π. τοῦ δήμου Th.3.75

, 4.46,66; οἱ τῶν δήμων π. Id.3.82;

ὁ π. Κλέων Ar.Ra. 569

, cf. Eq. 1128 (lyr.);

μεταβολὴ ἐκ προστάτου ἐπὶ τύραννον Pl.R. 565d

; [Σόλων] πρῶτος τοῦ δήμου π. Arist.Ath.2.2,al.

2 generally, ruler, opp. ἀστοί, A.Supp. 963;

Καδμείων Id.Th. 1031

;

Κνωσίων Arr.Epict.3.9.3

;

Μολοσσῶν GDI1334

(Epirus, iii B.C.); χώρας, χθονός, E.Heracl. 964, IA 373 (troch.); τῆς Ἑλλάδος προστάται, of the Spartans, X.HG 3.1.3, cf. Isoc.4.103, D.9.23; π. τοῦ ἐμπορίου, of Greeks in Egypt, Hdt. 2.178;

τοῦ πολέμου X.Cyr.7.2.23

; προστάται τῆς εἰρήνης its chief authors, Id.HG5.1.36; τῆς πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ἐπιμελείας π. D.22.78; administrator,

τῆς κεχωρισμένης προσόδου PTeb.81.19

(ii B.C.); [ τοῦ ἱεροῦ] OGI531.3 (Bithynia, iii A.D.); θεᾶς ib.209.4 (Philae, iii A.D.), cf. Ostr. 412, al. (i A.D.): metaph.,

ἔρως π. τῶν ἀργῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν Pl.R. 572e

.

3 president or presiding officer,

π. τοῦ γυμνασίου CIG2881.16

([place name] Branchidae), cf. OGI130.16 (Egypt, ii B.C.), Supp.Epigr.4.598.37 (Teos, i B.C.), IG22.1368.13; π. συνεδρίου ib.9(2).205.33 (Aetolian League); προβούλων ib.9(1).694.116 (Corc.); [ γερουσίας] ib.7.2808 (Hyettus, iii B.C.); δαμιοργῶν ib.5(1).1425.16 ([place name] Messene); [ βουλᾶς] ib.14.256.5 ([place name] Phintias);

τῆς μέσης Ἀκαδημίας S.E.P.1.232

: freq. in pl., = πρυτάνεις, SIG194.15 (Amphipolis, iv B.C.), etc.; γνώμα προστατᾶν ib.187.1 (Cnidus, iv B.C.), cf. IG12(8).264.13 (Thasos, iv B.C.).

III one who stands before and protects, guardian, champion,

πυλωμάτων A.Th. 408

, cf. 798;

πόλεως Pl.Grg. 519b

; [ τῆς ποιητικῆς] Id.R. 607d;

τῆς πάντων ἐλευθερίας D.15.30

, etc.; epith. of gods, as Apollo, S.Tr. 209 (lyr.), IPE12.89 (ii A.D.).

2 at Athens, etc., patron who took charge of the interests of μέτοικοι, etc.: hence ἐπὶ προστάτου οἰκεῖν live under protection of a patron, Lys.31.9, 14, Lycurg.145; προστάτην ἐπιγράφειν τινά choose as one's patron, Luc. Peregr.11;

αὑτῷ πονηρὸν προστάτην ἐπεγράψατο Ar. Pax 684

;

ἔχειν Id.Pl. 920

, cf. S.OT 882 (lyr.); νέμειν π. Arist.Pol. 1275a13; also γράφεσθαι προστάτου to be entered by one's patron's name, be attached to a patron,

οὐ Κρέοντος προστάτου γεγράφομαι S.OT 411

.

3 = Lat. patronus, Plu.Rom.13, Mar.5, IG3.687, 14.1078 (Rome, iii A.D.), OGI549.6 (Ancyra, iii A.D.), etc.

IV θεοῦ π. one who stands before a god to entreat him, suppliant, S.OC 1278, cf. 1171.

V Medic., prostate gland, Herophil. ap. Gal.UP14.11 (v.l.).

ἀρύω (A) [pron. full] [ᾰ], Simon.45, [dialect] Att. [full] ἀρύτω [pron. full] [ῠ] Pl.Phdr. 253a; [dialect] Aeol. part.

A

ἀρυτήμενοι Alc.47

: [tense] impf.

ἤρῠον Hes.Sc. 301

;

ἄρυον Hsch.

: [tense] aor.

ἤρῠσα Pherecr.138

, X.Cyr.1.3.9:—[voice] Med.,

ἀρύτομαι Ar.Nu. 272

;

ἀρύομαι Aeschin.Socr.11

, AP9.37 (Tull. Flacc.), etc.: [tense] fut. ἀρύσομαι [ῠ] AP9.230 (Honest.), Luc.DMar.6.1: [tense] aor.

ἠρῠσάμην Plu.2.516c

; opt.

ἀρῠσαίμην E.Hipp. 209

(lyr.); inf.

ἀρύσασθαι X.Cyr.1.2.8

; part.

ἀρῠσάμενος Hdt. 8.137

, [dialect] Ep.

ἀρυσσάμενος Hes.Op. 550

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ἠρύθην, ἀπ-αρῠθείς Alex.45.6

; also

ἀρυσθείς Hp.Nat.Puer.25

, Plu.2.690b:— draw water, wine, etc., τοὶ δ' ἤρυον others drew off the must, Hes.Sc. 301;

ἀρυόντεσσιν.. ὕδωρ Simon.45

;

ἐκ πιθῶνος ἤρυσαν ἄκρατον Pherecr.

l. c.;

ἀρύσαντες ἀπ' αὐτῆς [τῆς φιάλης] τῷ κυάθῳ X.Cyr.1.3.9

;

μέλισσαι νέκταρ ἀρύουσιν Lyr.Alex.Adesp.7.18

: metaph., κἂν ἐκ Διὸς ἀρύτωσιν if they draw inspiration from Zeus, Pl.Phdr. 253a.

II [voice] Med., draw water for oneself, ἀρυσσάμενος ποταμῶν ἄπο having drawn water from.., Hes.Op. 550;

σφῷν ἀρύσασθαι Pherecr.130.5

;

ἀρύσασθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ X.Cyr.1.2.8

;

ἐκ τοῦ κρατῆρος Pl.Criti. 120a

: c. acc.,

ἀρύσασθαι ὑδάτων πῶμα E.Hipp. 209

;

ἀ. ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν μέλι καὶ γάλα Pl. Ion 534a

: c. gen. partit.,

ὑδάτων ἀ. πρόχοισι Ar.Nu. 272

; ἐς τὸν κόλπον τρὶς ἀρυσάμενος τοῦ ἡλίου having (as it were) drawn the rays of the sun into his bosom, Hdt.8.137: generally, draw in, τροφῆς καὶ πνεύματος Diog.Bab. ap. Gal.5.281;

μαντικῆς Plu.2.411f

; πλοῦτον Id.Caes. 29;

καιροῦ καὶ τύχης Eun.Hist.p.256

D.

2 of stars rising from the sea,

οἵ τ' ὠκεανοῦ ἀρύονται ἀστέρες Arat.746

.

------------------------------------

ἀρύω (B), only in Lexx., ἀρύει· ἀντὶ τοῦ λέγει, βοᾷ, Hsch.; ἀρύουσαι· λέγουσαι, κελεύουσαι, Id. (Syrac., acc. to EM134.12):—[voice] Med., ἀρύσασθαι· ἐπικαλέσασθαι, Hsch.

ἁλίσκομαι [ᾰλ], defect. [voice] Pass., [voice] Act. supplied by αἱρέω (

A

ἁλίσκω Aq. Ps.21(22).14

, cf.

ἐλέφας μῦν οὐχ ἁλίσκει Zen.3.67

): [tense] impf. ἡλισκόμην (never ἑαλ-) Hdt., etc.: [tense] fut.

ἁλώσομαι Hdt.

, etc., later

ἁλωθήσομαι LXX Ez.21.24

(19) cod. A: [tense] aor. (the only tense used by Hom.)

ἥλων Od.22.230

, always in Hdt., and sometimes in codd. of [dialect] Att., as Pl. Hp.Ma. 286a, Hyp.Eux.15, cf. X.An.4.4.21, but the common [dialect] Att. form was

ἑάλων IG2.38

, etc., cf. Thom.Mag.146 [[pron. full] ᾱ, Ar.V. 355, later [pron. full] ᾰ AP7.114 (D.L.), 11.155 (Lucill.); [pron. full] ᾰ in other moods, exc. part.

ἁλόντε Il.5.487

, inf., v. infr.]; subj.

ἁλῶ, ῷς, ῷ A.Th. 257

, E.Hipp. 420, Ar.Ach. 662, V. 898, etc., [dialect] Ion.

ἁλώω Il.11.405

,

ἁλώῃ 14.81

, Hdt. 4.127; opt.

ἁλοίην Il.22.253

, Antipho 5.59, etc., [dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3sg. ἁλῴη (v.l. ἁλοίη, which is to be preferred) Il.17.506, Od.15.300; inf. ἁλῶναι [pron. full] [ᾰ] Il.21.281, [pron. full] [ᾱ] Hippon.74, s.v.l., [dialect] Ep.

ἁλώμεναι Il.21.495

; part.

ἁλούς Il.2.374

, etc.; later, inf. ἁλωθῆναι v.l. in LXX Ez.40.1, D.S.21.6: [tense] pf.

ἥλωκα Hdt.1.83

, Antiph.204.7, Xenarch.7.17, Hyp.Phil.11, D. 21.105; part.

ἁλωκότα Pi.P.3

,57; ἑάλωκα [pron. full] [ᾰλ] A.Ag.30, Hdt. 1.191, 209 codd., and [dialect] Att., as Th.3.29, Pl.Ap. 38d, D.19.179: [tense] plpf.

ἡλώκειν Hdt.1.84

, X.An.5.2.8.: ( ϝαλ-, cf.

ϝαλίσσκηται IG9(2).1226

(Thess.), ϝαλόντοις ib.5(2).351.7 ([place name] Stymphalus)):—to be taken, conquered, fall into an enemy's hand, of persons and places, Il.2.374, etc.; ἁλώσεται (sc. ὁ Κρέων) S.OC 1065; ἁλίσκεσθαι εἰς πολεμίους to fall into the hands of the enemy, Pl.R. 468a, IG12(7).5 (Amorg.);

ἐν τοιαύταις ξυμφοραῖς Pl.Cri. 43c

.

2 to be caught, seized, of persons and things, θανάτῳ ἁλῶναι to be seized by death, die, Il.21.281, Od.5.312; without θανάτῳ, Il.12.172, Od.18.265, etc.; ἄνδρ' ἐκ θνάτου κομίσαι ἤδη ἁλωκότα (sc. νόσῳ) Pi.P.3.57; γράμματα ἑάλωσαν εἰς Ἀθήνας letters were seized and taken to Athens, X.HG1.1.23; τοῖς αὑτῶν πτεροῖς ἁλισκόμεσθα, of eagle, i.e. by a feathered arrow, A.Fr. 139:— to be taken or caught in hunting, Il.5.487, X.An.5.3.10:—ἁ. ἀπάταις, μανίᾳ, S.El. 125, Aj. 216;

ὑπ' ἔρωτος Pl.Phdr. 252c

;

ὑπὸνουσήματος τεταρταίου Hp.Nat.Hom.15

;

νοσήματι Arist.Pr. 954a35

, etc.; μιᾷ νίκῃ ἁλίσκονται by one victory they are ruined, Th.1.121: abs., to be overcome, A.Eu.67, S.Aj. 648.

3 in good sense, to be won. achieved, S.OT 542, E.Alc. 786, X.Cyn.12.21.

4 c. gen., succumb to, τῆς ὥρας, τοῦ κάλλους, Ael.VH12.52, Ps.-Luc. Charid.9;

κόρης Philostr.Her.8.2

, prob. in Eun.Hist.p.238D.

5 to be established by argument, proved, Phld.Sign.29,33.

