-
1 -lv-
element in pronominal endings for inclusive plural "we/our" VT43:14. Iincludes the old 1st pl. inclusive stem we VT48:10. Omentielvo "of our meeting" q.v. includes the ending \#-lva "our" with the genitive ending -o attached. The corresponding ending for inclusive "we" is perhaps normally -lvë in late exilic Quenya; the variant form -lwë occurs in the verbs carilwë we do VT49:16, navilwë "we judge" VT42:34; according to VT48:11 this may simply be the older pre-Exilic form of *-lvë VT49:51 lists the ending for we as -lwe, -lve, apparently the older and the younger form. -
2 -ttë
1 they, dual 3rd person pronominal ending the two of them VT49:51, replacing also within the legendarium the older ending -stë which was later used for the second person only. This older ending -stë corresponds to a possessive ending -sta their VT49:16, but this was presumably likewise altered to *-tta as the new ending for dual their = of the two of them. 2, 3rd person pl. reflexive ending, as in melittë they love themselves VT49:21. This ending can hardly coexist with \#1 above; an alternative wording would be the analytical construction *meliltë intë. Compare -ssë \#2. -
3 nís(niss-)
as in pl. nissi noun "woman" MR:213. The Etymologies gives nis or nissë, pl. nissi: see the stems NDIS-SĒ/SĀ, NIsup1/sup, NIS NĒR, VT46:4; compare VT47:33. In Tolkien's Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious, since nísi would be expected to turn into *nízi, *níri VT43:31. VT47:33 suggests that Tolkien at one point considered niþ- as the older form of the stem, which etymology would solve this problem since s from older þ does not become z r. Even so, the MR forms, nís with stem niss-, may be preferred. - Compare ní, \#nína, nisto, Lindissë. -
4 ar
1 conj. "and" ARsup2/sup, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40. The older form of the conjunction was az PE17:41. Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s PE17:41, 71, but in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases PE17:71. In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar and raiments to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation PE17:175. More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in Old Quenya, the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant PE17:41, 71. An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" VT43:31, cf. VT48:14. In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ara VT45:6. In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and PE17:145; compare ara. 2 noun "day" PE17:148, apparently short for árë,occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant VT45:27. Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë or ré, q.v. -
5 Menel
noun "heavens" Markirya, SA, "the heavens, the firmament" SD:401, "the apparent dome in the sky" MR:387. Menel Cemenyë "k" "Heaven and Earth" VT47:30. Found in names like Meneldil *"Heaven-friend" = astronomer Appendix A; Letters:386, Meneldur masc. name, *"Heaven-servant" Appendix A, Tar-Menelduras a Númenórean King, UT:210; menelluin *"sky-blue", used as noun = "cornflower" J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193. Menelmacar "Swordsman of the Sky", the Orion constellation also called Telumehtar, Appendix E, first footnote; the older name was Menelmacil *"Heaven-sword" WJ:411; Meneltarma "Pillar of Heaven", name of the great central mountain of Númenor SA:tar, VT42:21.Menelya fifth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the heavens Appendix D Locative meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menellë, menelzë VT43:12, 16. Adj. meneldëa "being in heaven", evidently based on a locative form meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menelzëa, menellëa, menelessëa VT43:13, VT44:16; the last of these forms would suggest the locative form \#menelessë. -
6 tinwë
noun "spark" gloss misquoted as "sparkle" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, see VT46:19, also "star"; pl. tinwi "sparks", properly used of the star-imagines on Nur-menel q.v.. Cf. nillë. TIN, MR:388 In early "Qenya", tinwë was simply glossed "star" LT1:269, cf. MC:214. In one late source, the meaning of tinwë is given as "spark", and it is said that this word like Sindarin gil was used of the stars of heaven "in place of the older and more elevated el, elen- stem" VT42:11. -
7 sindë(þ)
adj. "grey, pale or silvery grey" the Vanyarin dialect preserves the older form þindë WJ:384, THIN; in SA:thind the form given is sinda, cf. also sindanóriello "from a grey country" in Namárië. Sindë and sinda are apparently variants of the same word. Stem sindi-, given the primitive form ¤thindi; cf. Sindicollo q.v. -
8 lós(þ)
? noun flower PE17:26. If this is to be the cognate of Sindarin loth, as the source suggests, the older Quenya form would be *lóþ. -
9 wil-
