(taught)

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(-da, -dr), v.

1) to know, recognize (Flosi kenndi Kára, er hann kom í stofuna);

2) to know as one’s own, claim (kenna sér land);

3) to assign or attribute to one (þá var ok ár um öll lönd, kenndu Svíar þat Frey);

kenna e-m barn, to father a child upon one;

4) kenna e-m e-t, to lay to one’s charge, impute (ef hann væri sannr verks þessa, er honum var kennt);

kenna e-m um e-t, to charge one with a thing (Þorgeirr vildi ekki, at brœðrum hans mætti um kenna);

5) to taste food or drink (kenna e-t or e-s);

6) to feel, perceive, with acc. and gen. (ek kennda þín eigi, er þú hvíldir á brjósti mér);

kenna sætan ilm, to perceive a sweet smell;

kenna hita (kulda) af e-u, to feel heat (cold) from;

kenna aflsmunar, liðsmunar, to feel the odds;

hón kenndi í meira lagi, she felt considerable pain;

absol., þá er þeir kómu upp í heiðina, kenndi at brá lit, the colour was felt to change, it began to darken;

mér kennir heiptar við e-n, I feel hatred against one;

kenna niðr, to touch the bottom (en er skipin kenndu niðr, þá gekk jarl á land);

7) to show, bear witness of (virðist mér ákall þetta meirr kenna ranglætis en réttvísi);

8) to call, name;

kenna e-t við e-n, to call after one (Helgi trúði á Krist, ok kenndi því við hann bústað sinn);

9) in poetry, to call by a periphrastic name (hvernig skal kenna sól, vind);

10) kenna e-m e-t, to teach one a thing (kenna e-m rétta trú ok góða siðu);

ek hefi kennt þér írsku at mæla, I have taught thee to speak Irish;

11) to make one do a thing (kenna e-m bíta);

12) refl., kennast, to seem, appear (Ulfr kennist mér vitr maðr);

recipr., svá var myrkt, at þeir kenndust eigi, that they did not know one another;

goldit var honum þetta svá, at hann mun lengi kennast, he was repaid for this in a way that he will long remember;

kennast við, to recognize (kenndist hann af því þegar við mennina); to confess, acknowledge (at þeir mætti við kennast sinn lítilleik).

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d, kennig, Hm. 164; part. kennandisk, Bs. i. 322, H. E. i. 499, Dipl. iv. 8; [Goth. kunnan; A. S. knáwan; Old Engl. and Scot. ken; Dan. kjende; Swed. känna]:—to ken, know, recognise; þú kennir konu þá er heitir Oddný, Fms. vii. 103, Hkv. 2. 12; hann kenndi hann þegar, Nj. 9; Flosi kenndi Kára er hann kom í stofuna, 282; hann kenndi skipit, því at hann hafði þat skip séð fyrr, Eg. 120; þar kenndi Ingimundr lönd þau er honum var til vísat, Landn. 175, Sd. 186; þóttisk hann kenna sitt mark á vísu þessari, Fms. iii. 20: with infin., þeir kenndu at þat var Eirekr viðsjá, Ísl. ii. 335; er þetta hann Skalla-grímr? Grímr sagði at hann kenndi rétt, Eg. 112; kennir þú nökkut til gripa þessara! Nj. 75.

II. kenna sér e-t, to know as one’s own, claim; kenna sér land, Grág. ii. 204; hann á eigi þat er hann kennir sér, 219; Ingimundr kenndi sér fimm víntunnur … þú munt kenna þér þat er aðrir menn eigu, Bs. i. 433; því kenndi hvárr-tveggi sér nautin, Landn. 47; at enginn dirfi sik at kenna sér þat er hann görir eigi, Al. 88; ek spyrr hverr sér kenni M. M. at þingmanni, Grág. i. 19.