II c. part., to be caught or detected doing a thing,

οὔτε σὺ ἁλώσεαι ἀδικέων Hdt.1.112

; ἐπιβουλεύων ἐμοὶ.. ἑάλωκε ib. 209;

ἐὰν ἁλῷς ἔτι τοῦτο πράττων Pl.Ap. 29c

; with Subst. or Adj.,

οὐ γὰρ δὴ φονεὺς ἁλώσομαι S.OT 576

;

μοιχὸς γὰρ ἢν τύχῃς ἁλούς Ar.Nu. 1079

;

ἁ. ἐν κακοῖσι S. Ant. 496

.

2 freq. as law-term, to be convicted and condemned,

λιποταξίου γραφὴν ἡλωκέναι D.21.105

, cf. Antipho 2.2.9, 2.3.6; ἁ.

μιᾷ ψήφῳ And.4.9

:—c. gen. criminis, ἁλῶναι ψευδομαρτυριῶν, ἀστρατείας, ἀσεβείας, etc. (sc. γραφήν), v. sub vocc.; ἁ. θανάτου to be convicted of a capital crime, Plu.2.552d; ἁλοῦσα δίκη conviction, Pl.Lg. 937d; of false evidence, ὁπόσων ἂν μαρτυρίαι ἁλῶσιν ibid.

ἐπίστᾰμαι, 2 pers.

A

- ασαι A.Pr. 376

, 982, S.El. 629, Pl.Euthd. 296a, but

ἐπίστᾳ Pi.P.3.80

, A.Eu.86, 581,

ἐπίστῃ Thgn.1085

, PCair.Zen. 41.19 (iii B.C.), [dialect] Ion. ἐπίστεαι ἐξ-) Hdt.7.135; imper. ἐπίστασο ib. 29, 209, A.Pr. 840, 967, PCair.Zen.57.4 (iii B.C.), etc., but ἐπίσταο v.l. in Hdt.7.209, [var] contr.

ἐπίστω S.OT 658

, etc.; subj. [dialect] Ion. ἐπιστέωμαι Hdt.3.134, [dialect] Att.

ἐπίστωμαι Pl.Euthd. 296a

: [tense] impf.

ἠπιστάμην A.Pr. 267

, etc.; without augm.

ἐπίστατο Il.5.60

: Hdt. has

ἐπ- 5.42

(v.l. ἠπ-),

ἠπ- 3.139

; [dialect] Ion. [ per.] 3pl. ἠπιστέατο or

ἐπιστέατο 8.132

: [tense] fut.

ἐπιστήσομαι Il.21.320

, etc.: [tense] aor. 1

ἠπιστήθην Hdt.3.15

, Pl.Lg. 687a.

ὅπη, [dialect] Ep. [full] ὅππη, both in Hom., v. infr. (better written [full] ὅπῃ A.D. Adv.209.27, Eust.174.1) ; [dialect] Dor. [full] ὅπᾳ Leg.Gort.2.35, etc. ([full] ὅππᾳ Com.Adesp.p.126 D.), also [full] ὅπη Leg.Gort.1.42, Berl.Sitzb.1927.158 ([place name] Cyrene), etc., and [full] ὅπει IG12(3).248.11 ([place name] Anaphe), etc. ; [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὄππα ib. 12(2).645a47. Theoc.28.4 ; but [full] ὄππᾳ prob. in Alc.Supp.1A.4 ; [dialect] Ion. [full] ὅκη (better ὅκῃ) Hdt. (v. infr.):—Adv., relat. and indirect interrog.:

I of Place, by which or what way, in which or what direction or part: sts. nearly = ὅπου, where, Il.22.321, Od.9.457 ; εἰρωτᾶν ὅκῃ εἴη v. l. in Hdt.5.87; ὅππῃ τ' ἰθύσῃ, τῇ τ' εἴκουσι στίχες ἀνδρῶν to whatever point.., at that point.., Il.12.48 ;

ὅκῃ ἰθύσειε στρατεύεσθαι Hdt.1.204

, cf. 2.146 ;

ἀμηχανῶ.. ὅπᾳ τράπωμαι A.Ag. 1532

(lyr.);

ἐμβαλοῦ μ' ὅπῃ θέλεις S.Ph. 481

codd.

II of Manner, in what way, how, as,

ὅπῃ νόος ἐστὶν ἑκάστου Il.20.25

, cf. Od.1.347 : more freq. in Trag. and [dialect] Att., as A.Pr. 586, 906 (both lyr.), Ag.67 (anap.), al., Th.1.129, Lys. 14.4, etc.: joined with

ὅπως, ὅπῃ ἔχει καὶ ὅπως Pl.R. 612a

, cf. Lg. 899a, 899b, etc. ;

ὅπῃ ἔτυχεν Arist.GA 743a21

(v.l. ὅπου) ; ὅπῃ ἄν, with subj., ὅπῃ ἂν δοκῇ ἀμφοτέροις Foed. ap. Th.5.18 ; ὅπᾳ κα δικαιότατα [dialect] Dor.Foed. ap. eund.5.79, cf. 8.56 ;

ἔστιν ὅπῃ

in a way,

Pl.Prt. 331d

; ἔσθ' ὅπῃ.. ; Id.R. 486b ;

οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπῃ Aeschin.3.209

(as v. l.).

III with other Particles,

ὅπῃ δή Il.22.185

, etc. ; ὅπῃ ποτέ in what possible direction or manner, Pl.Sph. 231c, R. 372e ;

ὅπῃ δή ποτε Id.Ep. 338a

: c. gen.,

τοὺς ὅπῃ ποτὲ κατοικοῦντας Εὐρώπης Plu.Per.17

; ὅπῃ οὖν or ὁπῃοῦν, in any direction or way whatever, Pl.Prt. 353d, Lg. 950a ;

ὁπῃγοῦν Id.Tht. 187d

(fort. ὁπῃτιοῦν, cf. Ap. 35b); ὅπῃπερ, ὅπῃπερ ἄν, S.OT 1458 (as v. l.), Pl.Sph. 251a, Ti. 45c, etc.; cf. ὁπωστιοῦν.

ὑπομένω, [tense] fut. - μενῶ cj. in Epicur.Ep.1p.7U.:—

A stay behind, Od.10.232, 258, Th.5.14, Lys.13.12, etc.;

ἐν Σπάρτῃ Hdt.6.51

, 7.209; ὑπομεινον

ἕως ἂν παραγένηται PSI4.322.4

(iii B. C.): also, remain alive, Hdt.4.149: of things, to be left behind, remain,

ὑπέμεινε τὸ παχύτερον Gal.7.664

, cf. Sor.1.88, al.: generally, to be permanent, Arist.Cat. 5a28.

II trans.,

1 c. acc. pers., abide or await another,

διὰ τοῦτό σε οὐχ ὑπέμενον X.An.4.1.21

; esp. await his attack, bide the onset, Il.14.488, 16.814, al., Hdt.3.9, 4.3, al., App.BC5.81; ὑ. τὰς Σειρῆνας abide their presence, X.Mem.2.6.31; of evils,

κακῶν ὅσα ἡμᾶς ἐν ὑστέρῳ χρόνῳ ὑ. Pl.Phdr. 250c

, cf. Plb.1.81.3.

2 c. acc. rei, to be patient under, abide patiently, submit to any evil that threatens one,

δουλείαν Th.1.8

;

πόνον X.Mem.2.1.3

;

ἀλγηδόνα Pl. Grg. 478c

;

αἰσχρόν τι Id.Ap. 28c

, cf. Ti. 49e;

δούλειον ζυγόν Id.Lg. 770e

;

τοὺς ἄλλους λόγους Isoc.8.65

; face,

τὴν μέλλουσαν δουληΐην Hdt. 6.12

;

τὸ ἀγώνισμα τόλμης δεῖται τὸν κίνδυνον ὑπομεῖναι Gorg.8

, cf. Isoc. 6.70;

ἀπειλάς D.21.3

; face up to,

λόγον Pl.Hp.Ma. 298d

; οὐχὑπέμειναν τὰς δωρεάς they could not abide the gifts, i. e. scorned to accept them, Isoc.4.94; ὑ. τὴν κρίσιν await one's trial, Aeschin.2.6, cf. And.1.121, Lys.20.6: generally, wait for,

τὴν ἑορτήν Th.5.50

; μακρὸν οὐχ ὑπέμεινεν ὄλβον could not endure his great bliss, i. e. it turned his head, Pi.P.2.26.

3 abs., stand one's ground, stand firm, Il.5.498, 15.312, Hdt.6.96;

ἐς ἀλκὴν ὑ. Th.3.108

;

ἐς χεῖρας Id.5.72

;

ἀνδρικῶς ὑ. Pl.Tht. 177b

; ὑπομένων καρτερεῖν endure patiently, Id.Grg. 507b;

ὑ. καὶ καρτερεῖν Id.La. 193a

.

4 c. inf., submit, bear, or dare to do a thing, wait to do, οὐδ' ὑπέμεινε γνώμεναι he did not wait for us to know him, Od.1.410; ὑ. πονεῖν he submitted to toil, X.Mem.2.2.5, cf. 2.7.11, Pl.Lg. 869c, D.18.204, PCair.Zen.8.22 (iii B. C.), Phld.Ir. p.46 W., etc.;

ἀξιωθεὶς ὑπέμεινε γυμνασιαρχῆσαι IG12(3).331.16

(Thera, iii/ii B. C.).

5 with part. relating to the subject, εἰ ὑπομενέουσι χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ἀνταειρόμενοι if they shall dare to lift hand against me, Hdt.7.101, cf. 209; ὑπομένεις με κηδεύων you persist in.., S.OT 1323 (lyr.); οὐχ ὑπομένει ὠφελούμενος he submits not to be helped, Pl.Grg. 505c;

πολύποδες ὑ. τεμνόμενοι Arist.HA 534b28

.

6 with part. relating to the object, ὑ. Ξέρξην ἐπιόντα await his coming, Hdt. 7.120, cf. Pl.Phd. 104c, Mx. 241a; οὐ.. γὰρ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ χωριζόμενον τὸ βρέφος ὑπέμενεν (sc. τὸ θηρίον) it (the elephant) could not bear the infant's being removed, Phylarch.36 J.: c. gen. part., φιλοῦντος ὑ. submit to his kissing, Ael.VH12.1.

7 in App.BC5.54, ὑ. τῇ Ἀντωνίου γνώμῃ is prob. f. l. for ἐπιμεμενηκώς.

8 promise, c. [tense] fut. inf., Iamb.VP8.36.

9 admit of, like δέχομαι 111.3, D.H.Isoc.2;

φοινίκων βάλανοι αἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρειαν.. οὐδὲ τὴν ἀπόθεσιν ὑπομένουσιν Gal.Vict.Att.12

.

10 τὴν ναυτίαν οὐχ ὑπομένουσιν do not suffer from seasickness, Sor.1.49; ἀλλοκότους φαντασίας τῆς ψυχῆς ὑπομενούσης experiencing, ib.39, cf. 31, al.; ὅταν ἔμφραξιν ὑπομένῃ ὁ πόρος χωρὶς αἰτίας undergoes obstruction, Aët.7.50.

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: ἡ κεφαλή, καὶ ἀκροστόλιον; κραῖροι στόλοι νεῶν, μέτωπα, κεφαλαί H.

Compounds: Further only as 2, member: ὀρθό-κραιρα `with upright standing horns, beaks' ( βοῶν, νεῶν ὀρθο-κραιράων Hom., verse-end); ἐυ-κραιρα `with beautiful horns' (βουσὶν ἐϋκραίρῃσιν h. Merc. 209); ἡμί-κραιρα `half head, half-head' (com., inscr.); μελάγ-κραιρα `with black heads' (Lyc., [Arist.] Mir.); δί-κραιρα `forked' (A. R.). - εὔ-κραιρος f. (A., Opp., Tryph.; as v. l. h. Merc. 209); ὀρθό-κραιρος f. (AP); τανύ-κραιρος m. f. `with long horns' (AP, Opp.); δί-κραιρος m. `twohorned' (AP); βοό-, ἰσό-, ὁμό- κραιρος (Nonn.). With transfer to the nom. in - ης, - ητος: εὑκραίρης (Max. 84).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [574] *ḱerh₂- `head, horn'

Etymology: The apparent simplices κραῖρα and κραῖρος are clearly taken from compp. Old is only the feminine form - κραιρα. To this was after the other compound adj. created a genus-indifferent - κραιρος, which eventually survived. - As feminines ὀρθό-κραιρα etc. agree with formations like πίειρα, πρῳ̃ρα, which with ια-suffix were built to an ρ-stem, which itself variated with an ν-stem ( πίων, πρώων) and also could change with an σ-stem (Skt. pī́vas- n. `fat' beside πίων, πίειρα; κῦδος: κυδρός: κυδαίνω). That - κραιρα belongs to κέρας (, κάρα)̄, orig. σ-stem, is since long recognized; as basic form we can posit * krh₂-s-r-ih₂ \> *κρᾱh-αρ-yα; the -ᾱ- was regularly shortened before -ρι̯-. Thus, but with several modifications, Danielsson Gramm. u. et. Stud. 1, 33f., Wackernagel BB 4, 312, Brugmann MU 2, 242f. a. IF 18, 432 n. 1, Bechtel Lex. Recently this very complicated form was extensively discussed in Nussbaum, Head and Horn (1985) 222-247,

See also: s. ὀρθόκραιρα.