vb. "fly" 1st pers. aorist wilin "I fly"; changed from vilin pa.t. villë, which would be the forms used in later Exilic Quenya. The older pa.t. would be willë. WIL. The early "Qenya" lexicon haswili- "sail, float, fly" LT1:273 -
10 Maia
pl. Maiar noun "the Beautiful" MR:49, the lesser = non-Vala Ainur that entered Eä. Variant Máya in VT42:13/VT47:18, pl. Máyar in PM:363, 364 and VT47:18 possibly, Máya is to be understood as the older form of Maia. With negative prefix ú- also Úmaiar, Maiar who became evil and followed Melkor, such as Balrogs MR:79, "Umaiar", MR:165. -
11 ista-
2 vb. "know", pa.t. sintë IS, LT2:339, VT48:25. This past tense Tolkien called "certainly irregular" VT48:25, where an alternative pa.t. isintë is also mentioned, but sintë is said to be the older form; compare editorial notes in VT48:32. Ista- is also used for "can" in the sense of "know how to", as in istan quetë "I can speak because I have learned a language" VT41:6 Passive participle sinwa known, certain, ascertained VT49:68 -
12 ollo
1 noun "cliff, seaward precipice" also oldō - is this to be understood as the older form? LT1:252 2 prep. away from VT49:24 -
13 háno
noun "brother", colloquially also hanno VT47:12, 14. It is unclear whether Tolkien, by introducing this form, abandoned the older TLT word toron q.v. -
14 thindë(þindë)
older form of sindë, q.v., preserved in Vanyarin WJ:384, there spelt with the special letter þ, not the digraph th -
15 Ambarenya
older MET Ambarendya place-name "Middle-earth" but the more usual word is Endor, Endórë MBAR -
16 -na
4, ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was no longer part of verbal conjugation; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives sometimes nouns rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn cn, metathesis occurs to produce nt, np mp, nc, as in nanca *slain for older ¤ndakna, or hampa restrained, delayed, kept vs. the root KHAP retain, keep, detain. Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda draught, the amount drunk for older yulna this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da q.v. denoting the result of a verbal action. The word *turúna mastered q.v., only attested in elided form turún would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- master PE17:113, suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added. -
17 wanwa
1 adj. older form of vanwa lost, gone etc. see vanwa PE17:143 2 noun "great gale" LT1:266. This word would clash with vanwa gone, lost after the change of initial w v, and since the latter is also said to come from older wanwa PE17:143, this Qenya term for great gale is probably conceptually obsolete. -
18 ava-
2 prefix indicating something forbidden: avaquétima "not to be said, that must not be said", avanyárima "not to be told or related" WJ:370 3 prefix "without" ARsup2/sup, AWA. In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" q.v. 4 vb with pa.t. avanë. This verb is not clearly glossed; apparently meaning refuse or prohibit WJ:370. Cf. áva, Avamanyar. What is seems to be more or less the same verb has its principal tenses listed with the ending -n I in VT49:13: aorist avan, present ávan ávëan, future auvan for older avuvan, past avanen or auvan, perfect avávien. In one version of the paradigm, the present tense ávëan and past avanen are marked as archaic/poetic forms. One text seemingly uses the pa.t.aunë in the sense was not, as a negative verb, but this may have been a short-lived idea of Tolkiens the text was revised. -
19 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
20 -s
1 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" VT49:48, 51, occurring in caris *he/she/it does VT49:16, PE17:129, caitas *it lies PE17:65, tentanes it pointed VT49:26, tulis *she comes VT49:19, eques q.v., anes see ná \#1, also in object position in camnelyes, caritas, caritalyas, melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. Tolkien mentions -s as an objective ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110. The longer form -së perhaps with personal meaning he, she only is said to be rare VT49:51; cf. násë he is, nésë he was see ná \#1. In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse VT49:28, an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen PE17:76, where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n *me. According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze when pronominal affixes followed Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for he makes them; normally z would later become r, but it actually became historically: reverted to s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have e.g. *cariset for he makes them, with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ. 2 ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis.
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