III. to acknowledge as belonging to another, attribute to him; öll vár góðverk eru honum at kenna ok eigna, Stj. 25; þá var ok ár um öll lönd, kenndu Svíar þat Frey, Hkr. i. 16; hér er tunglinu kennt embætti sólarinnar, Skálda 211; k. e-m barn, to father a child upon one, Bs. i. 807, K. Á. 16; var sveinn sá kenndr Jóni er Þórarinn hét, Sturl. i. 223; þó at hann sé kenndr nokkurum manni at syni, Grág. ii. 113, (kenningar-son, a natural son): cp. the phrase, þar er enginn kenndr sem hann kemr ekki, no one is known where he comes not, i. e. men had better keep aloof from where they have no business to be.

2. to lay to one’s charge, impute; Ásbjörn kenndi sér völd um þat harðrétti, Rd. 249; Eva kenndi sína synd orminum, Stj. 37; ef þeim eru engir laga-lestir kenndir, Grág. ii. 41; ef meiri eru ráð kennd um konu-nám þeim manni, i. 335; ef hann væri sannr verks þessa er honum var kennt, Fms. ii. 73; Sigurðr taldi þat úsatt sem Ingi konungr kenndi þeim, vii. 242; þeir kenndu honum, at hann hefði verit at vígi Benteins, 224; kenndi þat hvárr öðrum, at ekki héldi þat er mælt var, 248; það er mér að kenna, it is brought home to me; yðr er þat kenna, Am. 51: k. e-m um e-t, to charge one with a thing; Þorgeirr vildi ekki at bræðrum hans mætti um kenna, hvat sem í görðisk, Nj. 252; kenndu þeir því mest um, at Kjartan hafði þegit skikkjuna, Fms. x. 295.

IV. to know, perceive, feel, taste, scent; þegar hirðin hafði kennt ( tasted) fyrsta rétt, Fas. iii. 302; þeir kenna svá sætan ilm at þeir höfðu aldri fyrr slíkan kenndan, Fms. i. 228; kenna fúlt, to perceive a foul smell, Hallfred; kenna daun, Fms. viii. 230; þeir brugðu í munn sér ok þóttusk ekki jafnsætt kennt hafa, Fb. i. 539; hundarnir röktu sporin, þvíat þeir kenndu ( got scent of) af hreinstökunum, Ó. H. 152; kenndi djákninn ekki ( he felt not) at þeir lægi á honum, Bs. i. 464; hón kenndi ( she felt pain) í meira lagi, þá er nálgaðisk hátíð Þorláks biskups, 323.

β. kenna niðr (or niðri), to touch the bottom; en er skipin kenndu niðr þá gékk jarl á land, Hkr. i. 206; ok er skipit kenndi niðr, hlupu þeir fyrir borð, Grett. 97, Fms. viii. 317, ix. 23; svá var djúpt á bæði borð, at forkarnir kenndu eigi niðr, it was so deep that the boat-hooks did not reach the bottom, Ld. 56; þá er skipit flaut ok eigi kenndi niðr, 78.

γ. absol., þá er þeir kómu upp í heiðina, kenndi at brá lit, the colour was felt to change, i. e. it began to darken, Sturl. iii. 217 C; þá kenndi ( one could scent) ór laukinum, Fbr. 215; þá er maðr heilundi er köra (acc. or gen.?) kennir inn til heila-basta, Grág. ii. 91.

2. with prepp.; kenna af (á, at), to perceive, see; þess kennir nú at (af?) at þér þykkir ek févani, it is clear that …, I see that …, Eb. 38; kenndi þess mjök á ( it was much to be seen) um marga Upplendinga, at ílla hafði líkat aftaka Þóris, Ó. H. 188; þess kenna margir af, at þú ert frændstórr, Fb. ii. 270; deyr allt þat er af kennir ( all die that taste or smell of it), þeir deyja þegar er þeir kenna af, Rb. 352:—kenna til, to smart, feel pain, ache, freq. in mod. usage.