Page in Frisk: 2,4-5

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: son of Laertes and Antikleia, king of the island Ithaka (Il.).

Other forms: ep. also Όδυσεύς (metr. shortening?; cf. on Άχιλλεύς). Several byforms with λ (cf. Schwyzer 209 a. 333, Heubeck Praegraeca 24ff.): Όλυσ(σ)εύς, Όλυτ(τ)εύς, Όλισεύς a.o. (vase-inscr.), Οὑλιξεύς (Hdn. Gr.), Lat. Ulixēs; the δ-form is only epic-liter. ascertained.

Derivatives: Όδυσήϊος (σ 353). Όδύσσεια f. `the Odyssey' (Hdt., Pl.) with Όδυσσειακός `belonging to Od.' (Hdn. Gr., sch.), τὰ Όδύσσεια `Odyssean games' (Magn. Mae. III^a); Όλισ-σεῖδαι pl. m. name of a family ( φράτρα) in Thebes and Argos (inscr.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: By the ep. poets (e.g. τ 407 ff.) folketymologicallu connected with ὀδύσσομαι (Linde Glotta 13, 223, Risch Eumusia [Festschr. Howald 1947] 82 f., Stanford ClassPhil. 47, 209 ff.). Modern interpreters sought the origin of the name partly in the Greek West or on the continent, partly in Asia Minor. For western, Illyrian-Epirotic origin Helbig Herm. 11, 281 (doubts by Kretschmer Einl. 280ff. with Ed. Meyer), Krahe IF 49, 143, v. Windekens Herm. 86, 121 ff. (w. lit.); for continental origin Bosshardt 138 f. (also on the phonetics); for Asia Minor Hrozný Arch. Or. 1, 338, Gemser Arch. f. Orientforsch. 3, 183 (from Babyl. Hitt. Ul(l)uš?; on this Kretschmer Glotta 18, 215), Kretschmer Glotta 28, 253 a. 278 (Odysseus as Anatoliian Heros to Hatt. Λύξης, Lyd. Λίξος). Quite doubtful attempts, to connect the namen Όδυσσεύς with the name of his maternal gransfather Αὑτόλυκος, by Bolling AmJPh 27, 65 ff., Lang. 29, 293 f. and by v. Windekens l. c. Combinations to be rejected by Theander Eranos 15, 137 ff., Carnoy Muséon 44, 319ff., Focke Saeculum 2, 589f. - The name is of course typically Pre-Greek (Furnée index).

Page in Frisk: 2,351-352

θεός, οῦ (Hom.+; Herm. Wr.; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph.) ὁ and ἡ, voc. θεέ (Pisidian ins [JHS 22, 1902, 355] θέ; PGM 4, 218 θεὲ θεῶν; 7, 529 κύριε θεὲ μέγιστε; 12, 120 κύριε θεέ; 13, 997; LXX [Thackeray 145; PKatz, Philo’s Bible ’50, 152f]; ApcMos 42; Jos., Ant. 14, 24 ὦ θεὲ βασιλεῦ τ. ὅλων; SibOr 13, 172 βασιλεῦ κόσμου θεέ) Mt 27:46, more frequently (s. 2 and 3c, h below) ὁ θεός (LXX; ParJer 6:12; ApcEsdr 7:5; ApcMos 32; B-D-F §147, 3m; JWackernagel, Über einige antike Anredeformen 1912; Mlt-H. 120). On the inclusion or omission of the art. gener. s. W-S. §19, 13d; B-D-F §254, 1; 268, 2; Rob. 758; 761; 780; 786; 795; Mlt-Turner 174; BWeiss, D. Gebr. des Artikels bei den Gottesnamen, StKr 84, 1911, 319–92; 503–38 (also published separately). The sg. article freq. suggests personal claim on a deity. ‘God, god’.

① In the Gr-Rom. world the term θεός primarily refers to a transcendent being who exercises extraordinary control in human affairs or is responsible for bestowal of unusual benefits, deity, god, goddess (s. on θεά) Ac 28:6; 2 Th 2:4 (cp. SibOr 5, 34 ἰσάζων θεῷ αὐτόν; Ar. 4, 1 οὐκ εἰσὶ θεοί; Tat. 10, 1 θεὸς … κύκνος γίνεται …; Ath. 18, 3 θεός τις δισώματος); θεὸς Ῥαιφάν Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26; s. entry Ῥαιφάν). οὐδεὶς θεὸς εἰ μὴ εἷς there is no god but one 1 Cor 8:4 (cp. AcPl Ha 1, 17 restored). θεοῦ φωνὴ καὶ οὐκ ἀνθρώπου Ac 12:22.—ἡ θεός the (female) god, goddess (Att., later more rarely; Peripl. Eryth. c. 58; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 17, 2; SIG 695, 28; ins, one of which refers to Artemis, in Hauser p. 81f; Jos., Ant. 9, 19; Ar. 11, 2 [Artemis]; Ath. 29, 2 [Ino]) Ac 19:37.—Pl. Ac 7:40 (Ex 32:1). Cp. 14:11; 19:26; PtK 2 p. 14, 21. εἴπερ εἰσὶν λεγόμενοι θεοί even if there are so-called gods 1 Cor 8:5a; s. vs. 5b (on θεοὶ πολλοί cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 149.—Maximus Tyr. 11, 5a: θ. πολλοί w. εἷς θ. πατήρ). οἱ φύσει μὴ ὄντες θεοί those who by nature are not really gods Gal 4:8b (cp. Ar. 4, 2 μὴ εἶναι τὸν οὐρανὸν θεόν al.). θεοὶ … λίθινοι etc. AcPl Ha 1, 18 (cp. JosAs 10:13 τοὺς χρυσοῦς καὶ ἀργυροῦς). Of the devil μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15.

② Some writings in our lit. use the word θ. w. ref. to Christ (without necessarily equating Christ with the Father, and therefore in harmony w. the Shema of Israel Dt 6:4; cp. Mk 10:18 and 4a below), though the interpretation of some of the pass. is in debate. In Mosaic and Gr-Rom. traditions the fundamental semantic component in the understanding of deity is the factor of performance, namely saviorhood or extraordinary contributions to one’s society. Dg. 10:6 defines the ancient perspective: ὸ̔ς ἃ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ λάβων ἔχει, ταῦτα τοῖς ἐπιδεομένοις χορηγῶν, θεὸς γίνεται τῶν λαμβανάντων one who ministers to the needy what one has received from God proves to be a god to the recipients (cp. Sb III, 6263, 27f of a mother). Such understanding led to the extension of the mng. of θ. to pers. who elicit special reverence (cp. pass. under 4 below; a similar development can be observed in the use of σέβομαι and cognates). In Ro 9:5 the interpr. is complicated by demand of punctuation marks in printed texts. If a period is placed before ὁ ὢν κτλ., the doxology refers to God as defined in Israel (so EAbbot, JBL 1, 1881, 81–154; 3, 1883, 90–112; RLipsius; HHoltzmann, Ntl. Theol.² II 1911, 99f; EGünther, StKr 73, 1900, 636–44; FBurkitt, JTS 5, 1904, 451–55; Jülicher; PFeine, Theol. d. NTs⁶ ’34, 176 et al.; RSV text; NRSV mg.). A special consideration in favor of this interpretation is the status assigned to Christ in 1 Cor 15:25–28 and the probability that Paul is not likely to have violated the injunction in Dt 5:7.—If a comma is used in the same place, the reference is to Christ (so BWeiss; EBröse, NKZ 10, 1899, 645–57 et al.; NRSV text; RSV mg. S. also εἰμί 1.—Undecided: THaering.—The transposition by the Socinian scholar JSchlichting [died 1661] ὧν ὁ=‘to whom belongs’ was revived by JWeiss, D. Urchristentum 1917, 363; WWrede, Pls 1905, 82; CStrömman, ZNW 8, 1907, 319f). In 2 Pt 1:1; 1J 5:20 the interpretation is open to question (but cp. ISmyrna McCabe.0010, 100 ὁ θεὸς καὶ σωτὴρ Ἀντίοχος). In any event, θ. certainly refers to Christ, as one who manifests primary characteristics of deity, in the foll. NT pass.: J 1:1b (w. ὁ θεός 1:1a, which refers to God in the monotheistic context of Israel’s tradition. On the problem raised by such attribution s. J 10:34 [cp. Ex 7:1; Ps 81:6]; on θεός w. and without the article, acc. to whether it means God or the Logos, s. Philo, Somn. 1, 229f; JGriffiths, ET 62, ’50/51, 314–16; BMetzger, ET 63, ’51/52, 125f), 18b. ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου my Lord and my God! (nom. w. art.=voc.; s. beg. of this entry.—On a resurrection as proof of divinity cp. Diog. L. 8, 41, who quotes Hermippus: Pythagoras returns from a journey to Hades and appears among his followers [εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν], and they consider him θεῖόν τινα) J 20:28 (on the combination of κύριος and θεός s. 3c below). Tit 2:13 (μέγας θ.). Hb 1:8, 9 (in a quot. fr. Ps 44:7, 8). S. TGlasson, NTS 12, ’66, 270–72. Jd 5 P⁷². But above all Ignatius calls Christ θεός in many pass.: θεὸς Ἰησοῦς Χριστός ITr 7:1; Χριστὸς θεός ISm 10:1. ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν IEph ins; 15:3; 18:2; IRo ins (twice); 3:3; IPol 8:3; τὸ πάθος τοῦ θεοῦ μου IRo 6:3. ἐν αἵματι θεοῦ IEph 1:1. ἐν σαρκὶ γενόμενος θεός 7:2. θεὸς ἀνθρωπίνως φανερούμενος 19:3. θεὸς ὁ οὕτως ὑμᾶς σοφίσας ISm 1:1.—Hdb. exc. 193f; MRackl, Die Christologie d. hl. Ign. v. Ant. 1914. ὁ θεός μου Χριστὲ Ἰησοῦ AcPl Ha 3, 10; Χριστὸς Ἰησοῦς ὁ θ[εός] 6, 24; cp. ln. 34 (also cp. Just., A I, 63, 15, D. 63, 5 al.; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 24, 1; Mel., P. 4, 28 al.).—SLösch, Deitas Jesu u. antike Apotheose ’33. Cp. AWlosk, Römischer Kaiserkult ’78.

③ God in Israelite/Christian monotheistic perspective, God the predom. use, somet. with, somet. without the art.

