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1 úa
with 1st person suffix úalyë, imperative particle á, a combined with the negation ú- to express a prohibition úalyë mittanya me, *"do not thou lead us", VT43:9, 21-22. However, Tolkien apparently abandoned úa in favour of ala, alalyë, q.v. later he also used the form áva for "don't". Compare ua. -
2 a
1 vocative particle "O" in a vanimar "O beautiful ones" LotR3:VI ch. 6, translated in Letters:308; also attested repeatedly in VT44:12 cf. 15: A Hrísto *"o Christ", A Eruion*"o God the son/son of God", a Aina Fairë *"o Holy Spirit", a aina Maria *"o holy Mary". 2 conj. "and", a variant of ar occurring in Fíriel's Song that also has ar; a seems to be used before words in f-, but contrast ar formenna *and northwards in a late text, VT49:26. According to PE17:41, Old Quenya could have the conjunction a as a variant of ar before n, ñ, m, h, hy, hw f is not mentioned, PE17:71 adding ty, ny, hr, hl, ñ, l, r,þ, s. See ar \#1. It may be that the a or the sentence nornë a lintieryanen he ran with his speed i.e. as quickly as he could is to be understood as this conjunction, if the literal meaning is *he ran and did so with his speed PE17:58. 3, also á, imperative particle. An imperative with immediate time reference is expressed by á in front of the verb or occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis, with the verb following in the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future PE17:93. Cf. a laita te, laita te! "o bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally *"o rule Manwë!" see laita, vala for reference; cf. also á carë *do!, á ricë try!, á lirë sing!, á menë proceed!, a norë run! PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example, á tula *"come!" VT43:14. In the last example, the verb tul- come receives an ending -a that probably represents the suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both before and after the verbal stem for emphasis PE17:93. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta speak! PE17:138. Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira VT47:31, see cen-, tir-; the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë PE17:94 with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! let them try! PE17:93. Alyë VT43:17, VT44:9 seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta *"give thou" elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"; presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, \#ála or áva, q.v. -
3 me
1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë. -
4 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
5 ala
1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. 5 prep. "after, beyond" MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after" 6 also alar! or alla! interjection "hail, blessed be thou". VT45:5,14 7 noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted allen = al'nen and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this VT45:13. -
6 ála
1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. -
7 alyë
imperative particle with ending -lyë "you"; see a \#3. -
8 -lyë
pronominal ending thou, you VT49:48, 2nd person sg. formal/polite:hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" Nam, RGEO:67, carilyë *you do VT49:16. Long form of -l, q.v. The ending also occurs in alyë, the imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix VT43:17; see a \#3. The intimate/familiar ending corresponding to polite/formal -lyë is -tyë, q.v cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë thou shalt find from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one. Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form see, however, -t \# 3. Cf. natyë you are; see ná \#1. Compare tye, -tya. -
9 ma
1 neuter personal pronoun "something, a thing" VT42:34. It may occur with the meaning thing in the ejaculation yé mána ma = what a blessing or what a good thing! VT49:41 2 Ma has also been theorized to be a particle used to turn declarative statements into yes/no questions. -
10 cé
"k", also ce k may be VT49:19, 27, particle indicating uncertainty VT42:34; ce in Bill Welden's note is a misspelling, VT44:38, but the short form ce does occur in other texts, cf. VT49:18-19. In VT42, Welden wrote that Tolkien altered ké to kwí or kwíta, q.v., but Welden later noted that "it does not follow that because the form was changed in another sentence it would necessarily have been corrected in the examples cited" VT44:38. So cé/ké may still be a conceptually valid form. The forms in kw- rather than qu- seem abnormal for Quenya, at least as far as spelling is concerned. In another conceptual phase, cé was also used = if VT49:19, but this conjunction appears as qui elsewhere. Examples of cé, ce meaning if said to be usually used with aorist include cé mo quetë ulca k, q *if one speaks evil, cé tulis, nauvan tanomë k *if she comes, I will be there VT49:19, cé mo*if one , ce formenna *if northwards VT49:26
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