3. with gen. to have feeling of, feel; kenna mæði, lo be exhausted, Eg. 124; hjarta manns kennir alls, Skálda 169; kenna sóttar, to feel sickness; kona kennir sér sóttar, of childbirth, Fs. 26, Fas. ii. 504, Sd. 176: kenna karlmanns, to ‘know’ a man, cohabit with, Mar.; ek kennda eigi karlmanns, barn at bera, Hom. 30; kenna aflsmunar, liðsmunar, ríkismunar, to feel the odds, be overmatched, Hkr. i. 286, Fms. iv. 331, Ld. 38; kenna harðinda, Fms. vi. 110; kenna kulda af e-u, to feel cold from, Eb. 42; k. hita af e-u, Bs. i. 42; k. odds, benja, to feel the point, the wound, Am. 59, 88; virðisk mér ákall þetta meir kenna ranglætis en réttvísi, it is more prompted by overbearing than by justice, Fb. i. 19; hón kenndi þess at þar stóð ör í, ii. 365; nú má vera at mér kenni heiptar við suma menn, that I feel hatred against somebody, Sturl. iii. 233; tók þá at kenna annars litar, it began to grow dark, 171; vínviðr var efst þar sem holta kenndi, the holts were covered with vines, Þorf. Karl. 420; kenna fæðu, to taste food, Stj. 490, 492; but also k. á fæðu, 453, 517; kenna grunns, to touch the bottom, of a ship or anything afloat, Grág. ii. 353; k. endi-skeiðs, Bragi.

V. to call, name; kenna e-t við e-n, to call after one; Helgi trúði á Krist, ok kenndi því við hann bústað sinn, i. e. called it after Christ (Christness), Landn. 207; í þeim fjórðungi er dómrinn er við kenndr, in the quarter by which name the court is called, Grág. i. 65; at helga Þór allt landnám sitt ok kenna við hann, Landn. 97; k. mánuðinn við þann mann sem vatnsins gætir, Rb. 104; við þann er kennt Gunnars-holt, Nj. 29; Oddbjörn er Oddbjarnar-leið er við kennd, Eg. 102; Fleiri hlupu þeir fyrir berg, þar sem við þá er kennt síðan, Landn. 36; kenna þá með margfjölda atkvæði, address them in the plural, Sks. 312; sá var kenndr ( nicknamed) Knarrar-smiðr Ór, 43; Nótt en Nörvi kennda, i. e. Night, the daughter of Norvi, Alm. 30; hvar eru Hjörvarði haugar kenndir, where are the hows called Hjorward’s? Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); Mæringr mér of kenndr, my own sword M., Bjarn. (in a verse); hlutir er þú skal varask, at þú verðir eigi við kenndr, Sks. 358, 780; kenndr við styr, morð, connected with, Korm.

2. in poetry, to call by a periphrasis or descriptive name; rétt er at kenna ( to call) hana (a woman) svá, at kalla hana selju þess er hón miðlar, Edda; hvernig skal kenna Þór?—Svá at kalla hann son Óðins …, how is Thor to be called?—Thus, call him the ‘son of Odin,’ 53: hvernig skal kenna mann?—Hanna skal k. við verk sín, 67: with prep., kona er kennd við stein, Edda; ok kenn þó hvárn til sinnar iðnar, Fms. vi. 362; konu skal k. til alls kvenn-búnaðar, Edda, etc., see Edda (Skáldskm.) passim; hence kennd heiti ( compound or circumlocutory names), opp. to ókennd heiti ( plain appellatives), Edda 49.

B. In a causal sense, [Goth. kannjan = γνωρίζειν]:—to teach, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person, or with infin. of the thing or absol.; kenna e-m íþróttir, Fms. v. 334; kenna e-m rétta trú ok góða siðu, i. 17; kenn mér engan sann, iii. 85; Gunnarr fór með öllu sem honum var ráð til kennt, as he was taught, Nj. 100; kenn þú ráðit til, Fms. x. 334; kenna e-m at flýja, Hkr. i. 149; ek hefi kennt þér Írsku at mæla, Ld. 72; kenna helgar ritningar, 623. 18; þing-kenna, to proclaim in public, N. G. L. i. 7; far sem ek kenni þér, as I tell thee, Sd. 182; ek em sunr Áka, svá er mér til kennt, so I am told, Fms. xi. 153.