ⓐ ὁ θεός Mt 1:23; 3:9; 5:8, 34; Mk 2:12; 10:18; 13:19 (cp. TestJob 37:4); Lk 2:13; J 3:2b; Ac 2:22b; Gal 2:6 al. With prep. εἰς τὸν θ. Ac 24:15. ἐκ τοῦ θ. J 8:42b, 47; 1J 3:9f; 4:1ff, 6f; 5:1, 4; 2 Cor 3:5; 5:18 al.; ἐν τῷ θ. Ro 5:11; Col 3:3 (Ath. 21, 1). ἔναντι τοῦ θ. Lk 1:8; ἐπὶ τὸν θ. Ac 15:19; 26:18, 20 (Just., D. 101, 1); ἐπὶ τῷ θ. Lk 1:47 (Just., D. 8, 2); παρὰ τοῦ θ. J 8:40 (Ar. 4, 2; Just., A I, 33, 6 al.; without art. Just., D. 69, 6 al.). παρὰ τῷ θ. Ro 2:13; 9:14 (Just., A I, 28, 3; Tat. 7, 1; Ath. 31, 2 al.); πρὸς τὸν θ. J 1:2; Ac 24:16; AcPl Ha 3, 8 (Just., D. 39, 1 al.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13 al.); τὰ πρὸς τὸν θ. Hb 2:17; 5:1; Ro 15:17 is acc. of respect: with respect to one’s relation to God or the things pert. to God, in God’s cause (s. B-D-F §160; Rob. 486. For τὰ πρὸς τ. θ. s. Soph., Phil. 1441; X., De Rep. Lac. 13, 11; Aristot., Pol. 1314b, 39; Lucian, Pro Imag. 8; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 109, 3 [III B.C.] εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς θεούς; Ex 4:16; 18:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 236 εὐσεβὴς τὰ πρὸς τ. θεόν). τὰ πρὸς τ[ὸν] θεὸν ἐτήρουσαν, when they were observant of matters pert. to God AcPl Ha 8, 13 (=τα π̣ρος θ̣̄ν̄| ἐτήρουσαν Ox 1602, 10f=BMM recto 16 restored after the preceding).

ⓑ without the art. Mt 6:24; Lk 2:14; 20:38; J 1:18a; Ro 8:8, 33b; 2 Cor 1:21; 5:19; Gal 2:19; 4:8f; 2 Th 1:8; Tit 1:16; 3:8; Hb 3:4; AcPl Ha 8, 20=BMM recto 25 (s. also HSanders’ rev. of Ox 1602, 26, in HTR 31, ’38, 79, n. 2, Ghent 62 verso, 6); AcPlCor 1:15; 2:19, 26. W. prep. ἀπὸ θεοῦ J 3:2a; 16:30 (Just., A II, 13, 4 τὸν … ἀπὸ ἀγεννήτου … θεοῦ λόγον). εἰς θεόν IPhld 1:2. ἐκ θεοῦ (Pind., O. 11, 10, P. 1, 41; Jos., Ant. 2, 164; Just., A I, 22, 2; Mel., P. 55, 404) Ac 5:39; 2 Cor 5:1; Phil 3:9. ἐν θεῷ J 8:21; Ro 2:17; Jd 1; AcPl Ha 1, 15; 2, 35. ἐπὶ θεόν AcPl Ha 2, 29 (cp. πρὸς θεόν Just., D. 138, 2). κατὰ θεόν acc. to God’s will (Appian, Iber. 19 §73; 23 §88; 26 §101, Liby. 6 §25, Bell. Civ. 4, 86 §364) Ro 8:27; 2 Cor 7:9ff; IEph 2:1. ἡ κατὰ θ. ἀγάπη godly love IMg 1:1; cp. 13:1; ITr 1:2. παρὰ θεῷ (Jos., Bell. 1, 635) Mt 19:26; Lk 2:52.

ⓒ w. gen. foll. or w. ἴδιος to denote a special relationship: ὁ θ. Ἀβραάμ Mt 22:32; Mk 12:26; Lk 20:37; Ac 3:13; 7:32 (all Ex 3:6). ὁ θ. (τοῦ) Ἰσραήλ (Ezk 44:2; JosAs 7:5) Mt 15:31; Lk 1:68; cp. Ac 13:17; 2 Cor 6:16; Hb 11:16. ὁ θ. μου Ro 1:8; 1 Cor 1:4; 2 Cor 12:21; Phil 1:3; 4:19; Phlm 4. OT κύριος ὁ θ. σου (ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν) Mt 4:7 (Dt 6:16); 22:37 (Dt 6:5); Mk 12:29 (Dt 6:4); Lk 1:16; 4:8 (Dt 6:13); 10:27 (Dt 6:5); Ac 2:39. ὁ κύριος καὶ ὁ θ. ἡμῶν Rv 4:11 (Just., D. 12, 3; the combination of κύριος and θεός is freq. in the OT: 2 Km 7:28; 3 Km 18:39; Jer 38:18; Zech 13:9; Ps 29:3; 34:23; 85:15; 87:2; TestAbr A 3 p. 79, 19 [Stone p. 6]; JosAs 3:4; 12:2 κύριε ὁ θ. τῶν αἰώνων. But s. also Epict. 2, 16, 13 κύριε ὁ θεός [GBreithaupt, Her. 62, 1927, 253–55], Herm. Wr.: Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/2, p. 172, 6 κύριε ὁ θεὸς ἡμῶν, the PGM ref. at the beg. of this entry, and the sacral uses τ. θεῷ κ. κυρίῳ Σοκνοπαίῳ [OGI 655, 3f—24 B.C.]; PTebt 284, 6; τῷ κυρίῳ θεῷ Ἀσκληπίῳ [Sb 159, 2]; deo domino Saturno [ins fr. imperial times fr. Thala in the prov. of Africa: BPhW 21, 1901, 475], also Suetonius, Domit. 13 dominus et deus noster [for the formulation s. 4a: PMich 209]; Ar. 15, 10; Just., D. 60, 3 al.) τὸν ἴδιον θ. AcPl Ha 3, 22.—ὁ θ. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χ. Eph 1:17.

ⓓ used w. πατήρ (s. πατήρ 6a) ὁ θ. καὶ πατὴρ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ Ro 15:6; 2 Cor 1:3; Eph 1:3; Col 1:3; 1 Pt 1:3. ὁ θ. καὶ πατὴρ ἡμῶν Gal 1:4; Phil 4:20; 1 Th 1:3; 3:11, 13. ὁ θ. καὶ πατήρ 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 5:20; Js 1:27. θ. πατήρ Phil 2:11; 1 Pt 1:2; cp. 1 Cor 8:6. ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ro 1:7b; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; Phlm 3; ἀπὸ θ. π. Gal 1:3 v.l.; Eph 6:23; 2 Th 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; παρὰ θεοῦ π. 2 Pt 1:17; 2J 3.

ⓔ w. gen. of what God brings about, in accordance w. the divine nature: ὁ θ. τῆς εἰρήνης Ro 15:33; 1 Th 5:23. τῆς ἐλπίδος the God fr. whom hope comes Ro 15:13. πάσης παρακλήσεως 2 Cor 1:3b. ὁ θ. τῆς ἀγάπης 13:11. ὁ θ. πάσης χάριτος 1 Pt 5:10. In οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀκαταστασίας ὁ θεός 1 Cor 14:33, θεός is to be supplied before ἀκατ.: for God is not a God of disorder.

ⓕ The gen. (τοῦ) θεοῦ is

α. subj. gen., extremely freq. depending on words like βασιλεία, δόξα, θέλημα, ἐντολή, εὐαγγέλιον, λόγος, ναός, οἶκος, πνεῦμα, υἱός, υἱοί, τέκνα and many others. Here prob. (s. β) belongs τὸ μωρὸν τ. θ. the (seeming) foolishness of G. 1 Cor 1:25 (s. B-D-F §263, 2).

β. obj. gen. ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θ. love for God Lk 11:42; J 5:42; ἡ προσευχὴ τοῦ θ. prayer to God Lk 6:12. πίστις θεοῦ faith in God Mk 11:22. φόβος θεοῦ fear of, reverence for God Ro 3:18 al. (s. φόβος 2bα) If 1 Cor 1:25 is to be placed here (s. α above), τὸ μωρὸν τ. θ. refers to apostolic allegiance to God, which is viewed by outsiders as folly.

γ. τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ the things, ways, thoughts, or secret purposes of God 1 Cor 2:11. φρονεῖν τὰ τ. θ. Mt 16:23; Mk 8:33 s. φρονέω 2b (ἀτιμάζοντας τὰ τοῦ θ. Just., D. 78, 10 al.). ἀποδιδόναι τὰ τ. θ. τῷ θεῷ give God what belongs to God Mt 22:21; Mk 12:17; Lk 20:25.

δ. Almost as a substitute for the adj. divine IMg 6:1f; 15 (cp. Ath. 21, 4 οὐδὲν ἔχων θεοῦ [of Zeus]).

ⓖ The dat. τῷ θεῷ (s. B-D-F §188, 2; 192; Rob. 538f; WHavers, Untersuchungen z. Kasussyntax d. indogerm. Sprachen 1911, 162ff) is

α. dat. of advantage (cp. e.g. Ath. 26, 3 ὡς ἐπηκόῳ θεῷ) for God 2 Cor 5:13. Perh. (s. β) ὅπλα δυνατὰ τῷ θ. 10:4. The dat. of Ro 6:10f rather expresses the possessor.

β. ethical dat. in the sight of God, hence w. superl. force (s. Beginn. IV, 75, on Ac 7:20) very: μεγάλοι τῷ θ. B 8:4 (cp. Jon 3:3). ἀστεῖος τῷ θ. Ac 7:20. Perh. (s. α) ὅπλα δυνατὰ τ. θ. weapons powerful in the sight of God 2 Cor 10:4. This idea is usu. expressed by ἐνώπιον τοῦ θ.

ⓗ ὁ θ. is used as a vocative Mk 15:34 (Ps 21:2. θεός twice at the beginning of the invocation of a prayer: Ael. Dion. θ, 8; Paus. Attic. θ, 7 ‘θεὸς θεός’ ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ἐπέλεγον ἐπιφημιζόμενοι); Lk 18:11; Hb 1:8 (Ps 44:7; MHarris, TynBull 36, ’85, 129–62); 10:7 (Ps 39:9); AcPl Ha 3, 10; 5, 12; 31. S. also 2 and 3c and the beg. of this entry.

ⓘ θ. τῶν αἰώνων s. αἰών 3 and 4; θ. αἰώνιος s. αἰώνιος 2; θ. ἀληθινός s. ἀληθινός 3b; εἷς ὁ θεός s. εἷς 2b; (ὁ) θ. (ὁ) ζῶν s. [ζάω] 1aε.—ὁ μόνος θεός the only God (4 Km 19:15, 19; Ps 85:10; Is 37:20; Da 3:45; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 1f; s. Norden, Agn. Th. 145) J 5:44 (some mss. lack τοῦ μόνου); 1 Ti 1:17.—ὁ μόνος ἀληθινὸς θ. (Demochares: 75 Fgm. 2 p. 135, 7 Jac. [in Athen. 6, 62, 253c] μόνος θ. ἀληθινός) J 17:3. cp. the sim. combinations w. μόνος θ. Ro 16:27; Jd 25. μόνος ὁ θεὸς μένει AcPl Ha 2, 27.—θ. σωτήρ s. σωτήρ 1.—OHoltzmann, D. chr. Gottesglaube, s. Vorgesch. u. Urgesch.1905; EvDobschütz, Rationales u. irrat. Denken über Gott im Urchristent.: StKr 95, 1924, 235–55; RHoffmann, D. Gottesbild Jesu ’34; PAlthaus, D. Bild Gottes b. Pls: ThBl 20, ’41, 81–92; Dodd 3–8; KRahner, Theos im NT: Bijdragen (Maastricht) 11, ’50, 212–36; 12, ’51, 24–52.

④ that which is nontranscendent but considered worthy of special reverence or respect, god (Artem. 2, 69 p. 161, 17: γονεῖς and διδάσκαλοι are like gods; Simplicius in Epict. p. 85, 27 acc. to ancient Roman custom children had to call their parents θεοί; s. 2 above and note on σέβομαι).

