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... where n is a parameter which is calculated by ...

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  • Complex beam parameter — In optics, the complex beam parameter is a complex number that specifies the properties of a Gaussian beam at a particular point z along the axis of the beam. It is usually denoted by q. It can be calculated from the beam s vacuum wavelength λ0,… …   Wikipedia

  • Ising model — The Ising model, named after the physicist Ernst Ising, is a mathematical model in statistical mechanics. It has since been used to model diverse phenomena in which bits of information, interacting in pairs, produce collectiveeffects.Definition… …   Wikipedia

  • Ohm's law — This article is about the law related to electricity. For other uses, see Ohm s acoustic law. V, I, and R, the parameters of Ohm s law. Ohm s law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the… …   Wikipedia

  • Newton's theorem of revolving orbits — Figure 1: An attractive force F(r) causes the blue planet to move on the cyan circle. The green planet moves three times faster and thus requires a stronger centripetal force, which is supplied by adding an attractive inverse cube force. The …   Wikipedia

  • Orbital mechanics — A satellite orbiting the earth has a tangential velocity and an inward acceleration. Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of ballistics and celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other… …   Wikipedia

  • Cosmic distance ladder — * Light green boxes: Technique applicable to star forming galaxies. * Light blue boxes: Technique applicable to Population II galaxies. * Light Purple boxes: Geometric distance technique. * Light Red box: The planetary nebula luminosity function… …   Wikipedia

  • solids, mechanics of — ▪ physics Introduction       science concerned with the stressing (stress), deformation (deformation and flow), and failure of solid materials and structures.       What, then, is a solid? Any material, fluid or solid, can support normal forces.… …   Universalium

  • Ordinary least squares — This article is about the statistical properties of unweighted linear regression analysis. For more general regression analysis, see regression analysis. For linear regression on a single variable, see simple linear regression. For the… …   Wikipedia

  • Inflation (cosmology) — Inflation model and Inflation theory redirect here. For a general rise in the price level, see Inflation. For other uses, see Inflation (disambiguation). Physical cosmology …   Wikipedia

  • Likelihood function — In statistics, a likelihood function (often simply the likelihood) is a function of the parameters of a statistical model, defined as follows: the likelihood of a set of parameter values given some observed outcomes is equal to the probability of …   Wikipedia

  • Hubble's law — Physical cosmology Universe · Big Bang …   Wikipedia

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