2. to teach in school; Andresi syni þeirra lét Herra biskup kenna ok vígði síðan, Bs. i. 716; kenna kenningar, to preach, 140; þá heyrði hann til er prestlingum var kennd íþrótt sú er grammatica heitir, 163; k. prestlingum, id.; þat kann ek it átjánda er ek æva kennig mey né manns konn, Hm. 164; ungr kenndak mér annat, I was taught otherwise when young, Fms. vi. 401 (in a verse); slíkt kennir mér at sofa lítið, Fas. ii. (in a verse).

3. to teach, make one to do; kenna e-m falda rauðu, Edda (Ht.); kenna e-m bíta, lúta í gras, Lex. Poët.; kenna e-m at drúpa, Sighvat; k. e-m brautir, to shew one the way, Hðm. 12, Hbl. 56; ek mun þér stöðna kenna, 6.

4. to tell; kennit mér nafn konungs, Hkv. Hjörv. 12.

C. REFLEX. to feel, seem to oneself; þar er hann lætr kennask svá ágætan ilm, Fms. i. 229; Úlfr kennisk mér ( appears to one to be) vitr maðr, v. 334:—with prep., kennask við, to recognise; kenndisk hann af því þegar við mennina, Nj. 267, Bret. 48; ef engi kennisk viðr, N. G. L. i. 345; dilkunum þeim er eigi kennask ær við, Grág. ii. 312: to confess, kennask við sannan Guð, 625. 66; þeir eigu at kennask við sik, at þeir hafa vald af Guði, Gþl. 43; at þeir mætti við kennask sinn lítilleik, Edda. (pref.); ekki kennumk ek við þetta, segir Hrói, Fb. ii. 76; nefndr Skeggi viðr-kenndisk, at …, Dipl. ii. 8; nú em ek eigi svá heimskr maðr, at ek kennumk eigi við at ek hefi talat ílla, Fms. ii. 33; goldit var honum þetta svá, at hann mun lengi kennask, feel it, remember it, Edda. 30; kenndisk svá Kálfr, at, Vm. 48; ek kennumst með þessu mínu bréfi, at …, Dipl. v. 5.

2. to feel, taste, touch; mold sýnisk mér, ok svá kennisk ( tastes) mér eigi síðr ostrinn er ek et, Ísl. ii. 352; hón þreifar um hann,—Barði mælti, hvé kennisk þér til, how is it to the touch? 342; slíks ek mest kennumk, Am. 52.

II. recipr. to know, recognise one another; svá var myrkt at þeir kenndusk eigi, Fms. ix, 50; ef þeir höfðu hér áðr við kennsk, Grág. ii. 72.

III. pass., þá kenndust ( were taught) margar ástir, Edda pref. (rare).

IV. part. kenndr, vinsæll ok vel kenndr af sínum undirmönnum, Mar.; ílla kenndr, having ill report, Fs. 49.

2. tipsy; kenndr af drykk, Stj. 172; hann er dálítið kenndr.

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m. band, gangs, drove (flyktust skarfarnir saman í einn dun).

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(dýnn, Mart. 126), m. [Dutch dune; Engl. down; Swed. and Dan. dun; Germ. daun is prob. of Saxon or Dutch origin, as the d remains unchanged]:—down; taka dún ok dýna, N. G. L. i. 334; esp. used of bedclothes of down; the word occurs in the old heathen poem Gs., soft hann á dúni, 5; blautasti d., Mart. l. c.; á duni ok á guðvefi, Fms. x. 379; vöttu ( pillows) duns fulla, a verse of Hornklofi. In Icel. ‘dún’ is chiefly used of eider-down, which word is undoubtedly of Icel. origin, Fr. édre-don, Germ. eder-don or eider-daun; the syllable er is the Icel. gen. æðar-dún, from nom. æðr (the name of the eider duck), acc. æði, gen. æðar. The eider-down, now so important as an article of trade, is never mentioned in old Icel. writers or laws; they only speak of the eggs (egg-ver). The English, during their trade with Icel. in the 15th century, seem first to have brought the name and article into foreign markets. At first it was bought in a rough state; Bogi Benediktsson in Feðga-æfi II records that a certain Jón í Brokey (born 1584), after having been in England, was the first who taught the Icel. to clean the down—var hann líka sá fyrsti hér vestra sem tók að hreinsa æðar-dún …, en áðr (i. e. during the English and Hanseatic trade in Icel.) seldist óhreinsaðr dún eptir Búa-lögum. Icel. say, hreinsa dún, hræla dún. The Danes say, have dun på hagen, to have down on the chin.