ⓐ of humans θεοί (as אֱלֹהִים) J 10:34f (Ps 81:6; humans are called θ. in the OT also Ex 7:1; 22:27; cp. Philo, Det. Pot. Insid. 161f, Somn. 1, 229, Mut. Nom. 128, Omn. Prob. Lib. 43, Mos. 1, 158, Decal. 120, Leg. All. 1, 40, Migr. Abr. 84). θ. γίνεται τῶν λαμβανόντων (a benefactor) proves to be a god to recipients Dg 10:6 (cp. Pliny, NH 2, 7, 18; s. 2 above, beg.—Aristot., Pol. 3, 8, 1, 1284a of the superior pers. as a god among humans; Arcesilaus [III B.C.] describes Crates and Polemo as θεοί τινες=‘a kind of gods’ [Diog. L. 4, 22]; Antiphanes says of the iambic poet Philoxenus: θεὸς ἐν ἀνθρώποισιν ἦν [Athen. 14, 50, 643d]; Diod S 1, 4, 7 and 5, 21, 2 of Caesar; for honors accorded Demetrius, s. IKertész, Bemerkungen zum Kult des Demetrios Poliorketes: Oikumene 2, ’78, 163–75 [lit.]; Dio Chrys. 30 [47], 5 Πυθαγόρας ἐτιμᾶτο ὡς θεός; Heliod. 4, 7, 8 σωτὴρ κ. θεός, addressed to a physician; BGU 1197, 1 [4 B.C.] a high official, and 1201, 1 [2 B.C.] a priest θεός and κύριος; PMich 209, 11f [II/III A.D.] οἶδας ἄδελφε, ὅτει οὐ μόνον ὧς ἀδελφόν σε ἔχω, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς πατέρα κ. κύριον κ. θεόν; Just., A I, 26, 2 [Σίμων] θεὸς ἐνομίσθη καὶ … ὡς θεὸς τετίμηται; Tat. 3, 2 μὴ θεὸς ὤν [Empedocles]; Ath. 30, 2 Ἀντίνους … ἔτυχε νομίζεσθαι θεός of benefactors in gener. AcJ 27 [Aa II/1, 166, 4]).—JEmerton, JTS 11, ’60, 329–32.

ⓑ of the belly (=appetite) as the god of certain people Phil 3:19 (cp. Athen. 3, 97c γάστρων καὶ κοιλιοδαίμων. Also Eupolis Com. [V B.C.] Fgm. 172 K. [in Athen. 3, 100b]; on the use of θ. in ref. to impersonal entities [e.g. Eur., Cyclops 316 of wealth as a god] s. DDD 693f).

⑤ of the devil ὁ θ. τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου 2 Cor 4:4 (s. αἰών 2a and WMüllensiefen, StKr 95, 1924, 295–99).—668–99. RAC XI 1202–78; XII 81–154; B. 1464. LfgrE s.v. θεός col. 1001 (lit.). Schmidt, Syn. IV 1–21. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

πνεῦμα, ατος, τό (πνέω; Aeschyl., Pre-Socr., Hdt.+. On the history of the word s. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³ 308ff).

① air in movement, blowing, breathing (even the glowing exhalations of a volcanic crater: Diod S 5, 7, 3)

ⓐ wind (Aeschyl. et al.; LXX, EpArist, Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 343; 349; SibOr 8, 297) in wordplay τὸ πνεῦμα πνεῖ the wind blows J 3:8a (EpJer 60 πνεῦμα ἐν πάσῃ χώρᾳ πνεῖ. But s. TDonn, ET 66, ’54f, 32; JThomas, Restoration Qtrly 24, ’81, 219–24). ὀθόνη πλοίου ὑπὸ πνεύματος πληρουμένη MPol 15:2. Of God ὁ ποιῶν τοὺς ἀγγέλους αὐτοῦ πνεύματα who makes his angels winds Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both Ps 103:4).

ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath (Aeschyl. et al.; Pla., Tim. 79b; LXX) ὁ ἄνομος, ὅν ὁ κύριος Ἰησοῦς ἀνελεῖ τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ 2 Th 2:8 (cp. Is 11:4; Ps 32:6).

② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit (Aeschyl. et al.; Phoenix of Colophon 1, 16 [Coll. Alex. p. 231] πν.=a breathing entity [in contrast to becoming earth in death]; Polyb. 31, 10, 4; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 394b, 8ff; PHib 5, 54 [III B.C.]; PGM 4, 538; 658; 2499; LXX; TestAbr A 17 p. 98, 19 [Stone p. 44] al.; JosAs 19:3; SibOr 4, 46; Tat. 4:2) ἀφιέναι τὸ πνεῦμα give up one’s spirit, breathe one’s last (Eur., Hec. 571; Porphyr., Vi. Plotini 2) Mt 27:50. J says for this παραδιδόναι τὸ πν. 19:3 (cp. ApcMos 31 ἀποδῶ τὸ πν.; Just., D. 105, 5). Of the return of the (life-)spirit of a deceased person into her dead body ἐπέστρεψεν τὸ πν. αὐτῆς Lk 8:55 (cp. Jdg 15:19). εἰς χεῖράς σου παρατίθεμαι τὸ πν. μου into your hands I entrust my spirit 23:46 (Ps 30:6; for alleged focus on ἐλπίζειν s. EBons, BZ 38, ’94, 93–101). κύριε Ἰησοῦ, δέξαι τὸ πνεῦμά μου Ac 7:59; composite of both passages AcPl Ha 10, 23 (cp. ApcMos 42). τὸ πν. μου ὁ δεσπότης δέξεται GJs 23:3 (on the pneuma flying upward after death cp. Epicharm. in Vorsokrat. 23 [=13, 4th ed.], B 9 and 22; Eur., Suppl. 533 πνεῦμα μὲν πρὸς αἰθέρα, τὸ σῶμα δʼ ἐς γῆν; PGM 1, 177ff τελευτήσαντός σου τὸ σῶμα περιστελεῖ, σοῦ δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα … εἰς ἀέρα ἄξει σὺν αὑτῷ ‘when you are dead [the angel] will wrap your body … and take your spirit with him into the sky’). τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πν. νεκρόν ἐστιν Js 2:26. πν. ζωῆς ἐκ τ. θεοῦ εἰσῆλθεν ἐν αὐτοῖς (i.e. the prophet-witnesses who have been martyred) Rv 11:11 (cp. Ezk 37:10 v.l. εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτοὺς πνεῦμα ζωῆς; vs. 5). Of the spirit that animated the image of a beast, and enabled it to speak and to have Christians put to death 13:15.—After a person’s death, the πν. lives on as an independent being, in heaven πνεύματα δικαὶων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23 (cp. Da 3:86 εὐλογεῖτε, πνεύματα καὶ ψυχαὶ δικαίων, τὸν κύριον). According to non-biblical sources, the πν. are in the netherworld (cp. En 22:3–13; Sib Or 7, 127) or in the air (PGM 1, 178), where evil spirits can prevent them from ascending higher (s. ἀήρ2b). τοῖς ἐν φυλακῇ πνεύμασιν πορευθεὶς ἐκήρυξεν 1 Pt 3:19 belongs here if it refers to Jesus’ preaching to the spirits of the dead confined in Hades (so Usteri et al.; s. also JMcCulloch, The Harrowing of Hell, 1930), whether it be when he descended into Hades, or when he returned to heaven (so RBultmann, Bekenntnis u. Liedfragmente im 1 Pt: ConNeot11, ’47, 1–14).—CClemen, Niedergefahren zu den Toten 1900; JTurmel, La Descente du Christ aux enfers 1905; JMonnier, La Descente aux enfers 1906; HHoltzmann, ARW 11, 1908, 285–97; KGschwind, Die Niederfahrt Christi in die Unterwelt 1911; DPlooij, De Descensus in 1 Pt 3:19 en 4:6: TT 47, 1913, 145–62; JBernard, The Descent into Hades a Christian Baptism (on 1 Pt 3:19ff): Exp. 8th ser., 11, 1916, 241–74; CSchmidt, Gespräche Jesu mit seinen Jüngern: TU 43, 1919, 452ff; JFrings, BZ 17, 1926, 75–88; JKroll, Gott u. Hölle ’32; RGanschinietz, Katabasis: Pauly-W. X/2, 1919, 2359–449; Clemen² 89–96; WBieder, Die Vorstellung v. d. Höllenfahrt Jesu Chr. ’49; SJohnson, JBL 79, ’60, 48–51; WDalton, Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits ’65. S. also the lit. in Windisch, Hdb.² 1930, exc. on 1 Pt 3:20; ESelwyn, The First Ep. of St. Peter ’46 and 4c below.—This is prob. also the place for θανατωθεὶς μὲν σαρκὶ ζωοποιηθεὶς δὲ πνεύματι• ἐν ᾧ καὶ … 1 Pt 3:18f (some mss. read πνεύματι instead of πνεύμασιν in vs. 19, evidently in ref. to the manner of Jesus’ movement; πνεῦμα is that part of Christ which, in contrast to σάρξ, did not pass away in death, but survived as an individual entity after death; s. ἐν 7). Likew. the contrast κατὰ σάρκα … κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 1:3f. Cp. 1 Ti 3:16.

③ a part of human personality, spirit

ⓐ when used with σάρξ, the flesh, it denotes the immaterial part 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5. Flesh and spirit=the whole personality, in its outer and inner aspects, oft. in Ign.: IMg 1:2; 13:1a; ITr ins; 12:1; IRo ins; ISm 1:1; IPol 5:1; AcPl Ant 13, 18 (=Aa I 237, 3).—In the same sense beside σῶμα, the body (Simplicius, In Epict. p. 50, 1; Ps.-Phoc. 106f; PGM 1, 178) 1 Cor 5:3–5; 7:34.—The inner life of humans is divided into ψυχὴ καὶ πνεῦμα (cp. Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 10 p. 370c τὶ θεῖον ὄντως ἐνῆν πνεῦμα τῇ ψυχῇ=a divine spirit was actually in the soul; Wsd 15:11; Jos., Ant. 1, 34; Tat. 13, 2; 15, 1 et al.; Ath. 27, 1. S. also Herm. Wr. 10, 13; 16f; PGM 4, 627; 630. ἐκ τριῶν συνεστάναι λέγουσι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐκ ψυχῆς καὶ σώματος καὶ πνεύματος Did., Gen. 55, 14) Hb 4:12. Cp. Phil 1:27. τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ τὸ σῶμα 1 Th 5:23 (s. GMilligan, Thess. 1908, 78f; EvDobschütz in Meyer X⁷ 1909, 230ff; EBurton, Spirit, Soul, and Flesh 1918; AFestugière, La Trichotomie des 1 Th 5:23 et la Philos. gr.: RSR 20, 1930, 385–415; CMasson, RTP 33, ’45, 97–102; FGrant, An Introd. to NT Thought ’50, 161–66). σαρκί, ψυχῇ, πνεύματι IPhld 11:2.