1) great-grandmother;

2) the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, c. 1220.

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u, f. a great-grandmother, Rm. 2. 4; móðir ( mother) heitir ok amma (grandmother), þriðja edda (the third is edda), Edda 108: this sense is obsolete.

II. metaph. the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and the old artificial rules for verse making. The ancients only applied this name to the work of Snorri; it is uncertain whether he himself called it so; it occurs for the first time in the inscription to one of the MSS. of Edda, viz. the Ub., written about fifty or sixty years after Snorri’s death: Bók þessi heitir Edda, hann hefir saman setta Snorri Sturlusonr eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat (viz. consisting of three parts, Gylfagynning, Skáldskaparmál, and Háttatal), Edda ii. 250 (Ed. Arna-Magn.); sva segir í bók þeirri er Edda heitir, at sá maðr sem Ægir hét spurði Braga …, 532 (MS. of the 14th century); hann (viz. Snorri) samansetti Eddu, he put together the Edda, Ann. 1241 (in a paper MS., but probably genuine). As the Skáldskaparmál ( Ars Poëtica) forms the chief part of the Edda, teaching the old artificial poetical circumlocutions (kenningar), poetical terms and diction, and the mythical tales on which they were founded, the Edda became a sort of handbook of poets, and therefore came gradually to mean the ancient artificial poetry as opposed to the modern plain poetry contained in hymns and sacred poems; it, however, never applies to alliteration or other principles of Icel. poetry: reglur Eddu, the rules of Edda, Gd. (by Arngrim) verse 2, Lil. 96, Nikulas d. 4; Eddu list, the art of Edda, Gd. (by Arni) 79;—all poems of the 14th century. The poets of the 15th century frequently mention the Edda in the introduction to their Rímur or Rhapsodies, a favourite kind of poetry of this and the following time, Reinalds R. I. 1, Áns R. 7. 2, Sturlaugs R., Sigurðar þögla R. 5. 4, Rimur af Ill Verra og Vest, 4, 3, Jarlmanns R. 7. 1, 5, II. 3, Dímis R. 2. 4, Konraðs R. 7. 5;—all these in vellum and the greater part of them belonging to the 15th century. Poets of the 16th century (before 1612), Rollants R. 9. 6, 12. 1, Pontus R. (by Magnus Gamli, died 1591), Valdimars R., Ester R. 2. 2, 6. 3, Sýraks R. 1. 2, 6. 2, Tobias R. I. 2; from the first half of the 17th century, Grett. R., Flores R. 6. 3, 9. 2, Króka Refs R. 1. 7, Lykla Pétrs R. 4. 2, 12. 1, Apollonius R. 1. 5, Flovents R. 6. 3, Sjö Meistara R. 1. 7, 2. 1, 3. 8;—all in MS. In these and many other references, the poets speak of the art, skill, rules, or, if they are in that mood, the obscure puerilities and empty phrases of the Edda, the artificial phraseology as taught and expounded by Snorri; and wherever the name occurs (previous to the year 1643) it only refers to Snorri’s book, and such is still the use of the word in Icel.; hence compd words such as Eddu-lauss, adj. void of Eddic art; Eddu-borinn, part. poetry full of Eddic phrases; Eddu-kenningar, f. pl. Eddic circumlocutions, Kötlu Draumr 85, e. g. when the head is called the ‘sword of Heimdal,’ the sword the ‘fire or torch of Odin,’ etc.; Eddu-kendr = Edduborinn; Eddu-bagr, adj. a bungler in the Eddic art, etc. The Icel. bishop Brynjolf Sveinsson in the year 1643 discovered the old mythological poems, and, led by a fanciful and erroneous suggestion, he gave to that book the name of Sæmundar Edda, the Edda of Sæmund; hence originate the modern terms the Old or Poetical and New or Prose Edda; in foreign writers Eddic has been ever since used in the sense of plain and artless poetry, such as is contained in these poems, opposed to the artificial, which they call Scaldic (Skald being Icel. for a poet); but this has no foundation in old writers or tradition. Further explanation of this subject may be seen in Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopedia, s. v. Graagaas.

n. fool, clown, boor.