ⓑ as the source and seat of insight, feeling, and will, gener. as the representative part of human inner life (cp. PGM 4, 627; 3 Km 20:5; Sir 9:9 al.; Just., D. 30, 1; Did., Gen. 232, 5) ἐπιγνοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ Mk 2:8. ἀναστενάξας τῷ πν. αὐτοῦ λέγει 8:12 (s. ἀναστενάζω). ἠγαλλίασεν τὸ πν. μου Lk 1:47 (in parallelism w. ψυχή vs. 46, as Sir 9:9). ἠγαλλιάσατο τῷ πν. 10:21 v.l., Ἰησοῦς ἐνεβριμήσατο τῷ πν. J 11:33 (s. ἐμβριμάομαι 3); Ἰης. ἐταράχθη τῷ πν. 13:21. παρωξύνετο τὸ πν. αὐτοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ Ac 17:16; ζέων τῷ πν. with spirit-fervor 18:25 (s. ζέω). τὸ παιδίον ἐκραταιοῦτο πνεύματι Lk 1:80; 2:40 v.l.; ἔθετο ὁ Παῦλος ἐν τῷ πν. Paul made up his mind Ac 19:21 (some would put this pass. in 6c, but cp. Lk 1:66 and analogous formulations Hom. et al. in L-S-J-M s.v. τίθημι A6). προσκυνήσουσιν τῷ πατρὶ ἐν πνεύματι of the spiritual, i.e. the pure, inner worship of God, that has nothing to do w. holy times, places, appurtenances, or ceremonies J 4:23; cp. vs. 24b. πν. συντετριμμένον (Ps 50:19) 1 Cl 18:17; 52:4.—2 Cl 20:4; Hv 3, 12, 2; 3, 13, 2.—This usage is also found in Paul. His conviction (s. 5 below) that the Christian possesses the (divine) πνεῦμα and thus is different fr. all other people, leads him to choose this word in preference to others, in order to characterize a believer’s inner being gener. ᾧ λατρεύω ἐν τῷ πν. μου Ro 1:9. οὐκ ἔσχηκα ἄνεσιν τῷ πν. μου 2 Cor 2:13. Cp. 7:13. As a matter of fact, it can mean simply a person’s very self or ego: τὸ πνεῦμα συμμαρτυρεῖ τῷ πνεύματι ἡμῶν the Spirit (of God) bears witness to our very self Ro 8:16 (cp. PGM 12, 327 ἠκούσθη μου τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπὸ πνεύματος οὐρανοῦ). ἀνέπαυσαν τὸ ἐμὸν πν. καὶ τὸ ὑμῶν they have refreshed both me and you 1 Cor 16:18. ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰ. Χρ. μετά τοῦ πν. (ὑμῶν) Gal 6:18; Phil 4:23; Phlm 25. Cp. 2 Ti 4:22. Likew. in Ign. τὸ ἐμὸν πν. my (unworthy) self IEph 18:1; IRo 9:3; cp. 1 Cor 2:11a—On the relation of the divine Spirit to the believer’s spiritual self, s. SWollenweider, Der Geist Gottes als Selbst der Glaubenden: ZTK 93, ’96, 163–92.—Only a part of the inner life, i.e. that which concerns the will, is meant in τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. That which is inferior, anxiety, fear of suffering, etc. is attributed to the σάρξ.—The mng. of the expr. οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι Mt 5:3 is difficult to determine w. certainty (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a πένης ἀνὴρ τὴν ψυχήν. The dat. as τῇ ψυχῇ M. Ant. 6, 52; 8, 51). The sense is prob. those who are poor in their inner life, because they do not have a misdirected pride in their own spiritual riches (s. AKlöpper, Über den Sinn u. die ursprgl. Form der ersten Seligpreisung der Bergpredigt bei Mt: ZWT 37, 1894, 175–91; RKabisch, Die erste Seligpreisung: StKr 69, 1896, 195–215; KKöhler, Die ursprgl. Form der Seligpreisungen: StKr 91, 1918, 157–92; JBoehmer, De Schatkamer 17, 1923, 11–16, TT [Copenhagen] 4, 1924, 195–207, JBL 45, 1926, 298–304; WMacgregor, ET 39, 1928, 293–97; VMacchioro, JR 12, ’32, 40–49; EEvans, Theology 47, ’44, 55–60; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 134ff; Betz, SM 116 n. 178 for Qumran reff.).

ⓒ spiritual state, state of mind, disposition ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητος with love and a gentle spirit 1 Cor 4:21; cp. Gal 6:1. τὸ πν. τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν Eph 4:23 (s. νοῦς 2a). ἐν τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος with the imperishable (gift) of a quiet disposition 1 Pt 3:4.

④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit (ELangton, Good and Evil Spirits ’42).

ⓐ God personally: πνεῦμα ὁ θεός J 4:24a (Ath. 16, 2; on God as a spirit, esp. in the Stoa, s. MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48/49. Hdb. ad loc. Also Celsus 6, 71 [Stoic]; Herm. Wr. 18, 3 ἀκάματον μέν ἐστι πνεῦμα ὁ θεός).

ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings (cp. CIG III, 5858b δαίμονες καὶ πνεύματα; Proclus on Pla., Cratyl. p. 69, 6; 12 Pasqu.; En 15:4; 6; 8; 10; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15f [Stone p. 10, 15f] πάντα τὰ ἐπουράνια πνεύματα; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82] ὑψηλὸν πν.; PGM 3, 8 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, ἱερὸν πνεῦμα; 4, 1448; 3080; 12, 249) πνεῦμα w. ἄγγελος (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 108; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 33; 8, 12) Ac 23:8f. God is ὁ παντὸς πνεύματος κτίστης καὶ ἐπίσκοπος 1 Cl 59:3b.—Pl., God the μόνος εὐεργέτης πνεύματων 1 Cl 59:3a. Cp. 64 (s. on this Num 16:22; 27:16. Prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia [Dssm., LO 351–55=LAE 423ff=SIG 1181, 2] τὸν θεὸν τὸν κύριον τῶν πνευμάτων; PGM 5, 467 θεὸς θεῶν, ὁ κύριος τῶν πν.; sim. the magic pap PWarr 21, 24; 26 [III A.D.]); the πατὴρ τῶν πνευμάτων Hb 12:9. Intermediary beings (in polytheistic terminology: δαίμονες) that serve God are called λειτουργικὰ πνεύματα Hb 1:14. In Rv we read of the ἑπτὰ πνεύματα (τοῦ θεοῦ) 1:4; 3:1; 4:5; 5:6; s. ASkrinjar, Biblica 16, ’35, 1–24; 113–40.— Ghost Lk 24:37, 39.

ⓒ evil spirits (PGM 13, 798; 36, 160; TestJob 27, 2; ApcSed [both Satan]; AscIs 3:28; Just., D. 39, 6 al.; Ath. 25, 3), esp. in accounts of healing in the Synoptics: (τὸ) πνεῦμα (τὸ) ἀκάθαρτον (Just., D. 82, 3) Mt 12:43; Mk 1:23, 26; 3:30; 5:2, 8; 7:25; 9:25a; Lk 8:29; 9:42; 11:24; Rv 18:2. Pl. (TestBenj 5:2) Mt 10:1; Mk 1:27; 3:11; 5:13; 6:7; Lk 4:36; 6:18; Ac 5:16; 8:7; Rv 16:13; ending of Mk in the Freer ms.—τὸ πν. τὸ πονηρόν Ac 19:15f. Pl. (En 99:7; TestSim 4:9; 6:6, TestJud 16:1; Just., D. 76, 6) Lk 7:21; 8:2; Ac 19:12f.—πν. ἄλαλον Mk 9:17; cp. vs. 25b (s. ἄλαλος). πν. πύθων Ac 16:16 (s. πύθων). πν. ἀσθενείας Lk 13:11. Cp. 1 Ti 4:1b. πνεῦμα δαιμονίου ἀκαθάρτου (s. δαιμόνιον 2) Lk 4:33. πνεύματα δαιμονίων Rv 16:14 (in effect = personified ‘exhalations’ of evil powers; for the combination of πν. and δαιμ. cp. the love spell Sb 4324, 16f τὰ πνεύματα τῶν δαιμόνων τούτων).—Abs. of a harmful spirit Mk 9:20; Lk 9:39; Ac 16:18. Pl. Mt 8:16; 12:45; Lk 10:20; 11:26.—1 Pt 3:19 (s. 2 above) belongs here if the πνεύματα refer to hostile spirit-powers, evil spirits, fallen angels (so FSpitta, Christi Predigt an die Geister 1890; HGunkel, Zum religionsgesch. Verständnis des NT 1903, 72f; WBousset, ZNW 19, 1920, 50–66; Rtzst., Herr der Grösse 1919, 25ff; Knopf, Windisch, FHauck ad loc.; BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, esp. 54–56, 69).—Hermas also has the concept of evil spirits that lead an independent existence, and live and reign within the inner life of a pers.; the Holy Spirit, who also lives or would like to live there, is forced out by them (cp. TestDan 4) Hm 5, 1, 2–4; 5, 2, 5–8; 10, 1, 2. τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον … ἕτερον πονηρὸν πν. 5, 1, 2. These πνεύματα are ὀξυχολία 5, 1, 3; 5, 2, 8 (τὸ πονηρότατον πν.); 10, 1, 2; διψυχία 9:11 (ἐπίγειον πν. ἐστι παρὰ τοῦ διαβόλου); 10, 1, 2; λύπη 10, 1, 2 (πάντων τῶν πνευμάτων πονηροτέρα) and other vices. On the complicated pneuma-concept of the Mandates of Hermas s. MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hm 5, 2, 7; cp. Leutzsch, Hermas 453f n. 133.

⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit as that which differentiates God fr. everything that is not God, as the divine power that produces all divine existence, as the divine element in which all divine life is carried on, as the bearer of every application of the divine will. All those who belong to God possess or receive this spirit and hence have a share in God’s life. This spirit also serves to distinguish Christians fr. all unbelievers (cp. PGM 4, 1121ff, where the spirit is greeted as one who enters devotees and, in accordance w. God’s will, separates them fr. themselves, i.e. fr. the purely human part of their nature); for this latter aspect s. esp. 6 below.

ⓐ the Spirit of God, of the Lord (=God) etc. (LXX; TestSim 4:4; JosAs 8:11; ApcSed 14:6; 15:6; ApcMos 43; SibOr 3, 701; Ps.-Phoc. 106; Philo; Joseph. [s. c below]; apolog. Cp. Plut., Numa 4, 6 πνεῦμα θεοῦ, capable of begetting children; s. παρθένος a) τὸ πν. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:11b, 14; 3:16; 6:11; 1J 4:2a (Just., D. 49, 3; Tat. 13, 3; Ath. 22, 3). τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ πν. 1 Pt 4:14 (Just., A I, 60, 6). τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12b. τὸ πν. κυρίου Ac 5:9; B 6:14; B 9:2 (cp. Mel., P. 32, 222). τὸ πνεῦμά μου or αὐτοῦ: Mt 12:18 (Is 42:1); Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f.—Cp. 1QS 4:21); 1 Cor 2:10a v.l.; Eph 3:16; 1 Th 4:8 (where τὸ ἅγιον is added); 1J 4:13.—τὸ πν. τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν Mt 10:20. τὸ πν. τοῦ ἐγείραντος τὸν Ἰησοῦν Ro 8:11a.—Without the art. πν. θεοῦ (JosAs 4:9; Tat. 15:3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 5 [p. 66, 18]) the Spirit of God Mt 3:16; 12:28; Ro 8:9b, 14, 19; 1 Cor 7:40; 12:3a; 2 Cor 3:3 (πν. θεοῦ ζῶντος); Phil 3:3. πν. κυρίου Lk 4:18 (Is 61:1); Ac 8:39 (like J 3:8; 20:22; Ac 2:4, this pass. belongs on the borderline betw. the mngs. ‘wind’ and ‘spirit’; cp. Diod S 3, 60, 3 Ἕσπερον ἐξαίφνης ὑπὸ πνευμάτων συναρπαγέντα μεγάλων ἄφαντον γενέσθαι ‘Hesperus [a son of Atlas] was suddenly snatched by strong winds and vanished fr. sight’. S. HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919, 19ff; OCullmann, TZ. 4, ’48, 364); 1 Cl 21:2.

ⓑ the Spirit of Christ, of the Lord (=Christ) etc. τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ Ac 16:7. τὸ πν. Χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:32. τὸ ἐν αὐτοῖς πν. Χριστοῦ 1 Pt 1:11. πν. Χριστοῦ Ro 8:9c. πν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ AcPl Ha 8, 18. ἀπὸ τοῦ πν. τοῦ χριστοῦ AcPlCor 2:10. τὸ πν. Ἰης. Χριστοῦ Phil 1:19. τὸ πν. κυρίου 2 Cor 3:17b (JHermann, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61). τὸ πν. τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ (=θεοῦ) Gal 4:6. As possessor of the divine Spirit, and at the same time controlling its distribution among humans, Christ is called κύριος πνεύματος Lord of the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18 (s. Windisch ad loc.); but many prefer to transl. from the Lord who is the Spirit.—CMoule, OCullmann Festschr., ’72, 231–37.

ⓒ Because of its heavenly origin and nature this Spirit is called (the) Holy Spirit (cp. PGM 4, 510 ἵνα πνεύσῃ ἐν ἐμοὶ τὸ ἱερὸν πνεῦμα.—Neither Philo nor Josephus called the Spirit πν. ἅγιον; the former used θεῖον or θεοῦ πν., the latter πν. θεῖον: Ant. 4, 118; 8, 408; 10, 239; but ἅγιον πνεῦμα Orig. C. Cels 1, 40, 16).