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m. [A. S. fifal = monster], a fool, clown, boor, Gísl. 46 sqq., Korm. 76, Sd. 176, Fms. vi. 217; fífl ok afglapi, ii. 156: the proverb, því er fífl að fátt er kennt, no wonder one is a fool, if one has never been taught; dala-fífl, a ‘dale-fool,’ one born and bred in a low dale, Gautr. S. (Fas. iii), ch. 1 sqq., Parcevals S.; for popular tales respecting such characters vide Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 505 sqq.; eldhús-fífl = Germ. asch-brödel; skáld-fífl, a poëtaster, Edda. fífls-ligr, adj. foolish; f. hjal, foolish talk, Flóv. 43.

a. n., only in the phrase, fylkja hamalt, to draw up in a wedge shaped column (= svínfylkja).

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n. adj., only in the old phrase, fylkja hamalt, synonymous with svínfylkja, to draw up a wedge-shaped column in the form of a hog’s snout; thus defined, hann hefir svínfylkt her sínum—Hverr man Hringi hafa kennt hamalt at fylkja? ( who has taught king Ring to draw up the phalanx of hamalt?) … Hringr hafði svínfylkt öllu liði sínu, þá þótti þó svá þykk fylkingin yfir at sjá, at rani var í brjósti, Ring had drawn all his troops up in a hog-shaped column, so that the ranks looked all the deeper for the snout-formed shape of the front, Fas. i. 380; hildingr fylkti hamalt, a paraphrase from hann fylkti liði sínu svá, at rani var framan á fylkingar-brjóstinu, Fms. xi. 304: used of a column of ships in a sea-fight, vi. 314 (in a verse), cp. also Skv. 2. 23, Fas. ii. 40 (in a verse); a description of the cuneiform column is given in Sks. 384; in Skjöld. S. its invention is attributed to Odin himself, and it was a favourite battle array with the men of old.

pp. learned (vel. l. þegar á unga aldri); lærðir menn, clerics.

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part., [cp. Old Engl. lered], prop. ‘taught,’ and then learned, a scholar; næmr ok vel lærðr, Bs. i. 127, K. Þ. K. 154; lærðir menn, opp. to leikir menn ( laymen); lærðr eða leikr, Dipl. ii. 13; in mod. usage = a scholar; há-lærðr, high learned; ó-lærðr, unlearned; lítt-lærðr, vel-lærðr, freq.; see læra (I).

1) turf, sod (höfðu Danir gert borgarvegg af grjóti, torfi ok viðum);

2) turf for fuel, peat; grafa t., to dig peat.

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n. [A. S. and Engl. turf; Dan. törv], a turf, sod; hylja hræ grjóti, torfi, klæðum eðr snæ, Grág. ii. 88; til garðlags torf eðr grjót, 262; torf ok grjót, Nj. 64; toptin var full af torfi ok grjóti, Rd. 274; borgar-vegg af grjóti ok torfi ok viðum, Fms. i. 123; lét konungr bera til viðu ok torf ok fylla díkit, vii. 54; torfs-maðr, a person who runs the gauntlet pelted with sods, N. G. L. i. 253.

2. turf for fuel, peat; geita gættu, grófu torf, dug turf, peat, Rm. 12; hann fann fyrstr manna at skera torf ór jörðu til eldiviðar á Torfnesi á Skotlandi, þvíat íllt var til viðar í Eyjunum, Orkn. 16; skera torf til eldibranda, Grág. ii. 338; elda er rétt at göra ok kljúfa torf til, K. Þ. K. 88; hann stóð í mýri nökkurri ok gróf torf, Njarð. 370; eldi-torf, ‘fuel-turf,’ i. e. peat, Ísl. ii. 112.