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον (Is 63:10f; Ps 50:13; 142:10 v.l.; cp. Sus 45 Theod.; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 10 [Stone p. 10]; JosAs 8:11 [codd. ADE]; AscIs 3, 15, 26; Just., D. 36, 6 al.) Mt 12:32 = Mk 3:29 = Lk 12:10 (τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα; on the ‘sin against the Holy Spirit’ s. HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 96–112; AFridrichsen, Le péché contre le Saint-Esprit: RHPR 3, 1923, 367–72). Mk 12:36; 13:11; Lk 2:26; 3:22; 10:21; J 14:26; Ac 1:16; 2:33; 5:3, 32; 7:51; 8:18 v.l.; 10:44, 47; 11:15; 13:2; 15:8, 28; 19:6; 20:23, 28; 21:11; 28:25; Eph 1:13 (τὸ πν. τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τὸ ἅγιον); 4:30 (τὸ πν. τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ); Hb 3:7; 9:8; 10:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 16:2; 18:11 (Ps 50:13); 22:1; IEph 9:1; Hs 5, 5, 2; 5, 6, 5–7 (on the relationship of the Holy Spirit to the Son in Hermas s. ALink, Christi Person u. Werk im Hirten des Hermas 1886; JvWalter, ZNW 14, 1913, 133–44; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. following Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 572–76).—τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα (Wsd 9:17; OdeSol 11:2; TestJob 51:2; ApcEsdr 7:16; Just. D. 25, 1 al.) Mt 28:19; Lk 12:10 (s. above), 12; Ac 1:8; 2:38 (epexegetic gen.); 4:31; 9:31; 10:45; 13:4; 16:6; 1 Cor 6:19; 2 Cor 13:13; 1J 5:7 v.l. (on the Comma Johanneum s. λόγο 3); GJs 24:4 (s. χρηματίζω 1bα). As the mother of Jesus GHb 20, 61 (HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion 1922, 64ff; SHirsch, D. Vorstellg. v. e. weibl. πνεῦμα ἅγ. im NT u. in d. ältesten christl. Lit. 1927. Also WBousset, Hauptprobleme der Gnosis 1907, 9ff).

β. without the art. (s. B-D-F §257, 2; Rob. 761; 795) πνεῦμα ἅγιον (PGM 3, 289; Da 5:12 LXX; PsSol 17:37; AssMos Fgm. b; Just., D. 4, 1 al.; Ath. 24, 1. S. also Da Theod. 4:8, 9, 18 θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἅγιον or πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἅγιον) Mk 1:8; Lk 1:15, 35, 41, 67; 2:25; 4:1; 11:13; J 20:22 (Cassien, La pentecôte johannique [J 20:19–23] ’39.—See also 1QS 4:20f); Ac 2:4a; 4:8; 7:55; 8:15, 17, 19; 9:17; 10:38; 11:24; 13:9; 19:2ab; Hb 2:4; 6:4; 1 Pt 1:12 v.l.; 1 Cl 2:2; AcPl 6:18; 9:4 (restored after Aa I 110, 11); AcPlCor 2:5.—So oft. in combination w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου Ac 1:2; 4:25; Ro 5:5; 2 Ti 1:14; 1 Cl 8:1 (cp. διὰ πν. αἰωνίου Hb 9:14). διὰ φωνῆς πν. ἁγίου AcPl Ha 11, 6. ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου (Eus., PE 3, 12, 3 of the Egyptians: ἐκ τ. πνεύματος οἴονται συλλαμβάνειν τὸν γῦπα. Here πνεῦμα= ‘wind’; s. Horapollo 1, 11 p. 14f. The same of other birds since Aristot.—On the neut. πνεῦμα as a masc. principle cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 13 of the two original principles: πατέρα μὲν φῶς, μητέρα δὲ σκότος) Mt 1:18, 20; IEph 18:2; GJs 14:2; 19:1 (pap). ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (PsSol 17:37; ApcZeph; Ar. 15, 1) Mt 3:11; Mk 1:8 v.l.; Lk 3:16; J 1:33b; Ac 1:5 (cp. 1QS 3:7f); 11:16; Ro 9:1; 14:17; 15:16; 1 Cor 12:3b; 2 Cor 6:6; 1 Th 1:5; 1 Pt 1:12 (without ἐν v.l.); Jd 20. ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου 2 Pt 1:21. Cp. ἐν δυνάμει πνεύματος ἁγίου Ro 15:13, 19 v.l. (for πνεύματος θεοῦ). μετὰ χαρᾶς πνεύματος ἁγίου 1 Th 1:6. διὰ ἀνακαινώσεως πνεύματος ἁγίου Tit 3:5.

ⓓ abs.

α. w. the art. τὸ πνεῦμα. In this connection the art. is perh. used anaphorically at times, w. the second mention of a word (s. B-D-F §252; Rob. 762); perh. Mt 12:31 (looking back to vs. 28 πν. θεοῦ); Mk 1:10, 12 (cp. vs. 8 πν. ἅγιον); Lk 4:1b, 14 (cp. vs. 1a); Ac 2:4b (cp. vs. 4a).—As a rule it is not possible to assume that anaphora is present: Mt 4:1; J 1:32, 33a; 3:6a, 8b (in wordplay), 34; 7:39a; Ac 8:29; 10:19; 11:12, 28; 19:1 D; 20:3 D, 22; 21:4; Ro 8:23 (ἀπαρχή 1bβ; 2), 26a, 27; 12:11; 15:30; 2 Cor 1:22 and 5:5 (KErlemann, ZNW 83, ’92, 202–23, and s. ἀρραβών); 12:18 (τῷ αὐτῷ πν.); Gal 3:2, 5, 14 (ἐπαγγελία 1bβ); Eph 4:3 (gen. of the author); 6:17 (perh. epexegetic gen.); 1 Ti 4:1a; Js 4:5; 1J 3:24; 5:6ab (some mss. add καὶ πνεύματος to the words διʼ ὕδατος κ. αἵματος at the beg. of the verse; this is approved by HvSoden, Moffatt, Vogels, Merk, and w. reservations by CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46, TManson, JTS 48, ’47, 25–33), vs. 8; Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 14:13; 22:17; B 19:2, B 7= D 4:10 (s. ἐτοιμάζω b). ἐν τῷ πνεύματι (led) by the Spirit Lk 2:27.—Paul links this Spirit of God, known to every Christian, with Christ as liberating agent in contrast to legal constraint ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμα ἐστιν the Lord means Spirit 2 Cor 3:17a (UHolzmeister, 2 Cor 3:17 Dominus autem Spiritus est 1908; JNisius, Zur Erklärung v. 2 Cor 3:16ff: ZKT 40, 1916, 617–75; JKögel, Ὁ κύριος τὸ πνεῦμά ἐστιν: ASchlatter Festschr. 1922, 35–46; C Guignebert, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. II 1928, 7–22; EFuchs, Christus u. d. Geist b. Pls ’32; HHughes, ET 45, ’34, 235f; CLattey, Verb. Dom. 20, ’40, 187–89; DGriffiths ET 55, ’43, 81–83; HIngo, Kyrios und Pneuma, ’61 [Paul]; JDunn, JTS 21, ’70, 309–20).

β. without the art. πνεῦμα B 1:3. κοινωνία πνεύματος Phil 2:1 (κοινωνία 1 and 2). πνεύματι in the Spirit or through the Spirit Gal 3:3; 5:5, 16, 18; 1 Pt 4:6. εἰ ζῶμεν πνεύματι, πνεύματι καὶ στοιχῶμεν if we live by the Spirit, let us also walk by the Spirit Gal 5:25. Freq. used w. a prep.: διὰ πνεύματος 1 Pt 1:22 v.l. ἐξ (ὕδατος καὶ) πνεύματος J 3:5. ἐν πνεύματι in, by, through the Spirit Mt 22:43; Eph 2:22; 3:5; 5:18; 6:18; Col 1:8 (ἀγάπη ἐν πνεύματι love called forth by the Spirit); B 9:7. κατὰ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4f; Gal 4:29. ἐν ἁγιασμῷ πνεύματος 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:2 (s. ἁγιασμός).—In neg. expressions: οὔπω ἧν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39b. ψυχικοὶ πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες worldly people, who do not have the Spirit Jd 19.—ἓν πνεῦμα one and the same Spirit 1 Cor 12:13; Eph 2:18; 4:4; one (in) Spirit 1 Cor 6:17.

ⓔ The Spirit is more closely defined by a gen. of thing: τὸ πν. τῆς ἀληθείας (TestJud 20:5) J 14:17; 15:26; 16:13 (in these three places the Spirit of Truth is the Paraclete promised by Jesus upon his departure); 1J 4:6 (opp. τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς πλάνης, as TestJud 20:1; PsSol 8:14 πλ. πλανήσεως; Just., D. 7, 3 πλάνου καὶ ἀκαθάρτου πνεύματος; cp. 1QS 4:23); τὸ τῆς δόξης πν. 1 Pt 4:14. τὸ πν. τῆς ζωῆς the Spirit of life Ro 8:2. το πν. τῆς πίστεως 2 Cor 4:13. πν. σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως Eph 1:17 (cp. Just., D. 87, 4). πν. υἱοθεσίας Ro 8:15b (opp. πν. δουλείας vs. 15a). πν. δυνάμεως AcPl Ha 8, 25. πν. δυνάμεως καὶ ἀγάπης καὶ σωφρονισμοῦ 2 Ti 1:7 (opp. πν. δειλίας). τὸ πν. τῆς χάριτος (s. TestJud 24:2) Hb 10:29 (Zech 12:10); cp. 1 Cl 46:6.

ⓕ Of Christ ‘it is written’ in Scripture: (ἐγένετο) ὁ ἔσχατος Ἀδὰμ εἰς πνεῦμα ζῳοποιοῦν 1 Cor 15:45. The scripture pass. upon which the first part of this verse is based is Gen 2:7, where Wsd 15:11 also substitutes the words πνεῦμα ζωτικόν for πνοὴν ζωῆς (cp. Just., D. 6, 2). On the other hand, s. Philo, Leg. All. 1, 42 and s. the lit. s.v. Ἀδάμ ad loc.

ⓖ The (divine) Pneuma stands in contrast to everything that characterizes this age or the finite world gener.: οὐ τὸ πν. τοῦ κόσμου ἀλλὰ τὸ πν. τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Cor 2:12; cp. Eph 2:2 and 1 Ti 4:1ab.

α. in contrast to σάρξ, which is more closely connected w. sin than any other earthly material (Just., D. 135, 6): J 3:6; Ro 8:4–6, 9a, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:17ab; 6:8. Cp. B 10:9. πᾶσα ἐπιθυμία κατὰ τοῦ πνεύματος στρατεύεται Pol 5:3.

β. in contrast to σῶμα (=σάρξ) Ro 8:10 and to σάρξ (=σῶμα, as many hold) J 6:63a (for τὸ πν. ἐστιν τὸ ζῳοποιοῦν cp. Philo, Op. Mund. 30; Herm. Wr. in Cyrill., C. Jul. I 556c=542, 24 Sc. the pneuma τὰ πάντα ζῳοποιεῖ καὶ τρέφει. S. also f above). Cp. Ro 8:11b.

γ. in contrast to γράμμα, which is the characteristic quality of God’s older declaration of the divine will in the law: Ro 2:29; 7:6; 2 Cor 3:6ab, 8 (cp. vs. 7).

δ. in contrast to the wisdom of humans 1 Cor 2:13.

⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit (s. HPreisker, Geist u. Leben ’33).

ⓐ πνεῦμα is accompanied by another noun, which characterizes the working of the Spirit more definitely: πνεῦμα καὶ δύναμις spirit and power Lk 1:17; 1 Cor 2:4. Cp. Ac 10:38; 1 Th 1:5. πνεῦμα καὶ ζωή J 6:63b. πνεῦμα κ. σοφία Ac 6:3; cp. vs. 10 (cp. TestReub 2:6 πνεῦμα λαλίας). πίστις κ. πνεῦμα ἅγιον 6:5 (cp. Just., D. 135, 6). χαρὰ καὶ πνεῦμα ἅγ. 13:52.

ⓑ Unless frustrated by humans in their natural condition, the Spirit of God produces a spiritual type of conduct Gal 5:16, 25 and produces the καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος vs. 22 (s. Vögtle under πλεονεξία).

ⓒ The Spirit inspires certain people of God B 12:2; B 13:5, above all, in their capacity as proclaimers of a divine revelation (Strabo 9, 3, 5 the πνεῦμα ἐνθουσιαστικόν, that inspired the Pythia; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; 33, 5 of the divine πν. that impels prophets and poets to express themselves; schol. on Pla. 856e of a μάντις: ἄνωθεν λαμβάνειν τὸ πνεῦμα καὶ πληροῦσθαι τοῦ θεοῦ; Aristobulus in Eus., PE 8, 10, 4 [=Fgm. 2, 4 p. 136 Holladay] τὸ θεῖον πν., καθʼ ὸ̔ καὶ προφήτης ἀνακεκήρυκται ‘[Moses possessed] the Divine Spirit with the result that he was proclaimed a prophet’; AscIs 1:7 τὸ πν. τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ἐμοί; AssMos Fgm. f εἶδεν πνεύματι ἐπαρθείς; Just., A I, 38, 1 al.; Ath. 10, 3 τὸ προφητικὸν πν. Cp. Marinus, Vi. Procli 23 of Proclus: οὐ γὰρ ἄνευ θείας ἐπινοίας … διαλέγεσθαι; Orig., C. Cels. 3, 28, 23). προφητεία came into being only as ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ ἄνθρωποι 2 Pt 1:21; cp. Ac 15:29 v.l.; cp. 1 Cl 8:1. David Mt 22:43; Mk 12:36; cp. Ac 1:16; 4:25. Isaiah Ac 28:25. Moses B 10:2, B 9; the Spirit was also active in giving the tables of the law to Moses 14:2. Christ himself spoke in the OT διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ ἁγίου 1 Cl 22:1. The ἱεραὶ γραφαί are called αἱ διὰ τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἁγίου 45:2.—The Christian prophet Agabus also ἐσήμαινεν διὰ τοῦ πν. Ac 11:28; cp. Ac 21:11. Likew. Ign. IPhld 7:2. In general the Spirit reveals the most profound secrets to those who believe 1 Cor 2:10ab.—1 Cl claims to be written διὰ τοῦ ἁγ. πν. 63:2. On Ac 19:21 s. 3b.

ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss. 8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19 refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.

ⓔ One special type of spiritual gift is represented by ecstatic speaking. Of those who ‘speak in tongues’ that no earthly person can understand: πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια expresses secret things in a spiritual way 1 Cor 14:2. Cp. vss. 14–16 and s. νοῦς 1b. τὸ πνεῦμα ὑπερεντυγχάνει στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις the Spirit pleads in our behalf with groans beyond words Ro 8:26b. Of speech that is ecstatic, but expressed in words that can be understood λαλεῖν ἐν πνεύματι D 11:7, 8; cp. vs. 9 (on the subject-matter 1 Cor 12:3; Jos., Ant. 4, 118f; TestJob 43:2 ἀναλαβὼν Ἐλιφᾶς πν. εἶπεν ὕμνον). Of the state of mind of the seer of the Apocalypse: ἐν πνεύματι Rv 17:3; 21:10; γενέσθαι ἐν πν. 1:10; 4:2 (s. γίνομαι 5c, ἐν 4c and EMoering, StKr 92, 1920, 148–54; RJeske, NTS 31, ’85, 452–66); AcPl Ha 6, 27. On the Spirit at Pentecost Ac 2:4 s. KLake: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 111–21. κατασταλέντος τοῦ πν. τοῦ ἐν Μύρτῃ when the Spirit (of prophecy) that was in Myrta ceased speaking AcPl Ha 7, 9.

ⓕ The Spirit leads and directs Christian missionaries in their journeys (Aelian, NA 11, 16 the young women are led blindfolded to the cave of the holy serpent; they are guided by a πνεῦμα θεῖον) Ac 16:6, 7 (by dreams, among other methods; cp. vs. 9f and s. Marinus, Vi. Procli 27: Proclus ἔφασκεν προθυμηθῆναι μὲν πολλάκις γράψαι, κωλυθῆναι δὲ ἐναργῶς ἔκ τινων ἐνυπνίων). In Ac 16:6–7 τὸ ἅγιον πν. and τὸ πν. Ἰησοῦ are distinguished.

⑦ an activating spirit that is not fr. God, spirit: πν. ἔτερον a different (kind of) spirit 2 Cor 11:4. Cp. 2 Th 2:2; 1J 4:1–3. Because there are persons activated by such spirits, it is necessary to test the var. kinds of spirits (the same problem Artem. 3, 20 περὶ διαφορᾶς μάντεων, οἷς δεῖ προσέχειν καὶ οἷς μή) 1 Cor 12:10; 1J 4:1b. ὁ διάβολος πληροῖ αὐτὸν αὐτοῦ πν. Hm 11:3. Also οὐκ οἴδατε ποίου πνεύματός ἐστε Lk 9:55 v.l. distinguishes betw. the spirit shown by Jesus’ disciples, and another kind of spirit.—Even more rarely a spirit divinely given that is not God’s own; so (in a quot. fr. Is 29:10) a πνεῦμα κατανύξεως Ro 11:8.

⑧ an independent transcendent personality, the Spirit, which appears in formulas that became more and more fixed and distinct (cp. Ath. 12, 2; Hippol., Ref. 7, 26, 2.—Ps.-Lucian, Philopatr. 12 θεόν, υἱόν πατρός, πνεῦμα ἐκ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον ἓν ἐκ τριῶν καὶ ἐξ ἑνὸς τρία, ταῦτα νόμιζε Ζῆνα, τόνδʼ ἡγοῦ θεόν=‘God, son of the father, spirit proceeding from the father, one from three and three from one, consider these as Zeus, think of this one as God’. The entire context bears a Christian impress.—As Aion in gnostic speculation Iren. 1, 2, 5 [Harv. I 21, 2]): βαπτίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ πατρὸς καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Mt 28:19 (on the text s. βαπτίζω 2c; on the subject-matter GWalther, Die Entstehung des Taufsymbols aus dem Taufritus: StKr 95, 1924, 256ff); D 7:1, 3. Cp. 2 Cor 13:13; 1 Cl 58:2; IEph 9:1; IMg 13:1b, 2; MPol 14:3; 22:1, 3; Epil Mosq 5. On this s. HUsener, Dreiheit: RhM 58, 1903, 1ff; 161ff; 321ff; esp. 36ff; EvDobschütz, Zwei-u. dreigliedrige Formeln: JBL 50, ’31, 116–47 (also Heinrici Festschr. 1914, 92–100); Norden, Agn. Th. 228ff; JMainz, Die Bed. der Dreizahl im Judentum 1922; Clemen² 125–28; NSöderblom, Vater, Sohn u. Geist 1909; DNielsen, Der dreieinige Gott I 1922; GKrüger, Das Dogma v. der Dreieinigkeit 1905, 46ff; AHarnack, Entstehung u. Entwicklung der Kirchenverfassung 1910, 187ff; JHaussleiter, Trinitarischer Glaube u. Christusbekenntnis in der alten Kirche: BFCT XXV 4, 1920; JLebreton, Histoire du dogme de la Trinité I: Les origines⁶ 1927; RBlümel, Pls u. d. dreieinige Gott 1929.—On the whole word FRüsche, D. Seelenpneuma ’33; HLeisegang, Der Hl. Geist I 1, 1919; EBurton, ICC Gal 1921, 486–95; PVolz, Der Geist Gottes u. d. verwandten Erscheinungen im AT 1910; JHehn, Zum Problem des Geistes im alten Orient u. im AT: ZAW n.s. 2, 1925, 210–25; SLinder, Studier till Gamla Testamentets föreställningar om anden 1926; AMarmorstein, Der Hl. Geist in der rabb. Legende: ARW 28, 1930, 286–303; NSnaith, The Distinctive Ideas of the OT ’46, 229–37; FDillistone, Bibl. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit: Theology Today 3, ’46/47, 486–97; TNicklin, Gospel Gleanings ’50, 341–46; ESchweizer, CDodd Festschr., ’56, 482–508; DLys, Rûach, Le Souffle dans l’AT, ’62; DHill, Gk. Words and Hebr. Mngs. ’67, 202–93.—HGunkel, Die Wirkungen des Hl. Geistes² 1899; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen des Geistes u. der Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; EWinstanley, The Spirit in the NT 1908; HSwete, The Holy Spirit in the NT 1909, The Holy Spirit in the Ancient Church 1912; EScott, The Spirit in the NT 1923; FBüchsel, Der Geist Gottes im NT 1926; EvDobschütz, Der Geistbesitz des Christen im Urchristentum: Monatsschr. für Pastoral-theol. 20, 1924, 228ff; FBadcock, ‘The Spirit’ and Spirit in the NT: ET 45, ’34, 218–21; RBultmann, Theologie des NT ’48, 151–62 (Eng. tr. KGrobel, ’51, I 153–64); ESchweizer, Geist u. Gemeinde im NT ’52, Int 6, ’52, 259–78.—WTosetti, Der Hl. Geist als göttliche Pers. in den Evangelien 1918; HLeisegang, Pneuma Hagion. Der Ursprung des Geistbegriffs der Syn. Ev. aus der griech. Mystik 1922; AFrövig, Das Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. der Geist 1924; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist nach Syn. Überl.: Studies in Early Christianity, presented to FCPorter and BWBacon 1928, 209–36; FSynge, The Holy Spirit in the Gospels and Acts: CQR 120, ’35, 205–17; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit and the Gospel Trad. ’47.—ESokolowski, Die Begriffe Geist u. Leben bei Pls 1903; KDeissner, Auferstehungshoffnung u. Pneumagedanke bei Pls 1912; GVos, The Eschatological Aspect of the Pauline Conception of the Spirit: Bibl. and Theol. Studies by the Faculty of Princeton Theol. Sem. 1912, 209–59; HBertrams, Das Wesen des Geistes nach d. Anschauung des Ap. Pls 1913; WReinhard, Das Wirken des Hl. Geistes im Menschen nach den Briefen des Ap. Pls 1918; HHoyle, The Holy Spirit in St. Paul 1928; PGächter, Z. Pneumabegriff des hl. Pls: ZKT 53, 1929, 345–408; ASchweitzer, D. Mystik des Ap. Pls 1930, 159–74 al. [Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, tr. WMontgomery ’31, 160–76 al.]; E-BAllo, RB 43, ’34, 321–46 [1 Cor]; Ltzm., Hdb. exc. after Ro 8:11; Synge [s. above], CQR 119, ’35, 79–93 [Pauline epp.]; NWaaning, Onderzoek naar het gebruik van πνεῦμα bij Pls, diss. Amsterd. ’39; RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms, ’71, 167–200.—HvBaer, Der Hl. Geist in den Lukasschriften 1926; MGoguel, La Notion joh. de l’Esprit 1902; JSimpson, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: Exp., 9th ser., 4, 1925, 292–99; HWindisch, Jes. u. d. Geist im J.: Amicitiae Corolla (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 303–18; WLofthouse, The Holy Spirit in Ac and J: ET 52, ’40/41, 334–36; CBarrett, The Holy Spirit in the Fourth Gospel: JTS 1 n.s., ’50, 1–15; FCrump, Pneuma in the Gospels, diss. Catholic Univ. of America, ’54; GLampe, Studies in the Gospels (RHLightfoot memorial vol.) ’55, 159–200; NHamilton, The Holy Spirit and Eschatology in Paul, ’57; WDavies, Paul and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Flesh and Spirit: The Scrolls and the NT, ed. KStendahl, ’57, 157–82.—GJohnston, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Holy Spirit’ in the Qumran Lit.: NT Sidelights (ACPurdy Festschr.) ’60, 27–42; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT, RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; HBraun, Qumran und d. NT II, ’66, 150–64; DHill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings, ’67, 202–93; WBieder, Pneumatolog. Aspekte im Hb, OCullmann Festschr. ’72, 251–59; KEasley, The Pauline Usage of πνεύματι as a Reference to the Spirit of God: JETS 27, ’84, 299–313 (statistics).—B. 260; 1087. Pauly-W. XIV 387–412. BHHW I 534–37. Schmidt, Syn. II 218–50. New Docs 4, 38f. DELG s.v. πνέω. M-M. Dict. de la Bible XI 126–398. EDNT. TW. Sv.