B. COMPDS: torfbáss, torfbingr, torffæri, torfgarðr, torfgröf, torfhraukr, torfhrip, torfhús, torfkast, torfkrókr, torfköstr, torfleikr, torfljár, torfmenn, torfmór, torfmýrr, torfnaust, torfskeri, torfskurðr, torfstaða, torfstakkr, torfverk, torfvirki, torfvöllr, torfvölr, torföx.

☞ The passages quoted all refer to Iceland, except two or three to the Orkneys, and one to Norway, viz. torfmenn. In a country bare or stripped of wood, turf plays an important part in husbandry, as sod for buildings and fencing, and as peat for fuel. In the Orkneys the Norse earl Einar got the soubriquet of ‘Turf-Einar’ ( Torf-Einarr) for having taught the Norsemen to dig peat (having probably learnt it himself from the Gaelic tribes in Scotland); the place was hence called Torf-nes, Orkn. The digging of peat in the poem Rigsmál is one of the many proofs of the birthplace of that poem. The only passage referring to Norway is that cited under torfmenn, a peat-man (see B), unless the legislator here specially had in mind the Norsemen of the Orkneys who, at that time, were an integral part of the Norse kingdom, without a special code of laws.

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(van; vanda; vandr and vaninn), v.

1) to accustom (v. e-n e-u or við e-t) v. hann við íþróttir ok hæversku, to teach him, train him in; v. barn af brjósti, to wean a child (þá var hann af brjósti vaninn);

2) to train animals (þar keypti Auðunn bjarndýri vel vanit); to educate children (var þat almælt, at engi born væri svá vel vanin);

3) v. komur sínar til e-s, to visit habitually (hann venr komur sínar til Ormhildar); v. e-t af e-m, to unteach one a thing (kostgæfði hann af þeim at v. öll úkynni);

4) refl., venjast e-u, við e-t, to get accustomed to, used to (nú mun ek verða at v. hestinum um hrið; v. við íþróttir); with infin. to be wont, used to (vandist E. optliga at ganga til tals við Egil).

f. custom, habit (þat var v. hans, at); at venju, as usual.

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pres. ven; pret. vanði, later vandi; subj. venði; part. vandr, vaninn: [Dan. vænne; see vani]:—to accustom; venja e-n e-u or við e-t; venja hann við íþróttir ok hæversku, Fms. i. 78; gestrisni vanði hann sik, he practised hospitality, 655 v. B. 2; vandi Dofri hann við íþróttir, ættvísi ok vígfimi, taught him, trained him in, Bárð. 164.

2. in phrases, kostgæfði hann af þeim at venja öll úkynni, to unteach them all bad manners, Bs. i. 687; hann venr kvámur sínar til Ormhildar, Nj. 107; venja leiðir sínar til e-s staðar, to haunt a place, Fb. i. 303; síðan venr hann fé sitt í akra hennar, Fms. vii. 357: to train, tame, bjarndýri vel vanið, vi. 298, Fagrsk. ch. 21: to educate, engi börn vóru svá vel vanin, sem þeirra börn, Bs. i. 129; barn var ek ok ílla vanit, Karl. 197.

II. reflex. to be wont, accustomed to do a thing; vanðisk fjósa-kona ein at þerra fætr sína á þúfu þeirri, er …, Landn. 51, v. l.; síðan vanðisk Einarr optliga at ganga til tals vid Egil, Eg. 686; á hverri ártíð hans venjask menn at göra þá minning hans, Blas. 51; vöndusk margir at fara til hans, Hkr. iii. 249.

2. with dat.; vanðisk hann því þegar á unga aldri at ræna ok at drepa menn, Ó. H. 212; at þat venisk vápnfimi, to be trained in arms, Al. 4; nú mun ek verða at venjask hestinum um hríð, Fms. ix. 56: venjask af e-u, sem hugr várr vensk meirr af himneskum sætleik, Greg. 28; Daríus hafði af vanizk styrjöld ok úfriði, Al. 17.